The Civil War and its heroes There was a time of crazy actions, a time of wild elemental forces. Sergei Yesenin Sergei Yesenin. Presentation on the topic "Civil War in Persons" A social revolution has occurred
Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny - Soviet military leader, commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Civil War, one of the first Marshals Soviet Union.
He created a revolutionary cavalry detachment that acted against the White Guards on the Don. Together with the divisions of the 8th Army, they defeated the Cossack corps of generals Mamontov and Shkuro. Troops under the command of Budyonny (14th Cavalry Division of O.I. Gorodovikov) took part in the disarmament of F.K. Mironov’s Don Corps, which went to the front against A.I. Denikin, allegedly for attempting to raise a counter-revolutionary rebellion.
Post-war activities:
Budyonny is a member of the RVS, and then deputy commander of the North Caucasus Military District. Budyonny became the “godfather” of the Chechen Autonomous Region Budyonny is appointed assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Red Army for cavalry and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Inspector of the Red Army cavalry. Graduates from the Military Academy. M. V. Frunze. Budyonny commanded the troops of the Moscow Military District. Member of the Main Military Council of NGOs of the USSR, Deputy People's Commissar. First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense
Blucher V.K. (1890-1938)
Vasily Konstantinovich Blucher - Soviet military, state and party leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union. Knight of the Order of the Red Banner No. 1 and the Order of the Red Star No. 1.
He commanded the 30th Infantry Division in Siberia and fought against the troops of A.V. Kolchak.
Was the head of the 51st rifle division. Blucher was appointed sole commander of the 51st Infantry Division, transferred to the reserve of the Main Command of the Red Army. In May, he was appointed head of the West Siberian sector of military and industrial maintenance. Appointed Chairman of the Military Council, Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic and Minister of War of the Far Eastern Republic.
Post-war activities:
- He died from beatings during the investigation in Lefortovo prison.
He was appointed commander of the 1st Rifle Corps, then commandant and military commissar of the Petrograd fortified area.
In 1924 he was seconded to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR
In 1924 he was sent to China
Participated in the planning of the Northern Expedition.
Served as assistant commander of the Ukrainian Military District.
In 1929 he was appointed commander of the Special Far Eastern Army.
During the fighting at the lake, Khasan led the Far Eastern Front.
Tukhachevsky M.N. (1893-1937)
He voluntarily joined the Red Army and worked in the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Joined the RCP(b), appointed military commissar of the Moscow defense region. Appointed commander of the newly created 1st Army of the Eastern Front. Commanded 1st Soviet army. Appointed assistant commander of the Southern Front (SF). Commander of the 8th Army of the Southern Fleet, which included the Inzen Rifle Division. Takes command of the 5th Army. Appointed commander of the Caucasian Front.
Kamenev S.S. (1881-1936)
From April 1918 in the Red Army. Appointed military leader of the Nevelsky district of the Western section of the veil detachments. From June 1918 - commander of the 1st Vitebsk Infantry Division. Appointed military commander of the Western section of the curtain and at the same time military commander of the Smolensk region. Commander of the Eastern Front. He led the offensive of the Red Army in the Volga and Urals. Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the Republic.
Post-war activities:
Inspector of the Red Army. Chief of Staff of the Red Army. Chief Inspector. Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, chief head of the cycle of tactics at the Military Academy. Frunze. At the same time a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Was accepted into the CPSU(b). Was appointed head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate
Vatsetis I.I. (1873-1938)
Joachim Joakimovich Vatsetis - Russian, Soviet military leader. Commander of the 2nd rank.
After the October Revolution, they went over to the side of the Bolsheviks. He was the head of the operational department of the Revolutionary Field Headquarters at Headquarters. He led the suppression of the rebellion of the Polish corps of General Dovbor-Musnitsky. Commander of the Latvian Rifle Division, one of the leaders of the suppression of the Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising in Moscow in July 1918. Commander of the Eastern Front, Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces RSFSR. At the same time commander of the Army of Soviet Latvia. Since 1921, he has been teaching at the Military Academy of the Red Army, commander of the 2nd rank.
Post-war activities:
July 28, 1938 on charges of espionage and participation in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization by the Military Collegium Supreme Court The USSR was sentenced to death.
Chapaev V.I. (1887-1919)
Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev - commander of the Red Army, participant in the First World War and the Civil War.Elected to the regimental committee, to the council of soldiers' deputies. He joined the Bolshevik Party. Appointed commander of the 138th regiment. He was a participant in the Kazan Congress of Soldiers' Soviets. He became commissar of the Red Guard and head of the Nikolaevsk garrison.
Chapaev suppressed a number of peasant uprisings. He fought against the Cossacks and the Czechoslovak Corps. Chapaev commanded the 25th Infantry Division. His division liberated Ufa from Kolchak’s troops. Chapaev took part in the battles to relieve the siege of Uralsk.
