Characteristics of the economic indicators of the organization (enterprise). Characteristics of the main economic indicators of the activities of UTC LLC The main economic indicators of the company
Summary indicators Private indicators
cost natural conditionally natural(electricity consumption is 7 thousand kcal - for this you need 1 ton. Coal - 1 unit and 1 ton. Oil - 1.5 units).
quantitative quality
Technical and economic Economic
Fixed assets
OPF
SEE MORE:
Measuring economic quantities. A single measure, a standard that would be applicable to different economic quantities and, thus, would allow them to be measured, has not yet been found and, perhaps, will never be found. This is the main feature of economic quantities in general. There are most general measure- man-hour of labor, but this measure is very unreliable, since labor varies, and its results even more so. In addition, the labor measure characterizes only one side of the object of economic measurement - the labor invested in it.
And each object has many such sides, and any individual measurement turns out to be incomplete, sometimes even misleading.
To date, three main systems of measuring economic quantities have emerged: natural, labor and cost (monetary), although in principle others are also possible, for example, energy. Each of these systems has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages and is applicable in different situations, which does not allow us to consider any one of them as the main one.
In economic practice I.e.v. finds its expression in statistical indicators, characterizing the properties economicobjects necessary for management and scientific knowledge. They, accordingly, are also divided into natural, labor and cost. For natural indicators, the main problem is the reduction of multidimensional characteristics of consumer properties of goods to a one-dimensional one, for which they use, for example, conversion into conditional products (conditional cans of canned food), the use of the main parameter (linear or square meters when estimating the amount of fabric), and the construction of a conditional general indicator ( different types fuels are converted to t.e.f. - tons of standard fuel). Labor quantities are characterized by indicators of the labor intensity of products and the complexity of labor (see. Labor reduction), labor productivity etc. The main cost indicator is price.
Economic quantities are divided into those having dimensions (see. Threads, Volumes) and dimensionless, for example, odds, indices, interest etc.
MAIN PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC INDUSTRIES
Previous123456789Next
To analyze the efficiency of using the production and financial resources of an enterprise, the following indicators are used:
1.Indicators of the cost of products, work performed or services provided.
In the road construction industry, this indicator will be the volume of construction and installation work performed at current prices ( Wed) or comparable prices (Wed sop.), as well as revenue from sales (IN) or the volume of construction and installation work completed.
2. Average number of employees of the enterprise (H) . The number of employees of an enterprise can be characterized by a general indicator of the number, as well as the composition of the number of different categories of workers, for example, main personnel and support personnel or engineering and technical personnel, office workers and workers.
3. Payroll fund (FOT) all employees, including workers of the enterprise.
4. Cost of products, work performed or services provided (Ss) . All production costs are represented, first of all, by the costs of producing products, performing work or providing services and the costs of selling products, performing work or providing services.
5. Average annual cost of fixed assets (OPF). To assess the effectiveness of using the enterprise's general fund, their initial cost is used.
6. Average annual working capital balance (OS) . This indicator is defined as the arithmetic average of the annual balance of working capital at the beginning of the period and at the end of the period.
7. Profit from sales of products, work performed or services provided (Etc) . This indicator is defined as the difference between revenue from sales of products, works or services and the cost of products, works or services sold.
8. Labor productivity per employee is determined by the ratio of the volume of work performed to the number of employees of the enterprise:
PT = V/H
Where PT– labor productivity of one employee of the enterprise, thousand rubles/person; V– volume of construction and installation work performed, thousand rubles; H
9. Average salary per employee represents the ratio of the wage fund ( Payroll) to the number of employees of the enterprise:
ZPsr = FOT/H
Where ZPsr– average salary of one employee of the enterprise, thousand rubles/person; Payroll– wage fund for employees of the enterprise, thousand rubles; H– number of employees of the enterprise, people.
10. Costs per one ruble of the cost of products, work performed or services provided ( For 1 rub). This indicator can be determined both by revenue from the sale of products, works or services and the cost of products, works or services sold, and by the volume of products, works or services performed and the cost of products, works or services:
3 1 rub = Сс/V or 3 1 rub = Сс р/В
Where For 1 rub.– costs per one ruble of the cost of products, work performed or services rendered, rub. / rub.; Ss— cost of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; V– volume of products, work performed or services provided, thousand.
Enterprise performance indicators
rub.; Ss r– cost of products sold, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; IN
11. Capital productivity ( Phot) is determined by the ratio of the volume of products, work performed or services provided to the average annual cost of fixed production assets (FPF) and shows how many rubles of products, work or services are received (performed) per ruble of the cost of FPC:
Phot = V/OPF
Where Phot– capital productivity, rub. / rub.; V– volume of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; OPF— average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles.
