The declension of numerals does not have a single pattern. In "Russian Grammar" of 1990 it is presented in two types: substantive and adjective. The first includes:

• 1) declension of numerals from five before ten and numerals on -tsat (eleven, twelve etc.), -ten (fifty, sixty etc.);
• 2) declension of numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and all numerals on -sot;
• 3) declension of numerals fourty, ninety, one hundred and numerals one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred.

The second type includes declension modeled on adjectives with two varieties:

• 1) declension of numerals two, three, four;
• 2) collective declension (including words both, both) and indefinite numbers.

Below are the main examples of declension of numerals with corresponding comments.

Declension of cardinal numbers

Numeralsone (one, one, alone)

Case	Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine	Plural
	one	one	one	alone
	one		one	alone
	alone		one	one
	as I.p. and R.p.	one	one	as I.p. and R.p.
	one		one	alone
	(about) one		(about) one	(about) alone

Numeralstwo, two, three, four, 5 —20 ,30

Case	Two(m. and middle r.)	Two(female)	Three	Four	5—20, 30 change like nouns. on -ь
				four	eight
	two		three	four	eight
	two		three	four	eight
	as I.p. or R.p.		as I.p. or R.p.		eight
	two		three	four	eight
	(O) two		(O) three	(O) four	(O) eight

Numerals type50—80 , 200—400 , 500—900

Case	50—80	200—400	500—900
	sixty	two hundred, three hundred, four hundred	six hundred
	sixty	two hundred, three hundred, four hundred	six hundred
	sixty	two hundred, three hundred, four hundred	six hundred
	sixty	two hundred, three hundred, four hundred	six hundred
	sixty	two hundred, three hundred, four hundred	six hundred
	(O) sixty	(O) two hundred, three hundred, four hundred	(O) six hundred

Numerals40 , 90 , 100 , 1 1 /2

Numerals eight And eighty in etc. retain a fluent vowel e: eight, eighty. The absence of a fluent vowel is characteristic of colloquial speech: eight, eighty.

In complex numerals such as sixty both components are inclined: sixty, sixty. Incorrect use in etc. forms sixty instead of sixty.

Complex numerals type six hundred in T.p. have a shape six hundred, form six hundred characteristic of colloquial speech.

The literary norm corresponds to combinations of a numeral with a noun like six hundred rubles, with six hundred rubles, and not six hundred rubles, with six hundred rubles; resist one and a half hundred tanks, be one and a half hundred meters away, and not confront one and a half hundred tanks, be one and a half hundred meters away.

Complex numerals with words one hundred in T.p. can be combined with nouns in the same case (with three hundred inhabitants), which corresponds to the literary norm, combination with nouns in R.p. (With three hundred inhabitants) is a colloquial variant.

When using cardinal numbers with a preposition By in the distributional meaning, forms of V.p. are possible. and etc.: six each — six thousand, ten each — ten notebooks. The modern norm corresponds to V.p., the traditional use corresponds to D.p. Indefinite words a lot of, some, How many, so many Variant usage is also allowed: lots and lots of exercises. But the forms of V.p. are of a colloquial nature here.

Declension of compound numerals

Case	Numeral
	seven thousand four hundred seventy eight
	seven thousand four hundred seventy eight
	seven thousand four hundred seventy eight
	seven thousand four hundred seventy eight
	(O) seven thousand four hundred seventy eight

In compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined (table). Word thousand combined with words one has in T.p. no form thousand, but a thousand; For example: one thousand three hundred twenty two.

In oral speech, the declension of compound numerals is often simplified:

• a) only their initial and final components are declined ( dictionary with two thousand three hundred eighty-six illustrations);
• b) only their last component is declined ( dozens of employees worked in twenty-three offices).

This use does not correspond to literary norms.

Declension of fractional numbers

If the numerator contains the number 1, then the form zh.r. is used to designate it. one; the denominator contains the ordinal number in I.p. w.r.: 1 / 2 — a half, 1/ 7 — one seventh.