Formation of the White Army:
Began to form on November 2, 1917 in Novocherkassk General Staff General M.V. Alekseev under the name “Alekseevskaya organization. From the beginning of December 1917, General L. G. Kornilov, who arrived in the Don General Staff, joined the creation of the army. At first, the Volunteer Army was staffed exclusively by volunteers. Up to 50% of those who signed up for the army were chief officers and up to 15% were staff officers; there were also cadets, cadets, students, and high school students (more than 10%). There were about 4% Cossacks, 1% soldiers. From the end of 1918 and in 1919-1920, due to mobilizations in territories controlled by whites, the officer cadre lost its numerical dominance; During this period, peasants and captured Red Army soldiers made up the bulk of the military contingent of the Volunteer Army.
December 25, 1917
received the official name "Volunteer Army". The army received this name at the insistence of Kornilov, who was in a state of conflict with Alekseev and dissatisfied with the forced compromise with the head of the former “Alekseev organization”: the division of spheres of influence, as a result of which, when Kornilov assumed full military power, Alekseev still retained political leadership and finance. By the end of December 1917, 3 thousand people had signed up as volunteers. By mid-January 1918 there were already 5 thousand of them, by the beginning of February - about 6 thousand. At the same time, the combat element of the Dobrarmiya did not exceed 4½ thousand people.General M.V. Alekseev became the supreme leader of the army, and General Lavr Kornilov became the commander-in-chief of the General Staff.
White Guard uniform
The uniform of the White Guards, as is known, was created on the basis of the military uniform of the former tsarist army. Caps or hats were used as headdress. In the cold season, a bashlyk (cloth) was worn over the cap. An integral attribute of the White Guard uniform remained the tunic - a loose shirt with a stand-up collar, made of cotton fabric or thin cloth. You could see shoulder straps on her. Another important element of the White Guard uniform is the overcoat.
Heroes of the White Army:
- Yudenich N.N.
Wrangel P.N.
Denikin A.I.
Dutov A.I.
Kappel V.O.
Kolchak A.V.
Kornilov L.G.
Krasnov P.N.
Semenov G.M.
Wrangel P.N. (1878-1928)
Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel is a Russian military leader, a participant in the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars, one of the main leaders of the White movement during the Civil War. Entered the Volunteer Army. During the 2nd Kuban campaign he commanded the 1st Cavalry Division, and then the 1st Cavalry Corps. Commanded the Caucasian Volunteer Army. He was appointed commander of the Volunteer Army operating in the Moscow direction. Ruler of the South of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army. Since November 1920 - in exile.
Post-war activities:
1920 - moved to Belgium
The 5th volume, “Essays on the Russian Troubles,” was completed by him in 1926 in Brussels.
In 1926, Denikin moved to France and began literary work.
In 1936 he began publishing the newspaper “Volunteer”.
On December 9, 1945, in America, Denikin spoke at numerous meetings and addressed a letter to General Eisenhower calling on him to stop the forced rendition of Russian prisoners of war.
In 1924, Wrangel created the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS), which united most of the participants in the White movement in exile.
In September 1927, Wrangel moved with his family to Brussels. He worked as an engineer in one of the Brussels companies.
On April 25, 1928, he died suddenly in Brussels after suddenly contracting tuberculosis. According to his family, he was poisoned by his servant's brother, who was a Bolshevik agent.
Denikin A.I. (1872-1947)
Took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. Appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. During the 1st Kuban Campaign he served as Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army of General Kornilov. Became Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSR).
Post-war activities:
Kappel V.O. (1883-1920)
Kolchak A.V. (1874-1920)
Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak - Russian oceanographer, one of the largest polar explorers, military and political figure, naval commander, admiral, leader of the White movement.Established a military regime
dictatorship in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East, liquidated by the Red Army and partisans. Member of the board of the CER. He was appointed Minister of War and Naval Affairs of the Government of the Directory. was elected Supreme Ruler of Russia and promoted to full admiral. Kolchak was shot along with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers V.N. Pepelyaev at 5 o’clock in the morning on the bank of the Ushakovka River.
Kornilov L.G. (1870-1918)
Commander of the created Volunteer Army. Killed on 04/13/1918 during the storming of Ekaterinodar (Krasnodar) in the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign.
Krasnov P.N. (1869-1947)
Pyotr Nikolaevich Krasnov - general of the Russian Imperial Army, ataman All-Great Don Army, military and political figure, famous writer and publicist.
Krasnov's Don Army occupied the territoryRegions of the Don Army, knocking out parts from there Red Army , and he himself was elected ataman Don Cossacks. The Don Army in 1918 was on the verge of destruction, and Krasnov decided to unite with the Volunteer Army under the command of A.I. Denikin. Soon Krasnov himself was forced to resign and went toNorthwestern Army Yudenich , based in Estonia.
