carrier system The machine tool forms a set of its elements, through which the forces that arise between the tool and the workpiece during the cutting process are closed. The main elements of the carrier system of the machine are the frame and body parts (crossbars, trunks, sliders, plates, tables, calipers, etc.).

bed 1 (Fig. 3.2) serves for mounting parts and assemblies of the machine, moving parts and assemblies are oriented and moved relative to it. The bed, as well as other elements of the carrier system, must have stable properties and ensure the possibility of processing workpieces with specified modes and accuracy during the service life of the machine. This is achieved the right choice the material of the bed and the technology of its manufacture, the wear resistance of the guides.

For the manufacture of frames, the following basic materials are used: for cast frames - cast iron; for welded - steel, for the beds of heavy machine tools - reinforced concrete (sometimes), for high-precision machines - an artificial synthetic material made from crumbs of mineral materials and resin and characterized by slight temperature deformations.

Rice. 3.2. Machine beds:
a - screw-cutting; b - lathe with program control; in - surface grinding; 1 - bed; 2 - guides

Guides 2 provide the required mutual arrangement and the possibility of relative movement of the nodes carrying the tool and the workpiece. The rail design for moving the assembly allows only one degree of freedom of movement.

Depending on the purpose and design, there is the following classification of guides:

• by type of movement - main movement and feed movement; guides for rearranging mating and auxiliary units that are stationary during processing;
• along the trajectory of movement - rectilinear and circular motion;
• in the direction of the trajectory of movement of the node in space - horizontal, vertical and inclined;
• by geometric shape - prismatic, flat, cylindrical, conical (only for circular motion) and their combinations.

Sliding guides and rolling guides are the most widely used (in the latter, balls or rollers are used as intermediate rolling bodies).

For the manufacture of sliding guides (Fig. 3.3) (when the guides are made as one piece with the frame), gray cast iron is used. Wear resistance of guides is increased by surface hardening, hardness HRC 42...56.

Rice. 3.3. Examples of sliding guides:
a - flat; b - prismatic; in - in the form of a "dovetail"

Steel guides are made overhead, usually hardened, with a hardness of HRC 58 ... 63. Most often, 40X steel is used with HDTV1 hardening, steels 15X and 20X are followed by carburizing and hardening.

Reliable operation of the guides depends on protective devices that protect the working surfaces from dust, chips, dirt on them (Fig. 3.4). Protective devices are made from various materials, including polymers.

Rice. 3.4. The main types of guide guards are:
a - shields; b - telescopic shields; c, d and e - tape; e - harmonica-shaped furs

Spindles and their supports

Spindle- a kind of shaft - serves to fix and rotate the cutting tool or fixture that carries the workpiece.

To maintain the accuracy of processing during a given service life of the machine, the spindle ensures the stability of the position of the axis during rotation and translational motion, the wear resistance of the supporting, seating and basing surfaces.

Spindles, as a rule, are made of steel (40Kh, 20Kh, 18KhGT, 40KhFA, etc.) and subjected to heat treatment (carburizing, nitriding, bulk or surface hardening, tempering).

To secure a tool or fixture, the front ends of the spindles are standardized. The main types of machine tool spindle ends are shown in Table. 3.2.

Table 3.2 Main types of machine tool spindle ends

As spindle supports sliding and rolling bearings are used. The structural diagram of adjustable plain bearings made in the form of bronze bushings, one of the surfaces of which has a conical shape, is shown in fig. 3.5.

Rice. 3.5. Adjustable plain bearings:
a - with a cylindrical spindle neck: 1 - spindle neck; 2 - split sleeve; 3 - body; b - with a tapered neck of the spindle: 1 - spindle; 2 - solid sleeve

In sliding bearings spindles use lubricant in the form of a liquid (in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic bearings) or gas (in aerodynamic and aerostatic bearings).

There are single and multi-wedge hydrodynamic bearings. Single wedges are the simplest in design (sleeve), but do not provide a stable position of the spindle at high sliding speeds and low loads. This disadvantage is absent in multi-wedge bearings, which have several bearing oil layers covering the spindle neck evenly from all sides (Fig. 3.6).

