Do the Crimean Khanate, Cameroon, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Bahrain and Puerto Rico have anything in common? Yes, I have. At different periods of history, these countries were under the protectorate of other states. This form of international relations is not a tribute to the past; it also exists in modern world, although it is called differently. Let's figure out together what a protectorate is, what features were inherent in it in the past and what forms it has in the present.

Latin term

According to encyclopedias, a protectorate means a form of relations between two states in which one is under the protection of the other. First of all, we are talking about a military protectorate.

Moreover, it is not at all necessary that a weaker country ask for this kind of protection. The fact is that if a protectorate is declared, the protected state loses part of its sovereignty: by controlling almost all internal affairs, it transfers the conduct of foreign policy into the hands of the patron country.

For this reason, such interstate relations are often considered as a form of colonial dependence. One cannot but agree with this if we take into account the fact that sometimes a protectorate was established by a unilateral act without the consent of the other party. For example, in 1939, Germany declared a protectorate over Moravia and the Czech Republic.

Client states

IN international relations military, economic and political subordination of countries to more influential powers is not uncommon. Such dependent states are called “client” states. Experts divide them into several types:

• satellite state;
• puppet;
• tributary;
• associated;
• vassal;
• protectorate;
• neocolony.

Client states have been known since antiquity, but they also continue to exist today.

What is a protectorate in the past?

From the end of the 15th century until the signing of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace in 1774, the Crimean Khanate was under the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire, which not only assumed foreign policy functions, but also at its discretion approved or removed the khans of the Crimean Tatars.

The conclusion of the Warsaw Treaty (1768) made Russian Empire a guarantor of compliance with the fundamental laws of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the rights of the gentry to own land and govern the country, the election of the king, the right of veto, etc. In fact, the mentioned agreement established a Russian protectorate over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The activities of the League of Nations, formed after the end of the First World War, are associated with the emergence of mandated territories - a special type of protectorate. A state that received the status of a mandate territory actually lost its internal sovereignty.

Modern protectorates

Nowadays, the term “associated states” is often used in international politics. They arose during the anti-colonial struggle and under the auspices of the UN. Puerto Rico was the first to receive associated status in 1952. Its territory has its own self-government, but the supreme power is exercised by the US Congress. More recent examples include the island nation of Curacao, which freely joined the Netherlands in 2010.

So what is a protectorate these days? This is a form of unification of two unequal countries on a voluntary basis. In such an association, the “smaller” state, while maintaining formal independence, transfers most of the power to the protector state.

One more meaning

When talking about what a protectorate is, we cannot ignore the history of Great Britain. However, we will now talk not about the numerous former colonies of the English crown, but about events within the country itself that took place in the 17th century. They are interesting because the word “protector” at that time was used in relation to a person, and not to the state.

In the years civil war in England (1640-1660) absolute monarchy became constitutional. At this time, the figure of Oliver Cromwell, a zealous Protestant and Puritan, appeared on the political scene.

He put his talent as a commander at the service of parliament, which sought to limit royal power. It was Cromwell who finally defeated the troops of Charles the First, and later initiated the execution of the monarch.

The proclamation of the republic did not bring stability, and riots began throughout the country. As commander-in-chief and de facto ruler of England, Cromwell brutally suppressed any discontent. Suffice it to mention that his army destroyed a third of the population of Ireland.

Establishment of a protectorate in England

When members of the English Parliament intended to secure their membership for life, Oliver Cromwell dissolved them, becoming the sole ruler of the country. The Constitution, adopted in December 1653, declared him Lord Protector. A similar title was previously awarded only to prince regents in England.

Having established a protectorate in 1653, Cromwell received powers that could be compared to royal ones. This was once again emphasized by the pomp of the ceremony of his inauguration as Supreme Protector (this is how the title is translated). Four years later, Parliament offered Oliver Cromwell the royal crown. He refused, but the features of a tyrant began to appear more and more clearly in him.

Often in historical literature, Cromwell's protectorate is called a military dictatorship. He dispersed the new parliament. At the same time, he single-handedly appointed his relatives to the most important positions in the state. For example, Henry's son received the lucrative position of governor of Ireland, his son-in-law commanded the army, and the eldest son Richard was supposed to become the new Lord Protector after his father's death.

By the time of the dictator's death, an increasing number of Englishmen were considering returning to the Stuart throne. Although Cromwell was buried with royal honors in Westminster Abbey, just three years later (1661) his remains were exhumed and put to death.