Post-war activities:
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1. Period (October 1917 - April 1918) 2. Period (April 1918 - November 1920) - the period of major battles, front-line war 3. Period (late 1920-1922) - the period of a small civil war (Peasant uprisings, Transcaucasia, Far East, Middle Asia)
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White movement
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Slogans: “We will die for the Motherland” “Fatherland or death” “Better death than the death of Russia” Composition: representatives of the Cossack officers, bourgeoisie, nobility, bureaucrats, intelligentsia, wealthy peasantry General goals: - destruction of Bolshevism - convening of the Constituent Assembly - restoration of a powerful united Russia Features: -lack of a single generally recognized leader -no unity in the future structure of the country -lack of a clear program of action -heterogeneity of the composition in terms of views
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Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich 1874 - 1920
Admiral, hydrologist, oceanographer, participant in the polar expedition of 1900-1902. Participant in the Russian-Japanese and World Wars 1. On November 18, 1918, he carried out a coup and established a military dictatorship, accepting the title of “supreme ruler of the Russian state” and the title of supreme commander in chief. Representatives of the White movement:
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On December 27, 1919, it was taken under the protection of Czechoslovak troops, and then transferred to the Bolshevik Revolutionary Committee. He was shot in 1920.
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Denikin Anton Ivanovich1872 - 1947
General - Lieutenant, participant in the 1st World War. In 1917 he commanded the Western and Southwestern Fronts. Arrested for participation in the Kornilov rebellion. He fled to the Don, where he became one of the organizers of the Volunteer Army. Nickname: “Tsar Anton”
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He led the campaign against Moscow in 1919. After the defeat in March 1920, he emigrated to Crimea with the remnants of the army, where on April 4 he handed over command to P. N. Wrangel and went with his family to Constantinople. During World War II he refused to cooperate with Hitler's Germany. Wrote the book “Essays on Russian Troubles”
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Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel1878 - 1928
Lieutenant General (“Black Baron”), in August 1918 he entered the White Guard Volunteer Army and commanded the Caucasian Army. With the remnants of the White Guard army in Crimea, he headed the “Government of the South of Russia”
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Caricature “Wrangel is still alive” 1918 Caricature “Wrangel is coming” - 1918
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After the defeat in Crimea on November 14, 1920, he fled abroad with part of the army. In 1924 he created the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). He died in Brussels in 1928.
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Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich 1862 - 1933
General, in Estonia in July 1919 he led the White Guard Northwestern Army advancing on Petrograd. He became part of the “North-Western Government.” After the failure of the campaign against Petrograd (October - November 1919), he retreated to Estonia. In 1920 he emigrated to Great Britain. He died in Nice.
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Kornilov Lavr Georgievich1870 - 1918
The general, who comes from a Cossack family, rebelled in August 1917, but failed and was arrested by the Provisional Government on September 2. On November 19, he fled to Novocherkassk, where, together with M.V. Alekseev, he led the White Guard Volunteer Army. Killed during an unsuccessful assault on Ekaterinodar.
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Caricature of white generals: Denikin, Kolchak, Yudenich. 1918
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red
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Slogans: “Long live the world revolution” “Death to world capital” “Peace to huts, war to palaces” “The socialist Fatherland is in danger” Composition: proletariat, poor peasantry, soldiers, part of the intelligentsia and officers Goals: -world revolution -creation of a republic of councils and dictatorship proletariat Features: 1. Single leader - Lenin 2. The presence of a clearer program focused on the interests of Bolshevism 3. More homogeneous composition
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The first marshals of the Soviet Union. Sitting (glory to the right): M.N. Tukhachevsky, K.E. Voroshilov, A.I. Egorov. Standing: S.M. Budyonny and V.K. Blucher. 1935
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FRUNZE Mikhail Vasilievich1885 - 1925
Party pseudonym - Arseny Trifonych. During the revolution of 1917, he arrived in Moscow with an armed detachment and took part in the battles. Conducted a number of successful operations against the White Guard troops of Admiral Kolchak. In 1920 he commanded the Turkestan Front.
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Conducted the Aktobe operation of 1919 to defeat the whites in Southern Urals. In September 1920, he was appointed commander of the Southern Front and led the operation to defeat the troops of General Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea. Tragically died in 1925. Buried on Red Square.
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Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich1893 - 1937
Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). Commanded the 5th Army of the Eastern Front in 1919, carried out a number of operations to liberate the Urals and Siberia from Kolchak’s troops. In 1920 he commanded the troops of the Caucasian Front, after the defeat of Denikin's troops.
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Participated in the liquidation of the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921. Since 1934 - candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. He was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner and an honorary golden weapon.
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1956 and 1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (1960). He was arrested several times and served exile. Commander of the 14th Army and the internal Ukrainian Front. Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich 1881 - 1969
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For military services in 1920 he was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon. Participated in the liquidation of the Kronstadt rebellion. He was buried in Moscow on Red Square.
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Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors1895 - 1919
He commanded the 1st Ukrainian Division, which liberated Zhitomir, Vinnitsa, and Zhmerinka from the Petliurists. In 1919 he staunchly defended himself in the Sarny-Novograd region from Polish troops and Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the East. While in the advanced chains of the Bohunsky regiment, Shchors was killed.
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). Since 1919, commander of the troops of the Southern Front against Denikin. Alexander Ilyich Egorov 1883 - 1939 Egorov and Stalin - 1917
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In 1920 - Southwestern Front. Awarded 2 Orders of the Red Banner and an honorary revolutionary weapon.