Rice. 3.6. Grinding wheel spindle support with hydrodynamic five-piece bearing:
1 - self-aligning liners; 2 - spindle; 3 - clip; 4 - nut; 5 - rolling bearings; 6 - screws with a spherical support end; 7 - cuffs

Hydrostatic bearings- plain bearings, in which the oil layer between the rubbing surfaces is created by supplying oil under pressure from the pump to them, - provide high accuracy of the position of the spindle axis during rotation, have high rigidity and provide a liquid friction mode at low sliding speeds (Fig. 3.7).

Rice. 3.7. Hydrostatic bearing:
1 - bearing housing; 2 - spindle neck; 3 - a pocket that creates the bearing surface of the bearing (the arrows show the direction of supply of lubricant under pressure and its withdrawal)

Gas lubricated bearings(aerodynamic and aerostatic) are similar in design to hydraulic bearings, but provide lower friction losses, which allows them to be used in high-speed spindle bearings.

Rolling bearings as spindle supports are widely used in machine tools different types. Increased requirements are imposed on the accuracy of rotation of spindles, therefore, bearings of high accuracy classes are used in their supports, installed with a preload, which eliminates bad influence gaps. Preload in angular contact ball and tapered roller bearings is created when they are installed in pairs as a result of axial displacement of the inner rings relative to the outer ones.

This displacement is carried out with the help of special structural elements of the spindle assembly: spacer rings of a certain size; springs that ensure the constancy of the preload force; threaded connections. In roller bearings with cylindrical rollers, the preload is created by deforming the inner ring 6 (Fig. 3.8) when tightening it onto the tapered neck of the spindle 8 with the help of the sleeve 5 moved by the nuts 1. The bearings of the spindle bearings are reliably protected from contamination and leakage of lubricant by sleeve and labyrinth seals 7.

Rice. 3.8. Front support of the lathe spindle on rolling bearings:
1 - nuts; 2 - adjusting nuts; 3 - springs; 4 - thrust bearings; 5 - bushings; 6 - roller bearing inner ring; 7 - seals; 8 - spindle

Rolling bearings 4 are widely used as thrust bearings that fix the position of the spindle in the axial direction and perceive the loads arising in this direction. The preload of ball thrust bearings 4 is created by springs 3. The springs are adjusted with nuts 2.

An example of using angular contact ball bearings to absorb axial loads is shown in fig. 3.6. The preload is created by adjusting the position of the outer rings of the bearings 5 ​​using the nut 4.

Typical mechanisms for translational movement

Translational motion in the machines under consideration is provided by the following mechanisms and devices:

• mechanisms that convert rotational motion into translational: a gear wheel or a worm with a rack, a lead screw-nut and other mechanisms;
• hydraulic devices with a cylinder-piston pair;
• electromagnetic devices such as solenoids, used mainly in drives of control systems.

Let us give examples of some of these mechanisms (see Table 3.1 for symbols).

Pair of gear-rack has a high efficiency, which makes it suitable for use in a wide range of rack speeds, including in main motion drives that transmit significant power, and in auxiliary motion drives.

worm gear differs from a pair of gear wheel - rack increased smoothness of movement. However, this transmission is more difficult to manufacture and has a lower efficiency.

Mechanism lead screw-nut is widely used in drives of feeds, auxiliary and adjusting movements and provides: a small distance that the moving element moves in one revolution of the drive; high smoothness and accuracy of movement, determined mainly by the accuracy of manufacturing the elements of the pair; self-braking (in pairs of sliding screw-nut).

In the machine tool industry, six accuracy classes have been established for lead screws and sliding nuts: 0 - the most accurate; 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 classes, with the help of which they regulate the permissible deviations in pitch, profile, diameters and surface roughness parameter. The design of the nuts depends on the purpose of the mechanism.

Pairs of lead screw-sliding nut due to low efficiency are replaced by rolling screw pairs (Fig. 3.9). These pairs eliminate wear, reduce frictional losses and can eliminate gaps by preloading.

Rice. 3.9. A pair of rolling screw-nut:
1, 2 - nut, consisting of two parts; 3 - screw; 4 - balls (or rollers)

The disadvantages inherent in pairs of sliding screw-nut and rolling screw-nut, due to the peculiarities of their operation and manufacture, are excluded in the hydrostatic screw-nut transmission. This pair works in friction with a lubricant; The transmission efficiency reaches 0.99; oil is supplied to pockets made on the sides of the nut thread.

