Monetary system is a form of government organization.

In the monetary system, i.e., the organization of the monetary economy, the following main ones can be distinguished: elements: monetary unit, price scale, types of money, forms of money issue. Depending on the historically specific content of the elements of the monetary system, its specific forms: a system of piece money, and irredeemable paper and credit money.

The monetary system develops historically in each country.

Monetary systems based on circulation inferior and irreplaceable credit And paper money.

In this case, gold is forced out of circulation and can no longer be considered as money. All modern monetary systems of all countries of the world belong to this type. They have common features.

As a result, the elements of the monetary system are determined:

• national monetary unit adopted as a price scale;
• types of banknotes (banknotes and coins), the procedure for their release into circulation (emission);
• methods of organizing circulation;
• order, restrictions and regulation of monetary circulation.

In circulation in all countries, substitutes for real money (banknotes) are devoid of their own value, but remain stable and perform the functions of a means of circulation, a means of payment, a measure of value, and a means of accumulation.

Elements of the monetary system

Modern monetary systems include the following elements (with some features).

Currency unit

Currency unit- a monetary sign established by law that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services.

National or international currency— the name of money in a country or group of countries.

Currency unit- this is customary in this country name of money(dollar, mark, ruble, yen, yuan, baht, tugrik, etc.) or the name of money used in the international monetary system (euro, SDR, etc.). All monetary units are divided into smaller parts: a ruble is equal to 100 kopecks, a dollar or euro is equal to 100 cents.

A monetary unit is a monetary sign (ruble/100 kopecks), which is used to measure and express the prices of goods (1 dollar - 100 cents).

Most countries use a decimal division system. Within a particular economic system, it serves as a price scale.

Price scale

Price scale- means a measure of the expression of value when selling or evaluating any goods in the monetary units of a given country.

Price scale - this is a way of measuring purchasing powers or values ​​of goods, in other words, the function of money as a measure of value is manifested through the scale of prices.

Initially, the weight content of coins coincided with the price scale, but gradually it began to separate from the weight content of coins (this was due to damage to coins, their wear, and the transition to minting coins from cheaper metals). With the cessation of the exchange of credit money for gold, the official scale of prices lost its economic meaning. As a result of the Jamaica Agreement, the official price of gold and the gold content of monetary units were abolished. Currently, the price scale develops spontaneously and serves to compare the costs of goods through price.

Types of money and the procedure for their release into circulation

Types of money that are legal tender - This is primarily credit money (banknotes), small change, as well as paper money (treasury notes).

In economically developed countries, government paper money (treasury notes) are not issued or are issued in limited quantities, while in underdeveloped countries they have fairly wide circulation.

Types of money- These are the denominations of banknotes and coins that are in circulation. In the Russian Federation - cash notes issued. The decision to issue new types of tickets, banknotes and coins into circulation is made by the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. He also approves the denominations and samples of new banknotes. Description of banknotes is published. All banknotes are issued as legal tender.

The types of money that currently exist are the result of the historical development of monetary systems in the specific national conditions of a country or group of countries. In general terms, there are currently cash(paper, credit and change coins) and non-cash money(entries in bank accounts) (Fig. 9).

The nature and types of money in national and monetary systems are determined by the degree of development of trade, economic and credit relations in a state or in a group of states. and seamlessly pass into each other. Cash turns into non-cash money (to bank accounts), and non-cash money turns into cash (from bank accounts). In the modern monetary system, non-cash money reaches 80-95% of the total volume of the monetary economy.

Rice. 9 Types of money in the modern monetary circulation system

Emission system

Emission system— the legally established procedure for the issuance and circulation of banknotes. Issuing operations (operations for issuing and withdrawing money from circulation) are carried out by: the central bank (bank notes - banknotes), the treasury (state executive body), which issues small denomination paper money.

In the Russian Federation, there are organizational rules governing money circulation:

Procedure, restrictions and regulation of money circulation

Implemented state credit apparatus(Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Finance, Treasury, etc.).

In many countries, such an apparatus is central banks, which, together with other government bodies, develop guidelines for the growth of the money supply in circulation and credit, which makes it possible to control inflation processes.

The main task of the state in regulating monetary circulation is to ensure the stability of the monetary unit by:

• pursuing appropriate fiscal policy;
• control over the supply of money and the speed of lending.