12. Capital-labor ratio (Fv), an indicator that is determined by the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed production assets (FPF) to the number of employees of the enterprise:
Fv = OPF/H
Where Fv– capital-labor ratio, rub. / rub.; OPF H– number of employees of the enterprise, people.
13. Working capital turnover ratio ( Cob) shows how many revolutions are made by working capital during the analyzed period to perform a given amount of work and is determined by the ratio of proceeds from sales of products, work performed or services rendered to the average annual cost of working capital balances:
Cob = V/OS
Where Cob– working capital turnover ratio, times; IN– revenue from sales of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; OS
14. The duration of one turnover of the enterprise's working capital ( Ext.) – this is the number of days during which one turnover of the enterprise’s working capital occurs, determined by the ratio of the duration of the analyzed period (year, quarter, month) in days to the working capital turnover ratio:
Ext = P / Cob
Where Ext.– duration of one turnover of the enterprise’s working capital, days; P– duration of the analyzed period (year, quarter, month), days; Cob– working capital turnover ratio, times.
15. Working capital utilization factor of the enterprise ( Kz) shows the value of the average annual balance of working capital of the enterprise per one ruble of revenue from sales of products, work performed or services rendered:
Kz = OS / V
Where Kz– load factor of the enterprise’s working capital, rub. / rub.; OS– average annual balance of working capital of the enterprise, thousand rubles; IN– revenue from sales of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles.
16. Profitability of products, work performed or services provided ( Rp) is the ratio of profit from sales to the costs of production and sales of products, work performed or services provided. Product profitability shows how much profit from sales falls on one ruble of costs for the production and sale of products, work performed or services provided. Calculated using the formula
Rp = Pr / Ss p 100%
Where Etc Ss r– cost of products sold, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles.
17. Return on sales ( Rpr) – this is the ratio of profit from sales of products, work performed or services provided to revenue. Calculated using the formula
Rpr = Pr / V 100%
Where Etc– profit from sales of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; IN– revenue from sales of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles.
18. Profitability of enterprise resources (Rr) - this is the ratio of profit before tax (or net profit, or profit from sales) to the sum of the average annual cost of fixed production assets and material working capital of the enterprise. Return on resources shows how much profit before tax (or net profit, or profit from sales) an enterprise receives per ruble of resources employed in production. Calculated using the formula
Рр = Pr / (OPF+OS)100%
Where Etc– profit from sales of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; OPF– average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles; OS– average annual balance of working capital of the enterprise, thousand rubles.
19. Return on funds ( Russia) - this is the ratio of profit before tax (or net profit, or profit from sales) to the average annual cost of fixed production assets and shows the amount of profit per one ruble of assets used in the enterprise. Calculated using the formula
Rf = Pr / OPF 100%
Where Etc– profit from sales of products, work performed or services rendered, thousand rubles; OPF– average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles.
20. Increase in labor productivity per 1% increase in average wages represents the ratio of the increase in labor productivity to the increase in average wages and characterizes by what percentage labor productivity increases when wages increase by 1%.
21. The coefficient of growth in average wages outstripping growth in labor productivity determined by the ratio of the increase in average wages to the increase in labor productivity. In case if this indicator greater than one, this means that the growth rate of wages is faster than the growth rate of labor productivity. For a road construction enterprise, it will be optimal when the rate of productivity growth outstrips the rate of wage growth.
Previous123456789Next
Key performance indicators of the organization
The role of indicators is very great; with their help, you can analyze the development process of an organization’s activities in the past, plan the development of activities in the future, and also evaluate the organization’s activities in the present.
Indicators are divided into general and specific. Summary indicators– these are the main indicators of the organization’s performance, obtained through valuation, including the production of goods, work, services, labor and wages, cost and profit. Private indicators are mostly informational in nature. For example, private indicators include labor productivity by personnel category.
Depending on the underlying measurements, indicators are divided into cost(the amount of cash costs or payment (revenue) in comparable base and current prices) and natural(units that are related to the nature of the product), conditionally natural(electricity consumption 7 thousand.
Enterprise performance indicators
kcal – for this you need 1 ton. Coal – 1 unit. and 1 t. Oil - 1.5 units).
Depending on the nature of the assessment of production processes, indicators may be quantitative(expression of the immediate results of production or work) and quality(assessment of compliance of tasks, work, results with relevant criteria (standards, technical specifications, etc.)).