- (new Latin, from protector, protector, patron). 1) dignity, rank of protector, as for example. Cromwell's protectorate. 2) assistance provided by one state to another, less powerful one. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

protectorate- a, m. protectorat m., English. protectorate, German Protectorat. 1. A form of one-man dictatorship exercised by a person ruling the state until the heir to the throne comes of age or under special circumstances. BAS 1. Cromwell's Protectorate in England... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (protectorate) 1. The form of government in England in 1653–59, when Oliver Cromwell appointed himself Lord Protector (1653–58), and for a time under his son Richard, who became his successor. 2. A state under a protectorate... ... Political science. Dictionary.

In the 19th and first half of the 20th century. a form of semi-colonial dependence of states. The protector state usually took upon itself such areas government activities, such as foreign relations, military high command, justice, collection of some... ... Legal dictionary

One of the forms of state dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc. are carried out by the metropolitan state... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PROTECTORATE, protectorate, husband. (from Latin protector patron). A form of colonial enslavement, in which the supreme government in a colonial country, formally retaining its previous state structure and its own administration, ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

PROTECTORATE, huh, husband. (specialist.). 1. A form of dependence, in which a weak country, while formally maintaining its state structure and some independence in internal affairs, is actually subordinated to another, stronger power. 2. Country,... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (from Latin protector covering, protecting) English. protectorat; German Protectorat. 1. Dominance established as a result of an unequal treaty and characterized by preservation in a dependent country external signs statehood under... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 state (36) protection (2) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

protectorate- A form of colonial dependence of states, in which the protector state carries out foreign relations and decides others important questions policies of the subordinate state... Dictionary of Geography

Protectorate- (from Latin protector, protector, patron; English protectorate) 1) in international law, originally based on international treaty a legal relationship by virtue of which special mutual relations were established between strong and weak states... ... Encyclopedia of Law

Books

• Our new protectorate. Description of the geographical, ethnographic and economic properties of Turkish Asia. Translation from English. , McCoan Carlisle. The book is a reprint of 1884. Despite the fact that serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the publication, some pages may...

One of the forms of dependence of states, established by an unequal treaty, under which one state (protector) takes upon itself the representation of another state in external relations and determines it foreign policy.

View value Protectorate in other dictionaries

Protectorate M.— 1. A form of subordination of a weak state to a stronger one, in which the weak state loses its independence. 2. A form of one-man dictatorship exercised........
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

Protectorate- (lat. protector patron) - 1) form of government in England (during the time of O. Cromwell) in 1653-. 1659, when the republic was headed by P. Vital Lord Protector; 2) pre-existing........
Political dictionary

Protectorate (patronage)- One of the forms of dependence of economically and politically weak states on large ones, a country that received the state-legal statute of P. from a protector ("patron") country......
Political dictionary

Protectorate- -A; m.
1. A form of dependence in which a weak country, while formally maintaining independence, is actually subordinate to a stronger state.
2. The state located........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary

Protectorate- - a previously existing semi-colonial form of dependence, in which the appearance of statehood was formally preserved, but protectors were recognized as broad......
Economic dictionary

Protectorate- - in the XIX-first half of the XX century. a form of semi-colonial dependence of states. The protector state usually took upon itself such areas of state activity as........
Legal dictionary

Protectorate- one of the forms of state dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations......
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Protectorate- a protector form of colonial dependence, in which the dependent state retains only some independence in internal affairs, while its......
Geographical encyclopedia

Protectorate — 1
Soviet historical encyclopedia

Protectorate- (from Latin protector - covering, protecting) - English. protectorat; German Protectorat. 1. Dominance established as a result of an unequal contract and characterized by the preservation........
Sociological Dictionary

Oil River Protectorate- (Oil River Protectorate) - from June 1885 British, protectorate on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, from 1893 - protectorate of the Niger Coast. The post office is open on Nov. 1891 in Calabar. Use brands........
Philatelist's Dictionary

PROTECTORATE- PROTECTORATE, -a, m. (special). 1. A form of dependence, in which a weak country formally retains its state structure and a certain independence in its internal........
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

lat. Protector - patron)

1. A form of dependence, mainly colonial, established as a result of an unequal treaty.

2. State or territory under such dependence.

3. The form of government in England in 1653-1659, when the head of the republic was a lifelong Lord Protector.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

PROTECTORATE

literally - patronage) - a form of international dependence of a state, established by an unequal agreement, according to which one state, the “protector,” determines the foreign policy of another, the “protected” state. The latter is subordinate to the protector not only in the field of external relations, but also usually receives from him an adviser or resident in internal affairs, essentially depriving him of any independence.