Typical mechanisms for the implementation of periodic movements

In the process of work in some machines, periodic movement (change of position) of individual nodes or elements is required. Periodic movements can be carried out by ratchet and Maltese mechanisms, cam mechanisms and overtaking clutches, electric, pneumatic and hydraulic mechanisms.

Ratchets(Fig. 3.10) is most often used in the feed mechanisms of machine tools, in which the periodic movement of the workpiece, cutting (cutter, grinding wheel) or auxiliary (diamond for dressing the grinding wheel) tool is performed during the overrun or reverse (auxiliary) stroke (in grinding and other machines).

Rice. 3.10. Ratchet Diagram:
1 - ratchet; 2 - doggy; 3 - shield; 4 - thrust

In most cases, ratchet mechanisms are used for rectilinear movement of the corresponding unit (table, caliper, quill). With the help of a ratchet gear, circular periodic movements are also carried out.

Couplings serve to connect two coaxial shafts. Depending on the purpose, there are non-disengaging, interlocking and safety clutches.

Non-disengaging clutches(Fig. 3.11, a, b, c) are used for a rigid (deaf) connection of shafts, for example, a connection using a sleeve, through elastic elements or through an intermediate element that has two mutually perpendicular protrusions on the end planes and allows compensating for misalignment of the connected shafts.

Rice. 3.11. Shaft couplings:
a - rigid bushing type; b - c elastic elements; in - cross-movable; g - cam; d - multi-disk with a mechanical drive: 1 - washer; 2 - pressure plate; 3 - balls; 4 - fixed bushing; 5 - bushing; 6 - nut; 7 - springs; e - electromagnetic: 1 - slotted sleeve; 2 - electromagnetic coil; 3 and 4 - magnetically conductive disks; 5 - anchor; 6 - sleeve

Clutches(Figure 3.11, d, e, f) is used for periodic compound shafts. The machines use interlocking cam clutches in the form of disks with end teeth-cams and gear clutches. The disadvantage of such coupled clutches is the difficulty of their inclusion with a large difference in the angular velocities of the driving and driven elements. Friction clutches do not have the disadvantage inherent in cam clutches, and allow them to be switched on at any speed of rotation of the driving and driven elements. Friction clutches are conical and disc. In the drives of the main movement and feed, multi-plate clutches are widely used, which transmit significant torques with relatively small overall dimensions. The compression of the leading disks with the driven ones is carried out using mechanical, electromagnetic and hydraulic drives.

Safety clutches(Fig. 3.12) connect two shafts under normal operating conditions and break the kinematic chain when the load increases. A chain break can occur when a special element is destroyed, as well as as a result of slippage of mating and rubbing parts (for example, discs) or disengagement of the cams of two mating parts of the coupling.

Rice. 3.12. Schemes of safety couplings;
a - ball; b - cam; 1 - cams; 2 - movable element of the clutch; 3 - springs; 4 - nut; 5 - balls

As a destructible element, a pin is usually used, the cross-sectional area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is calculated to transmit a given torque. Disengagement of the mating elements of the clutch occurs under the condition that the axial force that occurs on the teeth, cams 1 or balls 5, during overloads, exceeds the force created by the springs 3 and adjustable by the nut 4. When displaced, the movable element 2 of the clutch acts on the limit switch, breaking the electrical power circuit drive motor.

Overtaking clutches(Fig. 3.13) are designed to transmit torque when the kinematic chain links rotate in a given direction and to disconnect the links when rotating in the opposite direction, as well as to transmit rotations of different frequencies to the shaft (for example, slow - working rotation and fast - auxiliary). The overrunning clutch allows you to transfer additional (fast) rotation without turning off the main chain. In machine tools, roller-type clutches are most widely used, which can transmit torque in two directions.

Rice. 3.13. Overrunning roller clutch:
1 - clip; 2 - hub; 3 - rollers; 4 - driving fork; 5 - springs

Ratchet mechanisms are also used as overtaking clutches.

Control questions

1. What are the requirements for machine beds and guides?
2. Tell us about the purpose and design of spindle assemblies and bearings.
3. What couplings are used in machine tools?

When considering the structure of any computer, it is usually carried out in detail. As a rule, the following structural units are distinguished in the structure of a computer: devices, nodes, blocks and elements.

The lower level of processing is implemented by elements. Each element is designed to process single electrical signals corresponding to bits of information. The nodes provide simultaneous processing of a group of signals - information words. Blocks they implement a certain sequence in the processing of information words - a functionally separate part of machine operations (instruction fetch block, write-read block, etc.). Devices designed to perform individual machine operations and their sequences.