Technical and economic indicators reflect the efficiency of using fixed and working capital. Economic indicators characterize the efficiency of use of material, labor and financial resources. These include: labor productivity, the level of production and distribution costs, profitability, capital productivity, etc.
According to the method of formation, they distinguish between standard indicators (depreciation rate, loan interest rate, representative expense standard), accounting (accounting data for operational, accounting and statistical reporting) and analytical (estimated) indicators, which are determined during the analysis to evaluate the results.
Let's consider the main indicators of the organization's performance:
1. Indicators of use of means of production
2. Indicators of the use of objects of labor
3. Indicators of the use of labor resources.
4. Production and sales indicators T, R and U.
5. Cost indicators T, R and U.
6. Profit and profitability indicators.
7. Indicators financial condition enterprises.
All these indicators are interconnected and can only be considered in combination.
1. The first group of indicators includes the following:
Fixed assets- this is a set of material assets for production and non-production purposes, which are used for a number of years and gradually wear out during the entire service life, do not lose their natural form.
OPF- these are buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles, production equipment and supplies, household equipment, working and productive livestock, perennial gardens and plantings, capital costs for land improvement, etc.
Previous12345678910111213141516Next
SEE MORE:
Business plan structure.
Business plan - This is a document containing justification for the actions that need to be taken to implement a commercial project (transaction) or create a new organization.
The business plan consists of the following sections:
1. Summary is a summary section that presents the contents of the plan in miniature. Contains ideas, goals and the essence of the project, strategy and tactics for achieving goals.
2. Characteristics of the enterprise (firm), choice of activity.
3. Description of the products or services provided by the enterprise.
4. Analysis of sales markets and main competitors - contains a study of price levels on the market, demand and capabilities of buyers, and identification of potential competitors.
5. Plan for the production of products (services) - contains the production program of the enterprise, determining the need for fixed and working capital, planning the number of personnel and wages, planning the cost of products or services.
9 Main economic indicators of the enterprise
Marketing plan - contains marketing goals and strategies, pricing policies and pricing methods, promotional activities.
7. The organizational plan is developed only when creating a new enterprise and contains information on the legal aspects of the activity (registration information, constituent documents, etc.), on the formation of the organizational structure and management structure.
8. Risk assessment and insurance.
9. Legal plan.
10. Financial plan - contains the calculation of expected profit, balance of income and expenses, forecast balance of assets and liabilities of the enterprise, break-even analysis, financing strategy.
There is no development plan for the organization, strictly regulated by sections. Based on the practice of organizations and the recommendations of a number of authors, the following sections and indicators can be included in the plan:
| Sections of the plan | Plan indicators |
|
Nomenclature, assortment, commercial and sold products Share of competitive products, economic efficiency of measures Amount of capital investments in construction and installation work, efficiency of capital investments Volume of supplies of raw materials Labor productivity, number of personnel, wage fund Cost estimates, cost of commercial and sold products, gross and net profit, profitability Balance of income and expenses, taxes, payments and deductions Estimates of funds (accumulation, consumption, reserve, etc.) Capital investments in environmental protection measures, fees for Natural resources Level of social security for employees Amount of foreign exchange earnings |
⇐ Previous6789101112131415Next ⇒
1.1. Goals and objectives of analyzing the economic results of an enterprise.
One of the main requirements for the functioning of enterprises and their associations in conditions market economy are the break-even of economic and other activities, reimbursement of expenses with own income and ensuring profitability and profitability of business in certain amounts. The main task of the enterprise is economic activity aimed at generating profit to satisfy social and economic interests members of the workforce and the interests of the owner of the enterprise's property. The main indicators characterizing the results of commercial activities of trading enterprises are turnover, gross income, other income, distribution costs, profit and profitability.
The purpose of analyzing volumetric performance indicators is to identify, study and mobilize reserves for income growth, profit, increasing profitability while improving the quality of customer service. In the process of analysis, the degree of implementation of plans for turnover, income, costs, profits, profitability is checked, their dynamics are studied, the influence of factors on the results of commercial activities of enterprises is determined, and reserves for their growth, especially forecast ones, are identified and mobilized. One of the main tasks of the analysis is also to study the economic feasibility and efficiency of the distribution and use of profits.
To achieve these goals, trading enterprises must solve the following problems:
Evaluate the extent to which profit maximization was ensured;
In cases of unprofitable work, the reasons for such management are identified and ways out of the current situation are determined;
They consider income based on their comparison with expenses and identify profit from sales;
Study trends in income changes for the main product groups and in general from trading activities;
They determine what part of the income is used to reimburse distribution costs, taxes and generate profits;
Calculate the deviation of the amount of balance sheet profit in comparison with the amount of profit from sales and determine the reasons for these deviations;
Explore various profitability indicators for reporting period and in dynamics;
Identify reserves for increasing profits and increasing profitability and determine how and when it is possible to use these reserves;
They study the areas of use of profits and evaluate whether financing is provided from their own funds for the development of economic activities.