In the course of regulating money circulation, economic instruments and methods of regulation are adopted.

National and international monetary systems

In modern conditions, the entire monetary circulation system is organized into the so-called monetary system. Already at the initial stages of emergence and development, an understanding arose objective necessity their organization into a monetary system. The functions of such an organizer were assumed by state, which resulted in national monetary system, with the development of international trade and economic relations, a international monetary system.

National monetary system- This is a form of organization of a monetary economy within one state.

International monetary system- this is a form of organization of the monetary economy within the framework of international economic relations of several states (for example, the euro system) or within the framework of the global global economy.

During the course of historical development, the monetary system underwent several organizational changes, each of which had a specific historical name, occupied a specific time space and was present in national and/or international economic systems (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Historical forms of development of monetary systems (national and international)

Liquidity of the monetary system

Cash liquidity- this is the ability to be used at any time to purchase goods, services, etc.

The degree of liquidity varies among different forms of money.

Despite the varying degrees of liquidity, all forms of money form a certain unity through which all economic relations are carried out and formed. In the conditions, all economic relations appear in monetary form, that is, as multidirectional, which can be represented as follows (Fig. 11):

Rice. 11. Modern market economy and cash flows

Cash flow

Cash flow- this is the sum of economic goods or monetary obligations moving from one economic entity to another (products, loans, debt repayment...).

Basic characteristics of cash flow: amount, direction, time.

In addition to direction and amount, time is an important characteristic of cash flow. The flow can be determined per year, per month, per week, etc. The longer the time interval, the greater the flow value. In order for cash flows to function continuously, they need a certain reserve of money. For example, the cash flow servicing agricultural products (crop production) looks like this (Fig. 12):

Rice. 12. Distribution of cash flows by month in crop production

Each subject of economic life and each consumer must constantly have at their disposal some amount of money, and this money together forms cash reserve. Unlike cash flow, cash reserves are determined not within a time interval, but on a specific date, at the moment. Typically, cash reserves are determined at the beginning of the month or at the beginning of the year. It can also be determined at 12 o’clock on a set day (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Graphic representation of cash reserves for a specific time and date

Formation and development of the Russian monetary system

The formation and development of the first monetary system began in the process of monetary reform 1922-1924.

During the reform, all elements of the monetary system were legally defined.

Monetary unit was announced chervonets, or 10 rubles. The gold content of the chervonets was set at one spool - 78.24 shares of pure gold, which corresponded to the gold content of the pre-revolutionary ten-ruble gold coin.

By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of October 11, 1922, the monopoly right to issue chervonets as bank notes was granted to the State Bank of the USSR.

All necessary conditions were created to maintain the stability of the chervonets.

The issue of chervonets was carried out State Bank in the process of short-term lending to the national economy. Loans were issued only for easily salable inventory items.

To maintain stability the state allowed chervonets in relation to gold exchange of chervonets for gold in coins and bars and for stable foreign currency. accepted chervonets at face value in payment of state debts and payments collected by law in gold.

Bank notes were credit money not only in form, but also in essence. Their issue was limited not only by the needs of economic turnover, but also by the values ​​​​on the balance sheet of the State Bank. According to the law, chervonets issued for circulation were backed by at least 25% of their amount with precious metals, stable foreign currency at the rate of gold, and 75% with easily marketable goods and short-term bills.

By the beginning of 1924, the necessary prerequisites had been created in the country for completing the monetary reform and forming a new monetary system. The government stopped using the coating printing press. The devalued money was exchanged for new treasury notes at the rate:

1 ruble of treasury notes was equal to 50 billion rubles of banknotes of all types issued before 1922.

Treasury notes were different from bank notes.

1. Until mid-1924 the issue of treasury notes was used by the NKF of the USSR to cover the budget deficit, since their release into circulation did not require bank collateral in gold, goods or credit obligations. However, for stability, a limit was set on the emission right to issue treasury notes. In 1924, it accounted for no more than half of the total amount of bank notes issued into circulation. In 1928 the emission limit was increased to 75%, and in 1930 to 100% of the ticket amount.

2. In 1925, in connection with the elimination of the budget deficit, the issue of treasury notes was completely transferred State Bank.