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Budyonny, Frunze, Voroshilov on the Southern Front - 1920
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), three times Hero of the Soviet Union. Created a cavalry corps that defeated the whites in the Voronezh-Kastornenskoye operation of 1919. Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich 1883 - 1973
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Awarded 7 Orders of Lenin, 6 Orders of the Red Banner, a revolutionary firearm with the Order of the Red Banner on it and an honorary weapon - a saber with the image of the State Emblem of the USSR
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Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev 1887 - 1919 Hero of the Civil War, awarded 3 St. George crosses for courage. In 1918 he formed a Red Guard detachment. September 1918 head of the 2nd Nikolaev Division. Since Apr. 1919 commanded the 25th Infantry Division, which liberated Uralsk.
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On the night of September 5, 1919, the Whites suddenly attacked the headquarters of the 25th division in Lbischensk. Chapaev and his comrades fought courageously against superior enemy forces. Having fired all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev tried to swim across the river. Ural, but was hit by a bullet and died. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
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Vasily Konstantinovich Blucher1890 - 1938
Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), originally from peasants, participant in World War I. He took part in battles against Kolchak's troops until his defeat.
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Having suppressed the resistance of forces loyal to the Provisional Government in Petrograd and Moscow, the Bolsheviks managed to quickly establish dominance in the main industrial cities of Russia. The power of the Bolsheviks was established locally for a long time, conquering more and more cities and villages throughout the country.
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The events that took place in October 1917 shook the whole country. Some people took the side of the new government, others wanted to preserve the old order. Many could not understand what was happening in Russia.
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Civil War. Soon a bloody civil war began in the country. It is called civil because it took place between citizens of the same country. Supporters of the Bolsheviks were called Reds, and their opponents were called Whites. Both Reds and Whites believed that they were fighting for a just cause. The war was fought brutally on both sides. Reds. White Guards.
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Civil War. The Russian Civil War (1917-1923) was an armed struggle between various factions on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which was based on deep economic, political, and national contradictions, which became its causes.
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Causes of the civil war. After Russia's withdrawal from World War I, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied part of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states and southern Russia in February 1918, which led to the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty in March 1918. In March 1918, Anglo-French-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April - Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May the mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps began. All this created serious problems for the new government.
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The Soviet government began creating the Red Army and switched to a policy of “war communism.”
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In the 2nd half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front and liberated the Volga region and part of the Urals.
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Mamontov. However, the policy of “war communism”, as well as “decossackization”, aimed at actually destroying the Cossacks, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings and made it possible to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic. Don Cossack.
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In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, the partisan movement expanded. In March - May, the Red Army successfully repelled the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral A.V. Kolchak), south (General A.I. Denikin), and west (General N.N. Yudenich). In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd.
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After the end of the Soviet-Polish War, the Red Army launched a series of attacks on the troops of General P. N. Wrangel and expelled them from Crimea. In 1921-22, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, the Tambov region, and in a number of regions of Ukraine, and the remaining pockets of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were eliminated. Wrangel.
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The civil war brought enormous disasters. From hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources), from 8 to 13 million people died, including approx. 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated by the end of the Civil War.
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Heroes of the Civil War. Since January 1919, V.I. Chapaev was the brigade commander of the Special Brigade, which fought against Kolchak’s army. Under the leadership of Chapaev, this division occupied Ufa and then Uralsk. Chapaev died on September 5, 1919 during a surprise attack by the Cossacks on the well-guarded city of Lbischensk (now the village of Chapaev), which was located in the rear. The circumstances of the division commander's death are not entirely clear. According to eyewitnesses, the wounded Chapaev drowned while trying to swim across the Ural River.
Some extol on posters Their nonsense about bourgeois evil, About the bright proletariat, The bourgeois paradise on earth. In others, all the color, all the rot of empires, All the gold, all the decay of ideas. The brilliance of all great fetishes And all scientific superstitions. Both here and here, between the rows, the same voice sounds: “Whoever is not for us is against us. No one is indifferent: the truth is with us.” M. Voloshin
Civil War (or February 1917 - mid-20s) - one of the most important events in Russian history. The Civil War was seen, reflected, studied from two opposite sides - from the side of the victors and from the side of the vanquished. It is no coincidence that “the civil war has not yet become history in the full sense of the word, reconciliation in Russian society has not yet arrived and the time for balanced judgments has not yet come.”
Whites in the north-west of Russia October 1918 - the Separate Pskov Volunteer Corps of the Northern Army was formed on a volunteer basis under the command of Major General A.E. Vandama. After the defeat near Pskov at the end of November 1918, the remnants of the corps retreated to Estonian territory and came under the command of the commander-in-chief of the armed and ground forces of Estonia, Major General J. Laidoner. At the same time, the corps was renamed the Separate Corps of the Northern Army under the command of Colonel von Neef, who was replaced by Colonel K.K. at the end of December. Dzerozhinsky.