Financial capital, ch. arr. colonial powers, in order to extract maximum profit, strives to subjugate and enslave other countries and peoples. “Financial capital is such a large, one might say decisive, force in all economic and all international relations that it is capable of subjugating and in fact subjugating even states enjoying complete political independence... But, of course, the greatest “conveniences” and the greatest benefits gives financial capital such subordination, which is associated with the loss of political independence of the subject countries and peoples” (Lenin V.I., Soch., vol. 22, pp. 246–247). One of these forms of international dependence is P. The establishment of P. represents a violation of the generally recognized principles of modern international law. It contradicts the right of nations to self-determination, enshrined in the UN Charter, and is a deal between imperialist states and the reactionary, usually feudal forces of “protected” states to the detriment of the national interests and development of the peoples of these countries. P. is widely used by the largest colonial powers - Great Britain and France. Under British P. there are some states in Asia (Kowait, Oman and some Malay states) and in Africa (Zanzibar). Morocco and Tunisia are under P.. France.

During the period of the general crisis of capitalism, especially in its second stage, the situation of the world capitalist system became sharply more complicated. As a result of the Second World War and a new upsurge of national liberation struggles in colonial and dependent countries, the colonial system of imperialism is actually collapsing.

The national liberation movement is growing in Burma, Malaya, the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Iran, Egypt and other countries, including in the states under the rule. In the struggle for their independence against the imperialist invaders, the colonial peoples use, in particular, and such forms as, for example, the Appeal of the peoples of Morocco and Tunisia to the 6th session of the General Assembly (1951) with complaints about the French colonialists.

The Soviet Union, which defends the principle of self-determination of nations up to the formation of an independent state and believes that a nation is sovereign and all nations are equal, has a sharply negative attitude towards paralysis as one of the forms of enslavement of peoples by imperialist states. The USSR comes out in defense of the just demands of dependent peoples for independence.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

1 . (from Latin protector - patron) - a form of dependence in which one state ("protector") takes upon itself the implementation of external relations of another ("protected") state (often called a protectorate), the protection of its territory. and actually puts his internal control under his control. affairs through your resident. From the end of the 19th century. P.'s form was widely used by colonialists to camouflage colonies. seizures and preparations for annexations. By the beginning of the 2nd World War, the following protectorates existed: British protectorates in Asia - Aden Protectorate, Socotra, Hadhramaut, Bahrain Islands, Brunei, Bhutan, Treaty Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Maldives, Muscat, Sarawak; British protectorates in Africa - Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Gambia Protectorate, Zanzibar and Pemba, Gold Coast Protectorate, Kenya Protectorate, Nigeria Protectorate, Nyasaland, Swaziland, British Somalia, Sierra Leone Protectorate, Uganda; protectorates of England in Oceania - Solomon Islands, Tonga Islands; French protectorates in Africa - Morocco, Tunisia. After World War II, many P. as a result of the national liberation. the struggle of their peoples became independent states. By 1968, the following parts of Great Britain had been preserved: the Bahrain Islands, Qatar, Muscat, the 7 principalities of Treaty Oman, Swaziland, Brunei, the Solomon Islands and the Tonga Islands - with a total area of ​​St. 190 thousand km 2 from us. approx. 1 million people 2 . military regime dictatorship in England in 1653-59. Was installed on Dec 16. 1653 and enshrined in the constitution (see “Tools of Government”), according to which all power was transferred to O. Cromwell as Lord Protector. According to its class. By nature, P. was a dictatorship of the gentry and bourgeoisie, but the top of the army was directly in power; a new layer of large landowners. P. was supposed to protect the new nobility and bourgeoisie from both attempts at restoration by the royalists and the revolutionaries. speeches wt. P.'s regime was met with strong opposition both from part of the propertied classes, who did not approve of the domination of the military, and from the democratic ones. circles After the death of O. Cromwell, his eldest son Richard renounced the title of Lord Protector (May 1659), power passed into the hands of the officers' council, and in 1660 the Stuart restoration was carried out. Lit. see under art. Cromwell O.