3. The treasury nature of the issue was preserved only for the metal coin, the income from which was received in .

Thus, during 1922-1924. The State Bank carried out three monetary reforms: In 1922, the ruble was issued, exchangeable for 10,000 previously issued banknotes; in 1923 - a new ruble, exchanged for 100 rubles of the 1922 model. In January 1924, treasury notes were issued in denominations of 1, 3 and 5 rubles. Ten rubles were equal to one chervonets. Within three months, the new ruble was exchanged for 50,000 rubles of the 1923 model. Thus, in two years, the State Bank reduced the money supply by 50 trillion. once.

Country currency is a legally established means of payment, mandatory for conducting settlement transactions on the territory of the state. Its physical carrier is paper banknotes or banknotes and metal coins issued to ensure cash circulation. The monetary unit also circulates in non-cash form for settlements between business entities and individuals.

Payment means in each of the independent states have their own names, approved, as a rule, by a special legislative act.

List of currencies of the largest countries in the world:

• Australia – Australian dollar;
• Argentina - Argentinean;
• Brazil – Brazilian real;
• Great Britain - pound sterling;
• - euro;
• India – ;
• Canada – Canadian dollar;
• People's Republic of China - yuan;
• Russian Federation - ;
• United States of America - dollar;
• Japan - yen.

The names of national monetary units may have historical origins from the names of coins that were in circulation in a given territory. In another case, these are specially invented synthetic words. So, when the issue of a European currency was being decided, a neutral name was proposed - the euro. This name did not infringe on the national pride of the inhabitants of any of the countries that joined the union.

Monetary units of all countries of the world have three-letter designations in the form of codes established by the international standard ISO 4217:2008. They are used in official banking and legal documents for the convenience of users and allow the currency to be uniquely identified. This is especially true for means of payment that have the same name. For example, the American dollar is coded USD, the Canadian dollar is CAD, and the Australian dollar is AUD.

In the vast majority of countries, for the convenience of payments, there are exchangeable monetary units. Usually they are one hundredth of the country's main currency. Thus, the Russian ruble consists of 100 kopecks, and the American dollar – of 100 cents. The names of many small change coins have Latin roots, the basis for them is the word centum - one hundred.

In some states, there are more complex systems of subordination of the main and exchange currency units:

• In Saudi Arabia, one consists of 20 qirsh, which in turn is equal to 5 halalas.
• In Madagascar and Mauritania, monetary circulation is based on the fivefold number system. One ariary is equal to 5 iraimbilanya, and one ougiya consists of 5 khums.
• The Sovereign Military Order of Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and Malta has a currency called the Maltese and consists of 12 tari or 240 grains.
• In Libya, Tunisia, Oman, Bahrain, Iraq and Kuwait, the means of payment consists of thousands of small change coins.
• In Vietnam, Hong Kong, Jordan, China and Macau, the ratio between the main currency and the exchange currency is 1 to 10.

In countries with high inflation, small coins are practically not used in cash and non-cash payments. So in our country the penny has practically gone out of circulation; a similar situation arose in Japan at one time. The return of small change usually occurs during monetary reform in the form of denomination. A recent example is the economic transformation in the Russian Federation in 1998.

The concept of monetary units of account

In some states, special means of payment are being developed and used for making payments by transferring funds between accounts. Cash units of account can only be used in the sphere of non-cash circulation. In most cases, they are entries in registers on electronic or paper media and are valid for a limited time.

In some countries, due to economic instability, surrogate means of payment or foreign currencies may be introduced. They can be used in cash circulation, for which banknotes are issued and coins are minted. Thus, on Liberty Island, in parallel with the Cuban peso, its convertible form is used, and in Myanmar, a special exchange certificate is used.

Abaz, Iranian silver coin, widespread in the 16th-17th centuries. in countries Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia. Got its name from the Shah of Iran Abbas I(1587-1628), during which its production began.

Altyn, old Russian monetary unit. The term comes from the Tatar word alty - six, because initially the altyn was equal to 6 money.

Balboa, monetary unit of Panama. Named in honor of the conquistador, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

Bolivar, currency unit Venezuela, and previously Uruguay. Named after the Latin American independence fighter Simon Bolivar.

Dirham (dirham), the name of coins and monetary units, mainly in Arab countries. The name goes back to Greek.