If the numerator contains the number 2, then the form zh.r. is used to designate it. two: 2/ 5 — two fifths, 2/ 7 — two sevenths.

When declension of fractional numerals, both parts change (table).

Declension of indefinite words

Indefinite numbers A little, a lot of incline just like words few, many(table).

Declension of ordinal numbers

Case	Numerals (except third )							Third
Singular
	first	second	ninth	thirtieth	thousandth		third
	first	second	ninth	thirtieth	thousandth		third
	first	second	ninth	thirtieth	thousandth		third
	as I.p. or R.p.						third
	first	second	ninth	thirtieth	thousandth		third
	(O) first	(O) second	(O) ninth	(O) thirtieth	(O) thousandth		(O) third
	first	second	ninth	thirties	thousandths		third
	first	second	ninth	thirties	thousandths		third
	first	second	ninth	thirtieth	thousandth		third
	as I.p. or R.p.						third
	first	second	ninth	thirties		thousandths	third
	(O) first	(O) second	(O) ninth	(O) thirties		(O) thousandths	(O) third

Ordinal numbers, except third, are inflected in the same way as adjectives with a solid base (such as difficult). Numeral third leans towards the soft version (table).

Declension of collective numerals

Numerals2 (two) — 10 (ten)

Case	Numeral
	two	three	four	five	ten
	two	three	four	five	ten
	two	three	four	five	ten
	as I.p. or R.p.
	two	three	four	five	ten
	(O) two	(O) three	(O) four	(O) five	(O) ten

Numeralsboth(m.r. and s.r.) and both(female)

In V.p. collective numerals for inanimate nouns have the form I.p., and for animate nouns - the form R.p.

When declension of a numeral both(m.r. and s.r.) stem ends in - O (about O-their), when declension of the numeral both(f.r.) - on -e (about e-their) (table).

Oh, this declension... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you really rack your brain in order to remember all the unstressed endings in all kinds of cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become a little more competent!

What is declination?

Declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Let's look at the examples in the table.

The table of declension of nouns by case shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of one case or another. Accordingly, all words related to the same phrase will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing the endings of nouns in a weak position, in other words, not under stress.

How many declensions can a noun have?

The table of declension of nouns by case, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension of our language. But, as you know, he is very rich, and there are no simple rules in him. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declinations.

So, what types of declinations are there? The most common are the first, second and third declension.

A separate group consists of words that end in -ies: intent, crime, agreement, etc.

The next group are words ending with -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.

There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inflected in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called differently inflected nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as path and child are also considered indeclinable.

And finally, there are also words that cannot change either by case or number, and “look” the same in all forms. These are indeclinable, or unchangeable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.

Why do you need to be able to determine declination?

The table will tell us how to determine the declension of a noun a little later. But very often the question arises: why do this? Why remember all these cases, endings, many “special” words that need to be remembered? But here's why. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking along the path, or I'm walking along the path? What should I do? Which letter should I choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? to what?) - WINTER. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) pathE. The issue is resolved!

How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make mistakes in this rather simple question!

Nouns of 1st declension

These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in the initial form -A or -I(remember that the initial form for a noun is nominative and singular).

There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in the Russian language: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.

The table of nouns of the 1st declension will compare words with stressed and unstressed endings to show that all words of a given declension will have similar case endings.

Nouns 2nd declension

These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but “appears” in other forms) and neuter gender with the endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing by case.

As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only prepositional case forms with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.

Nouns of the 3rd declension

These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words take in different forms.

It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - And.

Nouns starting with -и, -я

The word “aspiration” is neuter, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change like words of the 1st declension. The table of declension of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.

As can be seen from the table, the words in -ies differ from words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.

Remember that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will be inclined differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.

Table of declension endings for nouns

Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings of words belonging to different declensions.