In the general case, any structural unit of a computer provides the transformation of input information X into output Y (see Fig. 2.1).

All modern computers are built on integrated circuit (IC) systems. An electronic microcircuit is called integrated if its components and connections between them are made in a single technological cycle, on a single basis and have a common protection against mechanical influences. Each microcircuit is a miniature electronic circuit formed in layers in a semiconductor crystal: silicon, germanium, etc. Microprocessor kits include Various types microcircuits, but all of them must have a single type of intermodular connections based on the standardization of the parameters of interaction signals (amplitude, polarity, pulse duration, etc.). The basis of the set is usually made up of large LSI and even ultra-large integrated circuits. The next step is to expect the appearance of ultra-large integrated circuits (UBIS). In addition to them, microcircuits with a small and medium degree of integration (SIS) are usually used. Functionally, microcircuits can correspond to a device, node or block, but each of them consists of a combination of the simplest logical elements that implement the functions of generating, converting, storing signals, etc.

Computer elements can be classified according to various criteria. Most often, such signs are: the type of signals, the purpose of the elements, the technology of their manufacture, etc.

Two methods of physical representation of signals are widely used in computers: pulse and potential. With the pulse method of representing signals, the presence of a pulse (current or voltage) is associated with a single value of a binary variable, and the absence of a pulse is associated with a zero value (Fig. 3.1, A). The duration of the pulse signal does not exceed one cycle of clock pulses.

With a potential or static representation of signals, the value of a binary variable is displayed as a single high voltage level, and a zero value is displayed as a low level (Fig. 3.1, b).

Rice. 3.1.A - impulse signals; b - potential signals

Regardless of the type of signals, serial and parallel codes for the transmission and presentation of information in a computer are distinguished.

With a serial data representation code, single buses or transmission lines are used, in which the signals corresponding to individual data bits are separated in time. The processing of such information is carried out sequentially bit by bit. This type of data representation and transmission requires very economical data processing schemes in terms of hardware costs. The processing time is determined by the number of processed signals (bits).

A parallel code for displaying and transmitting information implies parallel and simultaneous fixation of all data bits on different buses, i.e. the parallel data code is deployed in space. This makes it possible to speed up the processing in time, but the hardware costs increase in proportion to the number of processed bits.

In all computers, parallel-serial codes for representing information are also used. In this case, the information is displayed in parts. Parts are processed sequentially, and each part of the data is represented by a parallel code.

According to their purpose, the elements are divided into formative, logical and memory.

TO forming elements include various shapers, amplifiers, shaper amplifiers, etc. These elements serve to generate certain electrical signals, restore their parameters (amplitude, polarity, power, duration).

Each computer has special blocks that generate clock signals, a series of synchronizing and control signals that coordinate the operation of all computer circuits. The time interval between pulses of the fundamental frequency is called a clock cycle. The duration of the cycle is an important characteristic of the computer, which determines its potential performance. The execution time of any computer operation is associated with a certain number of cycles.

Protozoa logical elements transform the input signals in accordance with the elementary logic functions discussed in paragraph 2.4. In turn, the received signals can form the next level of signals, and so on. Complex transformations in accordance with the required logical dependencies can lead to the construction of multilevel circuits. Each such circuit is a composition of the simplest logical circuits.

memory element an element is called that is capable of receiving and storing the code of a binary digit (one or zero). Memory elements can remember and store the original values ​​of some quantities, intermediate values processing and final results of calculations. Only memory elements in computer circuits make it possible to process information taking into account its development.

The physical components and circuits that make up the MP and MPS are their hardware. The equipment is capable of performing only a limited set of elementary operations. All other functional. opportunities are achieved by software, i.e., by the appropriate organization of a certain set and sequence of elementary machine operations.

Although in MP hardware is subordinate to software, both of them are at the complete disposal of the developer. Therefore, it is necessary to know well what opportunities they provide.

The hardware of the MP and MPS is a set of repetitive typical logical nodes, which, in turn, are circuits of typical logical elements.

Typical logical nodes include flip-flops, registers, counters, adders, decoders, multiplexers, bus systems, storage devices, etc.

From the point of view of information transformation methods, some of these nodes can be classified as combinational circuits, with the help of which arithmetic and logical operations are performed on two multi-bit words.