By the end of February 1919, the corps consisted of two rifle brigades and was subordinate in all respects to the Estonian command. In June, the brigades were deployed to the 1st and 2nd rifle divisions, and Major General A.P. Rodzianko took command of the corps. The corps itself, withdrawn from the subordination of the Estonian command, was renamed the Northern Army on June 19. The Entente countries provided the army with some military assistance. So, in August-October 1919, Great Britain provided it with 30 thousand rifles, 20 million cartridges, 32 guns, 59 thousand shells, 4 tanks, 6 aircraft and uniforms for 40 thousand people. The units of Colonel P.R. Bermondt-Avalov began to be formed on a volunteer basis at the beginning of 1919 in Germany from former Russian prisoners of war. They were based on the Salzwedel Separate Horse-Machine Gun Team. In May they were called the Separate Volunteer Partisan Detachment named after General Count Keller, in June the Partisan Detachment named after the General of the Cavalry Count Keller, then simply a detachment of the same name, and in July they were renamed the Western Volunteer Corps named after Count Keller.
In July 1919, the companies were deployed into 3 rifle battalions (1.5 thousand bayonets), a rifle division, a squadron, a 4-gun field and howitzer battery, an armored platoon, an aviation detachment, a railway battalion cadre and an operation brigade were formed railways- up to 3.5 thousand people in total. A detachment was also created under the command of Colonel Vyrgolich. All three detachments were united into the Western Volunteer Corps of the Northern (Northwestern) Army. In July, Colonels Bermondt-Avalov and Vyrgolich refused to carry out the order to be sent to the Narva front and their detachments left the corps. Lieven's units at the end of July became part of the Northwestern Army and were reorganized into the 5th Infantry Division of the 1st Corps under Lieutenant General Count Palen, numbering about 2 thousand bayonets, 4 heavy and 6 light guns, 2 armored vehicles and 7 aircraft .
It should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in Russian history. For some, Pavka Korchagin remains a hero, for others, Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some people know the war from the films “Wedding in Malinovka”, “The Elusive Avengers” and songs like “Old Man Makhno looks out the window...”, others’ ideas are based on “ Quiet Don"M.A. Sholokhov, memoirs of A.I. Denikin, on more accurate historical facts. It should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in Russian history. For some, Pavka Korchagin remains a hero, for others, Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some people know the war from the films “Wedding in Malinovka”, “The Elusive Avengers” and songs like “Old Man Makhno looks out the window...”, others’ ideas are based on “The Quiet Don” by M.A. Sholokhov, the memoirs of A.I. Denikin, on more accurate historical facts. All the heroes of this war cannot be counted; Let's mention just a few of them. All the heroes of this war cannot be counted; Let's mention just a few of them.
Keller Fedor Arturovich (Augustovich) (), - count, lieutenant general, commander of the 2nd East Siberian Army Corps in Manchuria, during the First World War commander of the 10th cavalry division and the 3rd Cavalry Corps. He graduated from the Nikolaev Cavalry School, from 1904 he was the commander of the 15th Dragoon Alexandria Regiment, in 1905 he was wounded by a bomb thrown by a terrorist. Since 1906, commander of the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment, since 1910, 1st Brigade of the Caucasian Cavalry Division; from 1912 10th Caucasian Division. From April 1915 to March 1917, the commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps refused to recognize the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and swear allegiance to the Provisional Government. In 1918 he lived in Kyiv and served as commander of the armed forces on the territory of Ukraine. Shot by Petliurists.
Andrei Grigorievich Shkuro - hero of the 1st World War, participant of the White movement. After the October Revolution, having at that time risen to the rank of colonel and not wanting to serve the anti-people regime of the Bolsheviks, he took part in the white movement. In the spring of 1918, he created a Cossack detachment in the Batalpashinsk region and in May June led a rebellion against Soviet power in the Kislovodsk region in the North Caucasus. Then, after defeat from the Reds, Shkuro fled to Kuban, where, after joining the Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin, commanded the Kuban Cossack Brigade, then the 1st Cossack Division, and finally the 3rd Kuban Corps. In November 1918, by decision of the Kuban Rada, Colonel Shkuro was promoted to major general, and a year later received the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of the civil war, Shkuro took command of the Kuban army, which, however, practically did not take part in the battles. At the beginning of 1920, he handed over command to General Ulagai, and in May of the same year he emigrated abroad. Andrei Grigorievich Shkuro - hero of the 1st World War, participant of the White movement. After the October Revolution, having at that time risen to the rank of colonel and not wanting to serve the anti-people regime of the Bolsheviks, he took part in the white movement. In the spring of 1918, he created a Cossack detachment in the Batalpashinsk region and in May June led a rebellion against Soviet power in the Kislovodsk region in the North Caucasus. Then, after defeat from the Reds, Shkuro fled to Kuban, where, after joining the Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin, commanded the Kuban Cossack Brigade, then the 1st Cossack Division, and finally the 3rd Kuban Corps. In November 1918, by decision of the Kuban Rada, Colonel Shkuro was promoted to major general, and a year later received the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of the civil war, Shkuro took command of the Kuban army, which, however, practically did not take part in the battles. At the beginning of 1920, he handed over command to General Ulagai, and in May of the same year he emigrated abroad.
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich - military leader. Genus. in the family of a naval artillery officer. A good home education, a classical gymnasium and the Naval Cadet Corps, which Kolchak was among the first to graduate in 1894, gave him an excellent knowledge of three European languages, the history of the fleet and instilled an interest in the exact sciences. In November 1918 he arrived in Omsk, where he was appointed Minister of War and Naval Affairs of the government of the Socialist Revolutionary Directory. On December, Kolchak carried out a coup, declaring himself the “Supreme Ruler of Russia,” and set himself the goal of “victory over Bolshevism and the establishment of law and order.”
Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking vessels. In 1909, Kolchak’s largest work, Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. Kolchak took part in an expedition to the Bering Strait; in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued for the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the autocracy of the commander. In 1912 he transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically directed the military operations of the fleet in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the amphibious landing tactics he developed and attacked convoys of German merchant ships. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral. Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking vessels. In 1909, Kolchak’s largest work, Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. Kolchak took part in an expedition to the Bering Strait; in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued for the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the autocracy of the commander. In 1912 he transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically directed the military operations of the fleet in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the amphibious landing tactics he developed and attacked convoys of German merchant ships. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral.
Possessing half of Russia's gold reserves, having received military support from England, France, Japan, and the USA, he led successful fight in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. By the spring of 1919, there were up to 400 thousand people in Kolchak’s army. His power was recognized by A.I. Denikin, N.N. Yudenich, E.K. Miller. Restoring private ownership of enterprises and land, Kolchak gave the commanders of military districts the right to close press organs and impose death sentences, which caused resistance in Kolchak’s rear. Finnish General K. Mannerheim suggested that Kolchak move 100 thousand to Petrograd. army in exchange for Finnish independence, but Kolchak, who stood for a “united and indivisible” Russia, refused. By the summer of 1919, the main group of Kolchak’s troops was defeated. Kolchak’s course towards the restoration of pre-revolutionary orders led to a massive partisan movement. In 1920 Kolchak was arrested by the Czechoslovaks, who handed him over to the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik “Political Center”. After the transfer of power to the Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee at the secret proposal of V.I. Lenin's Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee decided to shoot Kolchak. Kolchak's body was lowered into the hole.
Shchors Nikolai Alexandrovich - hero of the Civil War Member Communist Party c Born into a railway family. driver He graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv (1914) and an accelerated course from the Vilna Military School in Poltava (1916). A participant in the 1st World War, first a military paramedic, then a junior officer on the Southwestern Front, and in 1917 a second lieutenant. After the October Revolution of 1917 he returned to his homeland and in February 1918 he created a partisan detachment in Snovsk, in March - April he commanded a united detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st Revolutionary Army, participated in battles with the German invaders.
In September 1918, in the Unecha area, from separate partisan detachments, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after. Bohuna. In October - November he commanded the Bohunsky regiment in battles with the German occupiers and hetmans. On February 5, 1919, he was appointed commandant of Kyiv and awarded an honorary weapon by the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine. From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shch commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a rapid offensive, liberated Zhitomir, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the Sarny - Rivne - Brody - Proskurov area, and then in the summer of 1919 steadfastly defended itself in the area of Sarny - Novograd - Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of bourgeois Poland and the Petliurists, but was forced under pressure from superior forces to retreat to the East. From August 21, the commander of the 44th Infantry Division, which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway. node, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv and a way out of the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army. While in the advanced chains of the Bohunsky regiment, Shchors was killed.
The civil war was generated by a complex set of social contradictions, economic, political, psychological and other reasons and became the greatest disaster for Russia. The deep crisis of the Russian Empire ended with its collapse and the victory of the Bolsheviks, who had the opportunity to put into practice their ideas about socialism and communism. Their victory was determined by a number of factors: political unity, led by a super-centralized party, and in the hands of which was a huge state apparatus, while in the White movement there were internal antagonisms, inconsistency of actions, contradictions with national regions and Entente troops; political cohesion, headed by a super-centralized party, and in the hands of which was a huge state apparatus, while in the White movement there were internal antagonisms, inconsistency of actions, contradictions with national regions and Entente troops; the ability of the Bolsheviks to mobilize the masses. In contrast, the White movement, which was largely heterogeneous, failed to unite the bulk of the population under its slogans; the ability of the Bolsheviks to mobilize the masses. In contrast, the White movement, which was largely heterogeneous, failed to unite the bulk of the population under its slogans;
Support for Soviet power by the masses, because the Soviets gave the land, they are fighting against the bourgeoisie, the old order; support for Soviet power by the masses, because the Soviets gave the land, they are fighting against the bourgeoisie, the old order; the Bolsheviks, under whose rule the central regions of the country were, had powerful economic potential (human resources, heavy industry, etc.); the Bolsheviks, under whose rule the central regions of the country were, had powerful economic potential (human resources, heavy industry, etc.); superiority of the Red Army over the White Army in numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war). superiority of the Red Army over the White Army in numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war). the defeat of the parties that advocated the second path of development was explained by the weakness of the social forces behind them and the weak support of workers and peasants. The failure of supporters of the third possible path, despite the unification of military forces and their connection with the interventionists, was historically predetermined, since this path was rejected by the overwhelming mass of working people. the defeat of the parties that advocated the second path of development was explained by the weakness of the social forces behind them and the weak support of workers and peasants. The failure of supporters of the third possible path, despite the unification of military forces and their connection with the interventionists, was historically predetermined, since this path was rejected by the overwhelming mass of working people.
CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA “O field, field, who littered you with dead bones?” (A.S. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila”)
Objectives: Summarize and systematize knowledge about the civil war in Russia. Develop the ability to express one’s point of view and draw conclusions based on document analysis. Fostering tolerance, tolerance, readiness to compromise.
Plan for summarizing the material: What were the causes of the Civil War? What social forces were involved in the civil war? Personalities. Red and white terror. The reasons for the victory of the Reds and the reasons for the defeat of the Whites?
Introductory control What definition of civil war does the author of the textbook give us? How is it different from other wars?
1. What reasons brought it to life? Select the statements with which you agree. Give reasons for your answer. A civil war is a battle between the new and the old, outdated; The civil war is the product of anger and irritation that has accumulated in society for centuries; The civil war was caused by foreign imperialists; The civil war could have been avoided if not for the policies of the Bolsheviks in 1917 - early 1918; Civil war is a natural continuation of the revolution; The civil war is the people’s just revenge on the exploiters; The Civil War is a tragic mistake born of mutual misunderstanding; The civil war was unleashed by the overthrown classes - the landowners and the bourgeoisie, who sought to regain power and property.
Red White We will boldly go into battle for the power of the Soviets and as one we will die in the fight for it. We will boldly go into battle for Holy Rus' and, as one, we will shed young blood. SONGS: POSTER: ORDERS:
2.Which of the listed social forces supported the whites, reds, and greens? senior officers; Cossacks; middle officers; liberal intelligentsia; low-skilled workers; the poorest peasantry; middle peasantry; soldiers; wealthy peasantry.
3.Personalities.
Portrait No. 1 The son of an officer (a former serf who was recruited and rose to the rank of military rank and retired with the rank of major), he graduated from the Kiev Infantry Junker School; Having submitted a report on his transfer to the Far East during the Russian-Japanese War, in the documents to the question: “Do you know Japanese?”, he wrote: “I don’t know, but I will fight no worse than those who know.” His request was fulfilled; his name is inextricably linked with the history of the White movement. One of the founders of the Volunteer Army, commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the South of Russia during the famous campaign against Moscow; an ardent opponent of Soviet power. He remained a Russian patriot, and during the Second World War he made an appeal to Russian emigrants not to support Nazi Germany.
Anton Ivanovich Denikin
Portrait No. 2 In 1894, he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps as the second student and was awarded a prize for academic success; volunteered for Russian-Japanese war. Admired by his courage, the Japanese left him a personalized weapon; polar explorer, personally acquainted with Admiral Makarov, Norwegian Nansen. For the processing of materials and participation in the polar expedition of Baron E. V. Toll, he was awarded the Great Konstantinovskaya gold medal; the world's best mining specialist, the world's youngest fleet commander, threw his signature weapon overboard with the words: “the sea gave, let the sea take away”; He considered his main task to be the creation of a united anti-Bolshevik front in the East of Russia; it was about him that they sang a song: “French shoulder straps, English uniform, Japanese tobacco, Omsk ruler...”
Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak
Portrait No. 3 Even during his lifetime, the most incredible rumors circulated about him. As if, when he was baptized, the priest’s robe caught fire, which foreshadowed the child’s fate as a robber; at the age of 16 he became a member of a group of anarchists, participated in “expropriations”, for which he was sentenced to 20 years of hard labor, commuted due to the defendant’s minority, to imprisonment in Butyrka; elected chairman of the local council. On September 25, 1917, he signed a decree on the nationalization of all land in the district and its division among peasants, which was ahead of Lenin by a month; his army numbered up to 50 thousand fighters. In December 1918, it captured the largest city in the south, Ekaterinoslav, and from that moment on, the name of the “father” acquired all-Russian fame; for victories over Denikin's forces he was awarded the highest award - the Order of the Red Banner; Denikin promised half a million rubles for his head; on his tombstone there is an inscription: “Soviet communard...” (As he requested).
Makhno Nestor Ivanovich Makhno
Portrait No. 4 Frunze and Kuibyshev doted on him, but Trotsky saw him as a bandit and visited him only under the protection of a personal escort and the cover of the guns of an armored train; gentleman of three, and according to Institute sources military history, four St. George crosses and a St. George medal; a native of the Chuvash hinterland, Mordvins, favored horses, but as the commander of a group of troops and division commander, he preferred the hardy Ford-T, which could reach speeds of up to 50 km per hour; he equipped the troops entrusted to him with the best weapons: combat airplanes with well-trained military pilots, motorcycle communications, telegraph, telephone, even chemical weapons; On November 6, 1932, a monument to the legendary hero of the civil war was unveiled in Samara, and in 1933 the famous film masterpiece of the Vasilyev brothers was filmed.
Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev
Portrait No. 5 He famously served from soldier to sergeant in the tsarist army and was awarded the St. George Cross four times for genuine exploits; in 1917, he, who is about to be promoted to officer, decisively chooses the revolution, and in it the Bolsheviks; in June 1919, the 1st Cavalry Corps was formed, of which he took command; in November 1919, the corps was reorganized into the 1st Cavalry Army, of which he was the permanent leader; his marshalship, predicted by Lenin, came true only in 1935. Two years earlier, the same prophecy was recorded in the commander’s home album by the writer V. Kataev.