In practice, external and internal analysis is used.
External analysis is based on published reporting data and therefore contains a limited amount of information about the activities of enterprises. Purpose it is to assess the profitability of the enterprise, the efficiency of capital use. The results of this assessment are taken into account in the company’s relations with shareholders, creditors, tax authorities and serve as the basis for determining the position of this company in the market, in the industry and in the business world. Naturally, the published information does not affect all areas of the enterprise’s activity; it contains aggregated data, mainly about their financial activities, and because of this, it has the ability to smooth out and veil the negative phenomena that take place in the activities of enterprises.
Therefore, external consumers of analytical material try, whenever possible, to obtain additional information about the activities of enterprises beyond what is published by them.
The greatest importance in assessing performance results and determining measures to increase profits and improve profitability is internal analysis. It is based on the use of the entire complex of economic information, primary documents and analytical, statistical, accounting and reporting. The analyst has the opportunity to realistically assess the state of affairs at the enterprise. He can obtain from the primary source reliable information about the pricing policy of the enterprise and its income, about the formation of profit from sales, about the structure of distribution costs and other expenses, to assess the position of the enterprise in commodity markets, about gross (balance sheet) profit, etc.
It is internal analysis that allows us to study the mechanism by which an enterprise achieves maximum profit. This type of analysis plays decisive role in developing critical issues competitive policy of the enterprise, which are used in assessing the implementation of assigned tasks and for developing development programs for the future.
This type of analysis, associated with the study of trends that have developed in the past, is called retrospective, and aimed at studying the future - prospective.
An integrated approach to the study of the final results of commercial activities allows you to make informed management decisions in the course of current activities, promotes the choice best options actions in the future.
1.2. Basic economic indicators activity of the enterprise
The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:
Economic effect;
Performance indicators;
Capital payback period;
Liquidity;
Break-even point of farming.
Economic effect- this is an absolute indicator (profit, sales income, etc.) characterizing the result of the enterprise’s activities. The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of an activity manufacturing enterprise, is profit. Profit is what entrepreneurial activity is carried out for. The procedure for generating profit:
Profit P r from sales of products (sales) is the difference between sales revenue (V r), the costs of production and sales of products (full cost of Z pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes (ACC):
P r = V r - Z pr - VAT - ACC.
Profit from other sales (P pr) is the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property, waste, and intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between revenue from sales (V pr) and the costs of this sale (Z r):
P pr = V pr - Z r.
Profit from non-operating operations is the difference between income from non-operating operations (D inn) and expenses on non-operating operations (R in):
P in = D in - P in.
Income from non-operating transactions is income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income from bonds and other securities, income from leasing property, fines received, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products .
Expenses on non-sales operations are the costs of production that did not produce products.
Balance sheet profit: P b = P r + P pr + P int.
Net profit: Pch = Pb - deductible.
Retained earnings: Pnr = Pch -DV - percent.
Profit can be distributed in the directions indicated in Fig. 3.8.
Rice. 1.1. Profit distribution
A reserve fund is created by an enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Contributions to the reserve fund are made in accordance with current regulations.
The accumulation fund is intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of fixed and working capital. The size of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's capabilities for development and expansion.
The consumption fund is intended to carry out activities for social development and material incentives for the company’s personnel. The consumption fund consists of two parts: the public consumption fund and the personal consumption fund, the relationship between which largely depends on the state structure, historically established national traditions and other political factors. In terms of its natural and material content, the consumption fund is embodied in consumer goods and services . According to the method of education and socio-economic forms of use, the consumption fund is divided into: wage and income fund, public consumption fund, maintenance fund public organizations and management apparatus. The progress of society is usually accompanied by an increase in real wages and incomes, an improvement in the quality of consumer goods and services, the rapid development of durable consumer goods and cultural and household goods, and means of developing the non-productive sphere. However, the growth of the consumption fund has objective limits; its excessive growth will inevitably lead to an unjustified reduction in the accumulation fund, which will undermine the material foundations of expanded reproduction and economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for an optimal combination of the consumption fund and the accumulation fund in order to ensure both high and sustainable rates of economic growth and an increase in the standard of living, real income and consumption of the people.