Combination circuits are memoryless circuits.

The other part is sequential circuits that carry out the operations of storing, shifting, counting and transmitting information. Sequential circuits contain memory elements (SE).

The functionality of the MP is determined mainly by its combination part, which forms the basis of the ALU.

Due to limitations in the scope of the manual, only buses will be discussed below and the types of storage devices will be briefly described.

The principle of trunking gives the main way to reduce the number of connections in systems - this is the use of buses. The number of possible connections to a particular block is limited by the layout restrictions of integrated circuits or printed circuit boards. Moreover, it is generally desirable to keep the number of connections to a minimum, since they constitute a major part of the cost of the device.

Buses are common information channels, i.e. channels used by many devices in a system. In the general case, information on buses is transmitted in the form of words, which are a group of bits. Individual bits of a word may be transmitted on separate lines on the bus, or they may be transmitted on a single line sequentially in time. In the first case, the buses are called parallel, and in the second - serial.

Thus, a bus is a line or set of lines connecting separate logical devices and allowing a device to send data to one or more other devices.

The bus can be unidirectional - in this case, some devices always act as senders, while others always act as receivers, the bus can be bidirectional - in this case, each device connected to the bus can at some point send signals to other devices.

From a technical point of view, the method of information exchange via buses is reduced to the creation of bidirectional buffer cascades with three stable states and the implementation of time multiplexing of exchange channels.

Examples of the physical implementation of buses are: a special design bus, consisting of flexible wires, and a bus made in the form of a printed circuit. At any point in time, knowing the logical state of the bus, you can fully determine the path that data takes in the system from one point to another.

For microprocessor systems, the most common architecture is with three buses: address, data, and control. The address bus is always unidirectional (with respect to the IP).

When using a bus organization both inside the crystal and when connecting several LSIs to one external bus, difficulties arise due to the ways in which several elements are connected to one common bus line.

The possibility of connecting several inputs of logic elements to the bus is limited only by the load capacity of the circuits to the output of which this bus is connected. When using powerful buffer circuits, the load capacity is sufficient for most practical cases of bus organization.

It is more difficult to organize the connection of the outputs of several elements to one bus. There are three ways to solve this problem: logical union; combining using open-collector circuits (“wiring logic”); association using tri-state circuits.

Feature Analysis various ways the organization of common buses in the MP and MPS allows us to draw conclusions that are confirmed by practical developments: when organizing internal buses of the MP, as a rule, logical combinations and combinations using open-collector circuits are used; when organizing highways external to the MP, as a rule, logic with three states is used.

Elements and nodes of the computer.

A computer element is the smallest structural and functional part of a computer that is used in its logical design and technological implementation. According to their purpose, they are divided into logical, memory and auxiliary.

Logical elements implement logical operations and are used both to build complex logical circuits (nodes) and to control the operation of individual blocks and computer devices.

Memory elements are designed to store and issue binary information.

Auxiliary elements are most often used for power supply and coordination of the operation of various computer units.

Consider the principle of construction and operation of elements and nodes widely used in computers.

Trigger - an elementary digital automaton with two stable states. State 0 on the output Q corresponds to the off state, and Q=1 - on. The triggers store information and remain in the specified state after the termination of the switching signals. They are widely used widely used in digital information processing.
Triggers RS, T, D, JK are distinguished by the method of organizing logical connections that determine the features of functioning. Of these, the JK trigger is called universal, since all other types of triggers can be obtained from it.

The principle of operation of the JK trigger is well explained in the transition graph.

JK trigger switching schemes:

Asynchronous T trigger - a counting trigger, every two signals at the input T form one signal at the output.

Synchronous T trigger - a counting trigger, every two signals at the input C form one signal at the output, if there is a logical 1 at the input T.

Synchronous D trigger - implements the time delay function. Operates according to the following jump table.

An asynchronous RS flip-flop is an elementary digital automaton with two stable states and two inputs R and S, functioning in accordance with the following transition table.

Synchronous RS flip-flop differs from asynchronous RS flip-flops in that, in addition to information inputs, it has a synchronization input C. When C=0, the flip-flop is in the information storage mode. With C=1, the synchronous flip-flop works like an asynchronous RS flip-flop.