Penny, plural form of the English word penny(). At the same time the word penny used when denoting multiple denominations, for example two pence - two penny coin, in contrast to the expression two pennies, which is used to represent two 1 penny coins.

Peseta, the name of the coin and modern currency of Spain. Spanish word peseta literally means small.

Sentimo, the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a number of Spanish-speaking countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Centavo, the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a series Luso-speaking countries The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Sucre, monetary unit of Ecuador, named after Antonio José de Sucre, a fighter for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America.

Cent, the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of the national currency (usually) in a number of countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Centesimo, the name of an Italian small change coin equal to 1/100. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Chervonets, the name that was originally given in Russia to foreign high-grade coins (made from red gold). Then Russia began issuing its own gold coins and the name chervonets passed on to them.

Shekel, monetary unit in ancient Judea and modern Israel. The name comes from the Semitic word saqal - weigh.

Shilling, the name of the coin and monetary unit of a number of countries. Known in Europe since the Middle Ages. The name comes from the name of an ancient Roman coin solid.

Ecu, antique French gold coin. The name of the coin comes from the French word ecu-shield.

Escudo, the name of Spanish and Portuguese gold coins, as well as the modern monetary unit of Portugal and some other countries. The name comes from the Spanish word escudo - shield.

This list contains currencies from almost all countries, and also indicates the outdated currencies of the European Union countries, which currently use the euro currency.

Or monetary units, as they are otherwise called, for convenience, are collected in a list, divided into parts of the world and arranged alphabetically. Everything is on one page.

And by the way, some European countries did not agree to a common European currency immediately, but after some time. For example, the Slovak koruna switched to the euro only in 2008, and the country of Lithuania abandoned its litas literally in January 2015. And some countries do not change their currency to this day.

Europe

Austria – euro (until 2002 – schilling).
Albania – lek.
Andorra – euro (until 2002 – peseta).
Belarus (Belarus) – Belarusian ruble.
Belgium – euro (until 2002 – franc).
Bulgaria - Leo.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – convertible mark.
Great Britain – pound sterling.
Hungary – forint.
Germany – euro (until 2002 – mark).
Holland – cm. Netherlands.
Greece – euro (until 2002 – drachma).
Denmark - krona.
Ireland - euro (until 2002 - pound).
Iceland - krona.
Spain – euro (until 2002 – peseta).
Italy - euro (until 2002 - lira).
Cyprus – euro (until 2008 – pound).
Kosovo - euro (until 2002 - dinar, mark).
Latvia – euro (until 2013 – lat).
Lithuania – euro (until 2015 – litas).
Liechtenstein - franc.
Luxembourg - euro (until 2002 - franc).
Macedonia – dinar.
Malta – euro (until 2008 – lira).
Moldova (Moldova) – lei.
Monaco - euro (until 2002 - franc).
Netherlands - euro (until 2002 - guilder).
Norway - krona.
Poland – zloty.
Portugal – euro (until 2002 – escudo).
Russia – ruble.
Romania – lei.
San Marino – euro (until 2002 – lira).
Serbia - dinar.
Slovakia – euro (until 2008 – koruna).
Slovenia – euro (until 2007 – tolar).
Ukraine – hryvnia.
Finland – euro (until 2002 – brand).
France – euro (until 2002 – franc).
Croatia - kuna.
Montenegro – euro (until 2002 – dinar).
Czech Republic - crown.
Switzerland – franc.
Sweden - krona.
Estonia – euro (until 2010 – crown).

Asia

Abkhazia – Russian ruble.
Azerbaijan – manat.
Armenia – dram.
Afghanistan - Afghani.
Bangladesh - yes.
Bahrain – dinar.
Burma – cm. Myanmar.
Brunei - dollar.
Butane - ngultrum.
East Timor – US dollar.
Vietnam – dong.
Georgia – lari.
Israel - new shekel.
India – rupee.
Indonesia – rupiah.
Jordan – dinar.
Iraq – dinar.
Iran – rial.
Yemen - rial.
Kazakhstan – tenge.
Cambodia – riel, dollar.
Qatar – rial.
Kyrgyzstan – som.
China - yuan.
Korea - won.
Kuwait – dinar.
Laos – kip.
Lebanon – pound.
Malaysia – ringgit.
Maldives - rufiyaa.
Mongolia - tugrik.
Myanmar - kyat.
Nepal – rupee.
United Arab Emirates (UAE) – dirham.
Oman – rial.
Pakistan – rupee.
Saudi Arabia – rial.
Singapore - dollar.
Syria – pound.
Tajikistan – somoni.
Thailand – baht.
Turkmenistan – manat.
Türkiye - lira.
Uzbekistan – sum.
Philippines - pesos.
Sri Lanka – rupee.
South Ossetia – Russian ruble.
Japan - yen.