The limitation of economic effect indicators is that they cannot be used to draw a conclusion about quality level use of resources and the level of profitability of the enterprise.
Economic efficiency- this is a relative indicator that compares the effect obtained with the costs that determined this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect:
Some of these indicators were considered. For example, these are capital productivity indicators and the working capital turnover ratio, which characterize, respectively, the efficiency of using fixed assets and working capital.
The degree of profitability of an enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. Profitability comprehensively reflects the degree of efficiency in the use of material, labor and monetary resources, as well as natural resources. The profitability ratio is calculated as the ratio of profit to the assets, resources or flows that form it. It can be expressed both in profit per unit of invested funds, and in the profit carried by each monetary unit received. The following main indicators can be distinguished:
A) product profitability(certain types) (R p) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (P r) to the costs of its production and sale (Z pr):
b) profitability of core activities(R od) - the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of its production and sale:
where P r.v.p - profit from the sale of all products;
Z pr.v.p - costs of production and sales of manufactured products;
V) return on assets(Ra) - the ratio of book profit to the total of the average balance (K avg). This indicator characterizes how effectively the enterprise's fixed and working capital is used. This indicator is of interest to credit and financial institutions, business partners, etc.:
G) return on fixed capital(R o.k) - the ratio of book profit (P b) to the average cost of fixed capital (Of s.g):
d) return on equity(R s.k) - the ratio of net profit (P h) to the average cost of equity capital (K s.s):
This indicator characterizes the profit generated by each ruble invested by the owner of the capital;
e) capital payback period(T) is the ratio of capital (K) to net profit (P h).
This parameter shows how many years will it take for the funds invested in this enterprise to pay off under constant conditions of production and financial activity. Such a multifaceted description of production and economic processes can be classified into main areas that ensure further growth in profitability, taking into account external economic or internal production factors that influence its value. The first group includes:
Natural changes leading to an unexpected decline in the supply of raw materials, disruption of transportation, destruction or damage significant parts industrial complex;
Regulation of market prices at the level government controlled, the introduction of new interest rates, tariffs for the provision of energy resources, penalties, etc.
Such factors arise regardless of the company’s activities and cannot be taken into account in advance, showing a significant impact already at the stage of their appearance. The degree to which a company’s profitability increases will greatly depend on its specialization; for example, an increase in the price of sugar will increase the profitability of agricultural and processing enterprises, while at the same time worsening this indicator for confectionery enterprises.
The second group of factors influencing the profitability of an enterprise includes the following subtypes:
Extensive production factors;
Intensive production factors; - non-production internal factors.
Extensive development of the company implies an increase in gross turnover by attracting additional labor, temporary work fund for personnel and equipment, using a larger volume of advanced funds without increasing the relative efficiency of individual production and trading operations.
Intensification of economic intra-production processes means improving the quality of the final product, strengthening measures to promote services or products on the market through the work of the marketing department, reducing energy costs per unit of product or the ratio of time spent on providing a service to the total temporary fund, optimizing the use of advanced funds and accelerating resource productivity, which in most cases contributes to increased profitability.
Timely identification of reserve or additional sources of attracting investments and their competent distribution among promising areas - modernization of equipment, application of new marketing methods, timely response to changes in demand and the introduction of new attractive positions in the company’s assortment will certainly increase the final margin of trading operations, thereby increasing profitability. It remains important to carefully plan the entire production cycle to eliminate time loss and take into account non-production factors, including the social protection of workers and the environment.
Liquidity– the ability of assets to be quickly sold at a price close to the market. Liquidity is the ability to convert into money.
Typically, a distinction is made between highly liquid, low liquid and illiquid values (assets). The easier and faster you can get the full value of an asset, the more liquid it is. For a product, liquidity will correspond to the speed of its sale at the nominal price.
In Russian balance sheet The assets of the enterprise are arranged in descending order of liquidity. They can be divided into the following groups:
A1. Highly liquid assets ( cash and short-term financial investments)
A2. Quickly realizable assets (short-term accounts receivable, i.e. debt for which payments are expected within 12 months after the reporting date)
A3. Slowly moving assets (accounts receivable, payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date, as well as other current assets not mentioned above);
A4. Hard to sell assets (all non-current assets)
Balance sheet liabilities according to the degree of increasing maturity of obligations are grouped as follows:
P1. The most urgent obligations (raised funds, which include current accounts payable to suppliers and contractors, personnel, budget, etc.)
P2. Medium-term liabilities ( short-term loans and loans, reserves for future expenses, other short-term liabilities)
P3. Long-term liabilities (section IV of the balance sheet "Long-term liabilities")
P4. Permanent liabilities (organization's own capital).