Case	-1 cl-	-2 cl-	-3 cl-	-ies	-and I
I.p.	paw, bullet	__ -o, -e house, dish
R.p.	paws, bullets	home, dishes
D.p.	paw, bullet	home, dish
V.p.	paw, bullet	__ -o/-e house, dish
etc.	-oh/-ey paw, bullet	-om/-em home, dish		greatness
P.p.	about the paw, about the bullet	about the house, about the dish		about greatness

Let's hope that no one will have any difficulty choosing the desired ending and determining the declension of nouns in the Russian language. The table explained everything in great detail.

It should be noted that -ies And -and I cannot be isolated as a separate morpheme, ending. In this case, these are simply the letters with which the word ends. such words are the topic of another article.

Declension of plural nouns (the table here is, in general, unnecessary) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest that you decline any words in the plural yourself and make sure of this.

Indeclinable nouns

There are few indeclinable words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension; in different cases they “behave” differently. These are words ending with -me(there are about ten of them), the words “path” and “child”. Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered differently indeclinable.

I.p.	stirrup	path	child
R.p.	strem-en-i	put-i	dit-yat-i
D.p.	strem-en-i	put-i	dit-yat-i
V.p.	stirrup	path	child
etc.	rush-en-em	put-em	dit-yat-ey
P.p.	o strem-en-i	about the way	oh dit-yat-i

As you can see, the word “child” is inclined in a very special way. The word "path" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like a word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like a word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending with -me, in indirect cases they acquire the suffix -en-.

You need to remember these words so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.

Unbending words

These are mostly borrowed words - coming from other languages. They can indicate the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as first or last names of people, names of objects. Having entered our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when entering a sentence. No matter what case or number such a word should be placed in, it will sound the same.

• Pour me some coffee - I admire morning coffee - we're talking about coffee.
• This is my cockatoo - I don’t have a cockatoo - give food to the cockatoo - remember the cockatoo.
• Dumas's novel - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.

It is incorrect and ignorant to inflect such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the joke phrase “I’m sitting in the first row of a movie theater with a popiroska in my tooth.” Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Declinable words must be used correctly, but indeclinable words do not need to be changed at all.

Let's sum it up

Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not a complicated process at all, which will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.

There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are also special words ending in -and I And - Yep, and a few different words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on gender and ending in the nominative case.

All words of the same declension have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. Or you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!

Words on -and I And -ies are not included in the three main groups, because they change according to cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.

You should also remember a small group of differently inflected words. Their set of endings does not coincide with any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.

And finally, inflexible words: they do not change, no matter in what context they are used. Decline words such as in a sentence cinema, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.

We hope that the article was useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as noun declension. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the correct ending will now not be difficult.

Be literate!

Nouns are divided into three types according to the type of declension:

1. Feminine nouns ending in -а, -я (earth);
2. Masculine nouns with a zero ending, neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е (house, field);
3. Feminine nouns ending in zero (mouse).

In the Russian language, a special group is made up of indeclinable nouns: burden, crown, flame, udder, banner, tribe, stirrup, time, name, path.

A significant group of nouns does not change in gender and number; they are called indeclinable; depot, foyer, aloe, coffee, coat, attache and others.

Adjectives change according to gender, number and case in the singular. In the plural, the case endings of adjectives of all three genders are the same: new tables, books, feathers.

There are certain rules for declension and numerals. For example, the numeral one is declined as a singular adjective, and the numerals two, three, four have special case forms that are similar to the endings of plural adjectives.

Numerals from five to ten and numerals -twenty and -ten are declined according to the third declension of nouns.

The numerals forty and ninety have two case forms: forty and ninety.

The numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and all numerals starting with -hundred have both parts declined.

How many? and Which? - these are the questions that the numeral answers. This part of speech has a case category, and errors are often made when writing it. This article describes the types of numerals, as well as the features of their declensions by case with examples.

An independent part of speech that denotes the quantity and number of objects, as well as their order when counting, is called a name numeral. It answers questions How many? And which?, a sentence can act as both a main and a secondary member. This part of speech has a case category. Very often, many of us make mistakes and use the wrong case form in words. On our website you can decline different types of numerals online at any time. To use the correct endings, you need to know the rules of all types and categories.