America (North and South)

Anguilla – US dollar.
Antigua and Barbuda – East Caribbean dollar.
Argentina - pesos.
Aruba - florin.
Bahamas – dollar.
Barbados – dollar.
Belize - dollar.
Bermuda – dollar.
Bolivia - Boliviano.
Brazil - real.
Venezuela - bolivar.
Virgin Islands – US dollar.
Haiti is a gourde.
Guyana - dollar.
Guadeloupe – euro.
Guatemala - quetzal.
Guiana (French) – franc.
Honduras - Lempira.
Grenada – East Caribbean dollar.
Dominica – East Caribbean dollar.
Dominican Republic – peso.
Cayman Islands – dollar.
Canada - dollar.
Colombia – peso.
Costa Rica - Colon.
Cuba - pesos.
Mexico - pesos.
Montserrat – dollar.
Nicaragua - Cordoba.
Panama – Balboa, US dollar.
Paraguay - Guarani.
Peru is the new salt.
Puerto Rico – US dollar.
Saba – US dollar.
El Salvador - US dollar (until 2001 - colon).
Saint Pierre and Miquelon - euro (until 2002 - franc).
St. Vincent and the Grenadines – East Caribbean dollar.
St. Kitts and Nevis - East Caribbean dollar.
Saint Lucia – East Caribbean dollar.
Sint Maarten - guilder.
Sint Eustatius – US dollar.
United States of America (USA) – dollar.
Suriname - Suriname.
Turks and Caicos – US dollar.
Trinidad and Tobago – dollar.
Uruguay - pesos.
Falkland Islands – pound.
Chile - pesos.
Ecuador – sucre, US dollar.
Jamaica - dollar.

Africa

Algeria - dinar.
Angola - Kwanzaa.
Benin – CFA franc.
Botswana - Pula.
Burkina Faso – CFA franc.
Burundi – franc.
Gabon – CFA franc.
Gambia - Dalasi.
Ghana – cedi.
Guinea – franc.
Guinea-Bissau – CFA franc.
Democratic Republic of the Congo – franc.
Djibouti – franc.
Egypt – pound.
Zambia - Kwacha.
Zimbabwe – US dollar.
Cape Verde - escudo.
Cameroon – CFA franc.
Kenya – shilling.
Congo – CFA franc.
Côte d'Ivoire – CFA franc.
Lesotho – Loti.
Liberia - dollar.
Libya - dinar.
Mauritius – rupee.
Mauritania - ouguiya.
Madagascar - Ariary.
Malawi - Kwacha.
Mali – CFA franc.
Morocco – dirham.
Mozambique is metical.
Namibia - dollar.
Niger – CFA franc.
Nigeria – naira.
Reunion – euro.
Rwanda – franc.
Sao Tome and Principe are good.
Swaziland - Lilangeni.
Seychelles – Rupee.
Senegal – CFA franc.
Somalia – shilling.
Sudan – pound.
Sierra Leone - Leone.
Tanzania – shilling.
Togo – CFA franc.
Tunisia - dinar.
Uganda – shilling.
Central African Republic – CFA franc.
Chad – CFA franc.
Equatorial Guinea – CFA franc.
Eritrea - Nakfa.
Ethiopia - Birr.
South Africa – rand.
South Sudan – pound.

Australia and Oceania

Australia - dollar.
Vanuatu - Vatu.
Kiribati – Australian dollar.
Marshall Islands – US dollar.
Micronesia – US dollar.
Nauru – Australian dollar.
New Zealand - dollar.
Palau – US dollar.
Papua New Guinea - kina.
Samoa - tala.
Solomon Islands – dollar.
Tonga - pa'anga.
Tuvalu - Australian dollar.
Fiji - dollar.

Monetary units of the countries of the world differ in name and relationship with world or global currencies. It is the latter that serve to carry out international mutual settlements and are accumulated by central state banks of different states as financial reserves. When the world was hit by a global economic crisis (2008), the Russian Federation, together with China, began to raise the issue of revising the role of the world currency.