To determine the liquidity of the balance sheet, you should compare the results for each group of assets and liabilities. He considers ideal liquidity to be one in which the following conditions are met:
Break-even point for farming. The concept of breaking even can be expressed as a simple question: how many units of output must be sold to recover the costs incurred.
Accordingly, prices for products are set in such a way as to reimburse all semi-variable costs and obtain a premium sufficient to cover semi-fixed costs and make a profit.
As soon as the number of units of production (Q cr) is sold sufficient to compensate for the semi-fixed and semi-variable costs (full cost), each unit of production sold in excess of this will make a profit. Moreover, the amount of increase in this profit depends on the ratio of semi-fixed and semi-variable costs in the structure of the total cost.
Thus, as soon as the volume of units sold reaches a minimum value sufficient to cover the full cost, the company makes a profit, which begins to grow faster than this volume. The same effect occurs in the case of a reduction in the volume of economic activity, that is, the rate of decline in profits and increase in losses outpaces the rate of decrease in sales volumes.
Main economic indicators of the enterprise's activity
The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:
Economic effect;
Performance indicators;
Capital payback period;
Break-even point of farming.
Economic effect- ϶ᴛᴏ absolute indicator (profit, sales income, etc.), characterizing the result of the enterprise’s activities.
profit .
The limitations of economic effect indicators essentially lie in the fact that they cannot be used to draw a conclusion about the quality level of resource use and the level of profitability of the enterprise.
Economic efficiency- ϶ᴛᴏ a relative indicator that compares the effect obtained with the costs that determined this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect:
For example, these are capital productivity indicators and the working capital turnover ratio, which characterize, respectively, the efficiency of using basic assets and working capital.
The degree of profitability of an enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. The following main indicators can be distinguished:
A) product profitability(certain types) (R p) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (P r) to the costs of its production and sale (Z pr):
b) profitability of core activities(R od) – the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of its production and sale:
where P r.v.p – profit from the sale of all products;
Z pr.v.p – costs of production and sales of manufactured products.
V) return on assets(Ra) – the ratio of book profit to the total of the average balance (K avg). This indicator characterizes how effectively the enterprise's fixed and working capital is used. This indicator is of interest to credit and financial institutions, business partners, etc.:
G) return on fixed capital(R o.k) – the ratio of book profit (P b) to the average cost of fixed capital (Of s.g):
d) return on equity(R s.k) – the ratio of net profit (P h) to the average cost of equity capital (K s.s):
This indicator characterizes the profit generated by each ruble invested by the owner of the capital;
Capital payback period(T) - ϶ᴛᴏ ratio of capital (K) to net profit (P h).
This parameter shows how many years will it take for the funds invested in this enterprise to pay off under constant conditions of production and financial activity.
Break-even point. The concept of breaking even should be expressed as a simple question: how many units of a product is critical to sell in order to recover the costs incurred.
Accordingly, prices for products are set in such a way as to reimburse all semi-variable costs and obtain a premium sufficient to cover semi-fixed costs and make a profit.
As soon as the number of units of production (Q cr) is sold sufficient to compensate for the semi-fixed and semi-variable costs (full cost), each unit of production sold in excess of this will make a profit. Moreover, the amount of increase in this profit depends on the ratio of semi-fixed and semi-variable costs in the structure of the total cost.
However, as soon as the volume of units sold reaches a minimum value sufficient to cover the full cost, the company receives a profit, which begins to grow faster than this volume. The same effect occurs in the case of a reduction in the volume of economic activity, that is, the rate of decline in profits and increase in losses outpaces the rate of decrease in sales volumes. The definition of the break-even point of farming is presented in Fig.
12. Enterprise profit: the procedure for formation and distribution
The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of the activities of a manufacturing enterprise is ϶ᴛᴏ profit .
The procedure for generating profit:
Profit P from sales of products (sales)- ϶ᴛᴏ the difference between sales revenue (V p) costs of production and sales of products (full cost of Z pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes (ACC):
P r = V r – Z pr – VAT – ACC.
Profit from other sales (P pr)- ϶ᴛᴏ profit received from the sale of basic assets and other property, waste, intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between revenue from sales (V pr) and the costs of this sale (Z r):
P pr = V pr – Z r.
Profit from non-operating operations - ϶ᴛᴏ the difference between income from non-operating operations (D vn) and expenses on non-operating operations (R vn):
P in = D in – P in.
Income from non-operating operations- ϶ᴛᴏ income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income from bonds and other securities, income from the rental of property, fines received, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products.