Cardinal numbers

• The simple form of these words is declined according to the type of nouns of the 3rd declension (ending -And has genitive, dative, prepositional case; ending -Yu- instrumental). For example: five - five - five.
• Word one declines depending on gender and number. The ending in the accusative case also depends on the animate/inanimate nature of the object. Example:

Case	Singular			Plural
	One pencil, one crucian carp	One lily	One cloud	Some sleds, some people
	One pencil, one crucian carp	One lily	One cloud	Some sleds, some people
	One pencil, one crucian carp	One lily	To one cloud	One sled, one people
	One pencil, one crucian carp	One lily	One cloud	Some sleds, some people
	One pencil, one crucian carp	One lily	One cloud	Some sleds, some people
P.	About one pencil, about one carp	About one lily	About one cloud	About the same sleds, about the same people

• Words two three four in the accusative case they have the nominative form in the meaning of an inanimate object. For animate objects, the genitive case form is applicable.
• Words that are complex in structure are inclined like this:

Case
	twenty	sixty	ninety	three hundred	seven hundred
	twenty	sixty	ninety	three hundred	seven hundred
	twenty	sixty	ninety	three hundred	seven hundred
	twenty	sixty	ninety	three hundred	seven hundred
	twenty	sixty	ninety	three hundred	seven hundred
P.	about twenty	about sixty	about ninety	about three hundred	about seven hundred

• In the compound form, each word is declined separately.

Fractional numbers

A feature of fractional forms is that the numerator of the fraction is declined as a quantitative digit, and the denominator as an ordinal digit. The change in case endings occurs in two parts. If the numerator ends in one, then the denominator is declined like feminine ordinal numbers ( one fifth - one fifth, thirty-one twenty-seventh - thirty-one twenty-seventh).

Collective numbers

Conjugation of this type occurs by analogy with plural adjectives. The ending of the accusative case depends on the animate/inanimate nature of the object (two horses - two horses, four heads). Words both/both have special rules for declension.

Ordinals

This type has gender and number, which is necessarily taken into account when declension. In a compound form, only the last part changes. All other words in structure are conjugated as relative adjectives.

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Table of declensions of numerals indicating order when counting

Case

Declension of nouns

Declension is the change of words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) according to cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are reflected in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

Declension type	Explanations and examples	Note
1st declension	Feminine, masculine and general nouns with the ending -а / -я in the nominative singular case: wife, earth, servant, young man, bully.	Nouns in -ia (army, Greece) have the ending -i in the dative and prepositional singular cases.
2nd declension	Masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular and neuter nouns with the ending -о/-е in the nominative singular: law, horse, village, field.	Nouns ending in -i and -i (genius, mood) have the ending -i in the prepositional singular case.
3rd declension	Feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular: spruce, mouse, daughter, horse, joy.	For nouns ending in the nominative and accusative cases with a sibilant, a soft sign is always written at the end: mouse, daughter.

In the plural, there are practically no differences between types of declension, so we can separately talk about the special declension of plural nouns.

On the spelling of case endings of nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be found out by auxiliary questions answered by the circumstances. So, the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question is where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to the lecture, to the lesson); question is where? assumes the prepositional case (in the forest, at the lecture, at the lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions. (3rd grade) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called the indirect cases.

Let's summarize the difference in declinations in the following table.

	1st declension	2nd declension	3rd declension	Declension in plural
		mood
		mood
		mood		times
		mood
	bully-oh	law, in the mood		laws from time to time
	about the army	about the law mood		time-ah

Variants of endings for the nominative plural of masculine nouns authors/shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have a stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silk, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc.;

2) many two-syllable nouns that have an accent on the first syllable in the singular form, for example: shore - shores, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.