Registers - these are computer nodes that serve to store information in the form of machine words or its parts, as well as to perform some logical transformations on words. They are digital Mile machines made on triggers.
Registers are capable of performing the following operations:
- setting the register to the state 0 or 1 (on all outputs);
- reception and storage in the register n bit words;
- shift stored in the register of the binary code of the word to the right or to the left by a given value of bits;
- conversion of the code of the stored word into a serial one, and vice versa, when receiving or issuing binary data;
- bitwise logical operations.

Below is a conditionally graphic designation of the universal register and the purpose of its conclusions:

Counters - computer nodes that count and store the code for the number of counted signals. They are digital Moore automata, in which the new state of the counter is determined by its previous state and the state of the logical variable at the input.
internal state counters is characterized by the conversion factor K, which determines the number of its stable states. The main parameters are resolution (the minimum time between two signals that are reliably fixed) or maximum performance and information capacity. The designation and purpose of the outputs of the reversible counter is shown in the figure below.

Decoder, or electoral scheme, - this is a computer node in which each combination of input signals corresponds to the presence of a signal on one well-defined bus at the output (combination device). Decoders are widely used to convert binary codes into control signals for various computer devices.

encoder, or encoder, - this is a computer node that converts a unitary code into some positional code. If the output code is binary positional, then the encoder is called binary. With the help of encoders, it is possible to convert decimal digits to binary representation using any other binary-decimal code.

Code converters - these are computer nodes designed to encode numbers. The number of code converters includes: BCD converters, digital display converters, converters of the direct code of binary numbers to the reverse or additional code, etc.

Multiplexers - these are nodes that convert parallel digital codes into serial ones. In this device, the output is connected to one of the inputs, depending on the value of the address inputs. Multiplexers are widely used for the synthesis of combinational devices, as this contributes to a significant reduction in the number of microcircuits used.

Demultiplexers - these are nodes that convert information from serial to parallel form. The information input D is connected to one of the outputs Qi determined by the address signals A0 and A1.

Adder - this is the node in which the arithmetic operation of summing the digital codes of two binary numbers is performed.

Using single-bit adders, you can build multi-bit adders.

Despite the different design and purpose of the machines, the parts and assemblies in them are basically the same (typical, normal and standard). Assembly units and parts can be divided into elements general purpose (bolts, nuts, gears, shafts, etc.) and elements special purposes that are used in special types of machines (auger, piston, cylinder, etc.) - Consider the classification of general-purpose elements.

The first group of elements - connections- is the most common. Connections (connecting parts) are designed to fix the relative position of parts and combine them into assembly units and assemblies. These include welded, riveted, threaded, shaft-hub connections, etc.

The second group of elements - transmission. They carry out the transfer of energy from the engine to the executive body. This group includes:

elements, transmitting rotational motion. They are divided into transmissions engagement- cylindrical, conical, planetary, wave, worm and chain; transmission friction - belt, friction, as well as shafts and couplings connecting them. Their main parts are gear and worm wheels, worms, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains;

elements, transforming movement. These are lever, cam, screw-nut gears. Their parts are levers, rods, cams, copiers, lead screws, nuts.

The third group of elements includes bearing and baseing elements:

shafts and axles that support rotating parts (in addition, shafts transmit torque);

bearings - bearings of rotating shafts and axles, based in body parts;

guides supporting progressively moving parts;

body and bearing parts - the main parts of the gearbox that perceive loads (other parts and assemblies are mounted and based on them).

Separate groups are:

devices for protection of knots from pollution (seals, casings, covers);

lubrication systems (nozzles, fittings, jets, pipelines);

elastic elements (springs, springs, shock absorbers).

A special group includes elements for special purposes, for example, aircraft are characterized by propellers, landing gear, ailerons, frames, spars, etc.

An example of a mechanism containing most of the elements general purpose is the reducer. Gearboxes  mechanisms used to reduce angular velocities and increase torque, made in the form of a separate unit. In accordance with the classification, the gearbox has the following elements: housing 1, gear 2, shaft 3 , bearing 4 and clutch 5 .

classification of elements of technical objectsgoods for production technological features:

Metal parts manufactured by machining, casting, welding, stamping, forging, etc.;

Non-metallic parts obtained by pressing, molding, gluing.

The manufacturing method determines the appearance of the part and its strength characteristics.

A special group includes elements of the control system, including electrical and electronic devices, which we will not consider.

By the nature of the load parts can be divided into perceiving static or dynamic load or impact.