Balance sheet profit: P b = P r + P pr + P int.
Net profit: Pch = Pb – deductible.
Retained earnings: Pnr = Pch – DV – percent.
Profit distribution procedure:
Reserve fund created by an enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Contributions to the reserve fund are made in accordance with current regulations.
Savings fund intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of basic and working capital. The size of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's capabilities for development and expansion.
Consumption fund designed to implement measures for social development and material incentives for company personnel.
Basic economic indicators of the enterprise's activity - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Main economic indicators of the enterprise" 2017, 2018.
E economic indicator- shows and characterizes the state of the economy, its objects, processes occurring in it in the past, present and in the future. Economic indicators represent one of the most common and effective tools for describing the economy, used in economic science and in the management of economic processes.
In the most general view an economic indicator includes a name, numerical value and unit of measurement.
The composition and structure of economic indicators represent one of the significant objects of study of economic science and, at the same time, its substantive element.
System of economic indicators- a set of interrelated, systematized indicators characterizing the economy as a whole, its industry, region, sphere economic activity, a group of homogeneous economic processes.
EP grouping
The structure of economic indicators is very ramified; indicators are divided into groups according to a number of characteristics.
In accordance with the division of economic science into macroeconomics and microeconomics, it is customary to distinguish generalized macroeconomic indicators, characterizing the economy as a whole and its large parts, spheres, and microeconomic indicators, relating mainly to the economics of companies, corporations, enterprises, firms.
In the structure of economic indicators there are absolute, also called quantitative, voluminous, and relative, also called quality. Absolute, volumetric indicators (in economics as opposed to physics voluminous are any indicators characterizing the quantity of goods, products, money) expressed in natural or monetary units, such as pieces, weight, length, volume, rubles, dollars. Relative indicators represent the ratio of two indicators of the same or different dimensions. In the first case, these are dimensionless indicators that usually characterize rate of change economic value or ratios, proportions of homogeneous economic quantities obtained as a result of their comparison, measured in fractional terms or as a percentage. In the second case, these are dimensional indicators that characterize the rate of change of a value over time, the efficiency of resource use, and the sensitivity of a value in relation to the factor that determined its change. For example, the efficiency indicator of a car engine can be measured by the mass of gasoline consumed per kilometer of travel, and the return on investment indicator can be measured by the number of products produced per ruble of capital investment.
In the aggregate of relative economic indicators that characterize the dynamics of economic processes and changes in volumetric indicators, a distinction is made between indicators of growth (growth rate) and growth (incremental).
Growth indicators(growth rates) represent the ratio of the amount of an economic product produced or consumed in a given period to the amount produced or consumed in the previous period. Most often, annual, quarterly, monthly periods or simply fixed end and start dates are considered. If during the studied period of time the volume of the product has not changed, then the growth rate (growth rate) is equal to one or 100%; if the volume has increased, then the growth rate exceeds 100%, and if it has decreased, then it is below 100%.
Growth indicators characterize changes in the state of the economy, and therefore they can also be called indicators of the state or change of the economy. A group of such relative indicators often used in statistics is formed by index indicators or simply indexes. The index represents the ratio of the indicator at a given moment of interest to its basic value, recorded at the corresponding time, taken as the basis. Indices characterize the relative value of an indicator in comparison with the starting, base and thereby show how the value of the indicator has changed over a certain period of time (from the base to the current). Indices of prices, incomes, and living standards are widely used.
Growth rates or incremental indicators, represent the ratio of the increment (increase or decrease) in the amount of produced, sold, consumed product in a given period to the amount of produced, sold, consumed product in the previous base period. If during the studied period of time, say, for Last year the volume of production has not changed, then the growth rate for this year is zero; if the volume has increased, then the growth rate is positive; if it has decreased, then the growth rate is negative. Incremental indicators, by analogy with growth indicators, are measured in shares or percentage terms. Based on physical analogies, growth rates can be called indicators of “economic acceleration”.
Economic indicators are divided into a number of groups depending on how they are defined, how their numerical values are found and for what purposes, to solve what problems the indicators are used.
Values calculation, calculation and analytical indicators are established through calculations based on mathematical dependencies, economic and mathematical models using certain methods. Calculation and analytical indicators are widely used as initial ones in determining forecast And planned indicators, as well as indicators of socio-economic programs.
The values of reporting, reporting and statistical indicators are established on the basis financial statements enterprises, organizations, collection and processing of statistical information, sample surveys, observations.