However, it is impossible to find strict patterns in the distribution of nouns by variant endings, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow a double formation of the nominative plural:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural have different meanings. Here are the most common words:

teeth (in mouth) roots (of plants) body (torso) camps (socio-political) sheets (iron, paper) bellows (blacksmith's) images (artistic) orders (knightly, monastic) belts (geographical) seeing off (someone) omissions (oversights) abacus (device) sables (animals) sons (of the Motherland) tones (sound) brakes (obstacles) flowers (plants) breads (baked)

teeth (teeth) roots (dried vegetables) corps (buildings, military units) camps (military, children's) leaves (of plants) furs (cured skins) image (icon) orders (insignia) belts wires (electrical) passes (documents) invoices (documents for payment) sable (fur) sons (mother) tones (shades of color) brakes (device) colors (paints) bread (cereals).

Variants of genitive plural endings for nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​the tongue. We present in the table the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

with ending -	ending -ov(-ev)	ending -ey
British, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmen, Gypsies, Turks; partisans, soldiers, hussars, dragoons, cuirassiers; felt boots, boots, stockings, boots, shoulder straps, epaulettes; ampere, watt, volt, ohm, arshin, micron, hertz, x-ray; knees, shoulders, numbers, chairs, logs, linens, fibers, ribs, cores, rods, kitchens, poker, shutters (shutter), fables, songs, gossip, domain (blast furnace), cherries, slaughterhouse (slaughterhouse), young ladies, hawthorns , villages, blankets, towels, saucers, waffles, shoes, roofings, shafts, weddings, estates, nannies, affairs; splashes, trousers, beads, vacations, pasta, money, darkness, stretchers, sleds.	Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Mongols, Tajiks, Yakuts; dresses, mouths, apprentices, socks; meters, grams, kilograms, hectares, rails; oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, lemons; swamps, kopyttsev, troughs, laces, windows; frosts, clavichords, rags, rags, scum.	guns, joules, candles (but: The game is not worth the candle); skittles, sakleys, strife, rickshaws, pashas, ​​young men; everyday life, mites, mangers, yeast, firewood, people, bran, sleighs.

Indeclinable nouns

The divergent nouns include ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and the masculine noun path. They are called heterodeclinable because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em/-em.

Nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan in the genitive plural case - (seeds, stirrups).

We show the changes in differently inflected nouns in the following table.

	Singular	Plural
	time, seed, path-	time-a, seed-a, put-i
	time-and, seed-and, put-and	times-, seeds-, ways
	time-and, seed-and, put-and	time-am, seed-am, put-yam
	time, seed, path-	time-a, seed-a, put-i
	time, seed, way	times, seeds, ways
	about times-and, seeds-and, put-and	about times, seeds, ways

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign language nouns with vowel stems (coat, cafe, taxi, kangaroo, menu, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign language feminine nouns with a consonant (Miss, Mrs., Madame, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting the Dolgikhs, Shevchenko’s poem, read about Zhivago, with Durnovo) and compound words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) your coat; You will be hot in this (which? in what? - prepositional) coat.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if there are any), by the verb (if there is one) or by the context, for example: These (which are the plural) coats are no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the store.

Indeclinable nouns mainly belong to the neuter gender: popsicle, metro, muffler, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes to the masculine gender: coffee, penalty. The gender of many of these nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue is a type of street), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi is a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi is a city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: a wonderful Youth Theater (theater for young spectators), a new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with their general meaning, qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a characteristic - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than the cake (sweeter than the cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).

Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's give him a bath in warmer water (definition).

The superlative degree denotes the superiority of a given subject compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.

The simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wisest

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We approached the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word all is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word all if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is taller than everyone else in school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adjectives, adverbs and condition words

Adjective.
In a sentence it often acts as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate).	In a sentence, it refers to a verb and stands in the role of an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He draws (how?) more beautifully than anyone else in school (circumstance).	It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will (what?) be even hotter (predicate). At this time of year (what?) it’s dirtiest outside (predicate).

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

Numerals denoting whole numbers change by case and for the most part do not have gender or number.

Only the numerals two and one and a half change by gender. They have two forms of gender: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half bags, sat - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

	Masculine singular	Neuter singular	Feminine singular	Plural
	one-year mom'shandkerchief	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mom's fur coats
	one year mother's scarf	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coats	one of their sleighs mom's fur coats
	one year mother's scarf	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mother's fur coats
	one-year mom'shandkerchief	one village mom's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mom's fur coats
	one year mother's scarf	one village mother's ring	one book mom's fur coat	one sleigh mother's fur coats
	about one year mother's scarf	about one village mom's ring	about one book mom's fur coat	about one of their sleighs mother's fur coats

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as third declension nouns.