What are “reserve currencies”

There is money in the world that national banks in all countries of the world are trying to accumulate. They serve for mutual settlements between different states. In addition, accumulated international reserve funds help maintain the stability of the monetary unit of a particular state entity.

The main reserve monetary unit during the 18th - 19th centuries was the English pound sterling. However, later, especially after World War II, the American dollar began to dominate as an interstate unit of account. At the same time, the English pound has the highest exchange rate - in relation to both the American dollar and the pan-European euro.

After the emergence of the single European currency, the euro, the US dollar remained the main reserve unit in the world. Thus, international savings in dollars amounted to more than 63%, while in euros - only 22% (as of the end of 2014). This is despite the fact that the euro, introduced in 1999, is the stronger, but still the second reserve unit in the world. The Swiss franc is also one of the world's reserve currencies due to its stability. The country’s monetary unit, sent by the Swiss National Bank to “free float” in 2015, provoked a decline in the rates of major world currencies in relation to it. Although reserves in this monetary unit are less than 0.3%.

In recent years, the Japanese yen has also been considered a global reserve money, and as of this year, 2016, the Chinese yuan is also beginning to acquire this status. True, it is included by the IMF in the system of “special drawing rights”, which have a limited scope only within the IMF.

Freely and partially convertible currencies

Currency is banknotes and coins of a particular state that participate in commodity-money exchange. Freely convertible is a currency that is accepted as payment for a product or service not only in the country of its circulation, but also abroad. In this case, other people's money is exchanged for the currency of the country where the payment takes place. All money in the world is convertible to one degree or another. Within countries, they can be exchanged for other banknotes. But freely convertible currency is accepted for exchange in almost any country.

Today there are 17 freely convertible currencies. The main ones are the American and Canadian dollars, the British pound sterling, the euro, the Japanese yen and some others. In the Forex market, trading takes place only in freely convertible money.

Names of state currencies and their rates

Money from around the world is equivalent to the cost of any product or service. They themselves are the most liquid goods. The most common name for money in different countries of the world is the dollar. Paper bills have this name in more than 30 countries on all continents. So, in addition to the notorious American, there are Canadian, Singaporean, Australian, Zimbabwean, Jamaican and many, many other dollars.

The name of this money comes from the German word “thaler”. For the first time, a Scottish coin was named by this name, which corresponded in value to 30 shillings back in the 16th century. This name for money is even mentioned in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Some government entities use American money for internal payments and for carrying out interstate trade and financial transactions.

The strongest freely convertible currency in the world today (03/20/16) is the pound sterling. It is used not only in the UK, but also in some other countries. For example, in Maine, in Jersey. The ratio of the pound to the Russian ruble is 1:98.97. Among the post-Soviet states, Azerbaijan has one of the strongest monetary units in relation to the ruble. The Azerbaijani manat is equal to 42.08 Russian rubles. But one of the cheapest currencies is the Uzbek sum. It costs a little more than 2 Russian kopecks. But Belarusian “bunnies”, which have a similar name to Russian ones, cost even less. The price of the Belarusian ruble is 0.0033 RUB. Among freely convertible currencies, the cheapest against the ruble is the Japanese yen. It is equal to 0.6146 rubles.

Today the European Union includes 28 European states. But not all of them use the euro as the currency. Thus, 9 of them continue to use their own currency. In Sweden, the Swedish krona (RUB 8,333) is in circulation, in Switzerland - the Swiss franc (RUB 70.68), in the Czech Republic - the Czech crown (RUB 2,854). The new Romanian leu costs 17.03 rubles, and the Polish zloty costs 18.04.

Of the Middle Eastern monetary units, the most expensive in relation to the Russian currency is the Kuwaiti dinar. It costs as much as 227.2 rubles. For the names of money, there is an international standard ISO 4217. Its list includes more than 200 states and territories with their own or money, or the currencies of other states that are in circulation in a given territory.

The Russian Central Bank sets the exchange rate in relation to the money of only 35 countries. So, today there is no exchange rate of the Russian ruble against the Georgian lari, Egyptian pound, Iranian rial and many others. And this despite the fact that the Russian Federation has trade and economic relations with these states.