Regulatory It is customary to call indicators usually established by management bodies or established in business practice and expressing resource consumption rates(raw materials, energy, materials, labor, money) for the production of a unit of output, performance of work, consumption (consumption standards). Indicators in the form of norms and standards (universal norms) also reflect accepted, given relationships, proportions, such as, for example, the rate of accumulation, savings, profit, wages, taxation.
They are also used in economics scientific and technical indicators, characterizing the achievements of science, technology, technology.
Depending on the areas, spheres of the economy, the type of economic processes characterized by certain economic indicators, it is customary to distinguish such groups and types as indicators of needs, resource provision, production, distribution, exchange, consumption, costs, efficiency, reserves, sustainability, reliability , risk, prices, demand, supply, income, expenses, standard of living, and many others;
From single, individual, homogeneous indicators related to primary cells, links, and the smallest elements of the economy are formed group, summary, aggregated indicators characterizing economic objects and processes on a larger scale, covering the entire region (regional indicators), industry (industry indicators), the economy of the country as a whole (national economic, general economic indicators), world economy (global indicators).
Along with summary, generalized indicators and even as their quality, they are widely used in economics. average indicators in the form of the average value of a broad set of values. It is important to know that the average economic indicator is not necessarily the arithmetic mean of a group of homogeneous indicators, as is sometimes believed by people unfamiliar with economics, as well as with economic and mathematical statistics. More representative are considered weighted average indicators. If, for example, “n” people receive annual income A, “m” people receive income B and “p” people receive income C, then the average income D is calculated not as 1/3 (A + B + C), but according to the formula :
D = (nA + mB + pC) / (n + m + p)
which gives much more representative results.
The composition of economic indicators is constantly supplemented and updated, and methods for their determination are also improved. Economic indicators are most widely used in analysis, forecasting, planning, and management. The success of managing the economy, economic objects and processes significantly depends on the range of indicators used, the degree of completeness with which they characterize the managed objects and processes, and on how accurately and correctly these indicators are defined and worked out by economic science.
System for the formation of economic indicators as a basis for analysis
Similar indicators can be calculated using.
Return on labor costs= Volume of production / Cost of living labor
Labor intensity= Cost of living labor / Volume of production
There are, in addition, a number of indicators expressing. The most important of these indicators is average annual production per worker.
In the process of economic analysis, indicators are also used that express movement, availability and condition of certain types of production resources. There are indicators that express efficiency of investments made, mainly capital investments. The main such indicators are payback period of capital investments, as well as profit per ruble of capital investment.
What is the degree of progressiveness of this enterprise? The following indicators answer this question: level of mechanization, expressing the share of mechanized production processes in the total volume of the latter; automation level, characterizing the share of automated production processes in their total volume.
Finally, there are general economic indicators that directly characterize a given enterprise. First, let’s call the value of the organization, otherwise the value of the organization’s property complex. Another indicator is the market value of an enterprise, which is the value of the shares of a given enterprise corresponding to market conditions.
A comprehensive assessment of the enterprise’s activities is reflected in the construction of the so-called multiplier. It is an integral, complex indicator that is based on private indicators that reflect the activities of the enterprise. Distinguish two types of multipliers: standard and subjective. The former can be used when assessing the activities of any organization, while the latter can only be used for one specific organization. An example of a standard multiplier is an assessment of the probability of bankruptcy of an organization based on the Altman method. This method is based on determining the sum of five financial ratios. Each of them has a certain weight. The economic literature describes in detail the essence of this method and methods of its application.
Subjective multipliers make it possible to study those indicators that are not covered by standard multipliers.
The system of formation of economic indicators discussed in this article thus serves as the basis for carrying out.
Economic indicators of the enterprise's activity include quite a few individual components. indicators of the enterprise's performance is carried out in order to obtain data on the level of development of the enterprise and its effectiveness. Based on these data, conclusions are drawn about possible ways to improve the operation of the enterprise and increase its efficiency.
First of all, they include liquidity ratios, showing the company’s ability to pay for short-term payments.
Economic indicators of the activity of an enterprise in this category are divided into indicators of current, urgent liquidity and working net capital.
Current liquidity shows the result of the ratio of the company's current assets to the total volume of short-term liabilities.
Quick liquidity is calculated as the ratio of highly liquid working capital to the total liabilities of an enterprise of a short-term nature. Such assets include accounts receivable, financial investments, and cash.
Working net capital is equal to the difference between all assets and short-term liabilities.
In addition to liquidity ratios, economic indicators of the enterprise’s activities include turnover ratios (business activity), which reflect how efficiently the enterprise's assets are used. These indicators include inventory turnover, accounts receivable, accounts payable, assets and fixed assets.