	Declension
	five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	about five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred have only two case forms.

The cardinal numerals denoting integers contain many complex words formed by adding stems, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numerals from fifty to eighty and From two hundred to nine hundred both parts decline. If numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and composite numerals denoting integers in the following table.

	Declension
	sixty, three hundred-, five hundred- forty seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty seven
	about sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty-seven

Declension of collective numerals

Collective numbers denote several objects as one whole. Unlike numerals, which denote whole numbers, and from fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without being combined with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two-thirds).

Collective numerals are formed from cardinal numerals from two up to ten using the suffixes -oi- (two (double-e), three (troy-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They are combined:

1) with nouns denoting male persons: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting young animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only a plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numbers vary by case. In oblique cases they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two forms of gender: the form oba in combination with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form oba in combination with feminine nouns (both girls). In oblique cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems obo- and obo-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (subject).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate belonging to the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

The 2nd person pronouns your, your indicate belonging to the interlocutor(s): Your car has broken down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette, the pronoun Vash, written with a capital letter, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

The 3rd person pronouns his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider(s): His pen does not write; Her friends went to the seaside; Their child began to cry.

The general person pronoun his indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general persons (my, ours, yours, yours, yours) change according to gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

	Masculine, singular	Neuter gender, singular	Feminine, singular	Plural
	mom's wow	mom's wow
	mommy	mommy
				mom's
	about mom's	about mom's	oh mommy	about mom's

The 3rd person possessive pronouns his, her, their do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative case forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by question and by their role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) her (addition) - the accusative case form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) she is not (addition) - the genitive case form of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - 3rd person possessive pronoun her.

We show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in the genitive and accusative case from possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs.

Verb conjugations. Heterogeneously conjugated verbs and special conjugations

Conjugation is the change of a verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change for persons and numbers in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two different verb conjugations.

The I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

II conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

On the spelling of personal endings of verbs, see: Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs.

In addition, in the Russian language there are heterogeneously conjugated verbs want, run, honor, dawn, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, dawn, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and and the end of the second conjugation.

						disdain
						Note: due to the peculiarities of its meaning, this verb cannot have 1st and 2nd person forms.

Note 1. In the literary norm, it is also permissible to conjugate the verb to honor as a verb of the second conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

I burn - I burn,

you burn - you burn,

burns - burns.

Verbs formed from it using prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, cauterize, burn. The forms you burn, burn, burn, burn, common in oral speech are not normative.

Special conjugations include the verbs give, create, eat, as well as all verbs formed from them using prefixes (give, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

yes-m yes-im yes yes yes yes yes-st-dad-ut	created by created by create it, create it created-st created-ut	e-st ed-ite e-st ed-yat

Some verbs of the first conjugation can have double forms of the present and future perfect tense: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -о/-е, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than anyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (smaller) manifestation of a characteristic, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-ee (beautiful-ee)

wisely - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sincerely - sincerely (sincerely)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - neither and-e

thin - thinner

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (smallest) degree of manifestation of a characteristic, for example: He jumped the furthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of simple superlative adverbs have practically disappeared from the language. There are only three outdated words left from the speech etiquette of the past: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

The compound superlative is formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to adverbs most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of all is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of a given class.

This light bulb shines brightest (of all things that shine).

This light bulb shines brighter than all (all other light bulbs).

He laughed more fun than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same: quieter, more beautiful; quietest, most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by their role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adverbs, adjectives and condition words

	Adjective
In a sentence it is more often used as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate).	In a sentence it refers to a verb and is used as an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He's drawing(How?) the prettiest girl in school(circumstance).	It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will(what?) even hotter(predicate). This time of year(what?) the dirtiest thing is on the street(predicate).