Mikhail Ivanovich Budyonny
Portrait No. 6 After graduating from real school, he left for Nikolaev to continue his education. Here he becomes a member of the “South Russian Labor Union”, and in 1889 he ends up in prison; He learns about the February events of 1917 in the USA and immediately decides to go home. A month later, Lenina arrives in Petrograd; in the October days of 1917, he actually headed the Military Revolutionary Committee, which gave reason to some scientists to believe that he timed the armed uprising to coincide with his birthday - November 7; from March 1918 - People's Commissar for Military Affairs, from September 1918, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; indomitable energy, brilliant manner of speaking, along with authoritarianism and arrogance, turned him from one of the “architects of the revolution” into the “demon of the revolution”; in the fight against Stalin (after Lenin's death) he was defeated and was expelled from the USSR.
Trotsky Lev Davydovich
Portrait No. 7 A descendant of an ancient family of Danes who found themselves in Russian service in the 18th century, whose grandmother was the granddaughter of A.P. Hannibal and second cousin of A. Pushkin; unlike his younger brother Nikolai, who chose service to art as his destiny, he chose “service to the Motherland” as his destiny; in July 1919, during Denikin’s attack on Moscow, his Caucasian army moved on the right flank; April 4, 1920 A.I. Denikin, in his words, “morally broken,” transfers to him command of the armed forces of the South of Russia; The “black baron”, “dictator of Crimea” lost his last battle on Perekop, after which the remnants of the Russian army were evacuated from the peninsula; until his death in 1928 in Belgium he remained an implacable enemy of Soviet power.
Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich
Portrait No. 8 Son of a Transbaikal Cossack; the grandmother of the future ataman was descended from the Chingisids, his grandfather was a rich cattle breeder; studied spoken Mongolian, was interested in history, political economy, philosophy, and enthusiastically studied Buddhist doctrine; Having graduated from the Orenburg Cossack School, p. The first Nerchinsk regiment under the command of Baron Wrangel takes part in the World War. In 3 years he received 14 military awards; Kerensky involved him in the formation of the Volunteer Army. The number of the Special Manchu Detachment (SMD) did not exceed 5 thousand people; in 1921, after the defeat of his troops in the Far East by the Red Army, he became one of the leaders of the White emigrants in Manchuria; in 1945 he was captured by security officers in Harbin, and a year later he was executed by hanging in Moscow.
Semenov Grigory Mikhailovich
Portrait No. 9 Even during his lifetime, legends circulated about him. In 1918, White Guard newspapers claimed that the partisan detachments on the Volga Front were commanded by a German general, on whose head a bonus of 20 thousand rubles was assigned; the son of a peasant from the Yaroslavl province. His youth was spent at a factory, where he became close to the Bolsheviks; during the First World War he received two St. George Crosses, the St. George Medal, and was promoted to non-commissioned officer; for the withdrawal of units of the South Ural Army from encirclement and an unprecedented 1,500 km raid within 40 days on the rear of the Whites, he was the first to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner; the civil war ended Far East, where for 6 days in 40-degree frost his division stormed the Volochaevka station and won; awarded five Orders of the Red Banner; in 1935 he was among the first to be awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
Blucher Vasily Konstantinovich
Problem task: How to evaluate the civil war: As a heroic page of history or a tragic page of history?
Working with documents on the horrors of the civil war
Results of the Civil War Who were the Reds? Check the definition you chose: heroes, defenders of the disadvantaged; honest but ignorant people; patriots who dreamed of a better future for the people; avengers of the old society, fanatics who punished both the right and the wrong; a brutal crowd that sowed violence and injustice. Who were the whites? reactionaries and criminals; ideological supporters of the old order, the monarchy; people forced to defend their world, loved ones, themselves; patriots defending national dignity, honor, traditions; people who were sincerely mistaken.
Who do you think won the civil war? Mark the arguments that you consider true: the Reds won the civil war because... Soviet authority, the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been preserved and even strengthened; Whites won the civil war because... the authorities made concessions (economic and political) to the overthrown exploiting classes; the greens won the civil war because... After the war, the Soviet government was forced, under the influence of their demands, to switch from surplus appropriation to tax in kind.
They're all lying side by side. Don't separate them. Look: soldier: where's yours? Where is the stranger? It was white - it became red Blood stained It was red - it became white Death won.
Remember! Remember! Don't fall into oblivion! Kirnosov Denis Pavlovich 1974-1995 Purey Andrey Andreevich 1980-1999 Tsaplin Dmitry Vyacheslavovich 1976-1996
Emigrated in 1920. Lived in Germany, near Munich
Since November 1923 - in France.
Was one of the founders of "Brotherhood of Russian Truth»
Since 1936 lived in Germany.
Since September 1943 chief Main Directorate of Cossack TroopsImperial Ministry for the Eastern Occupied Territories Germany.
In May 1945 surrendered to the British.
He was transferred to Moscow, where he was kept in Butyrka prison.
By verdict Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSRP. N. Krasnov was hanged in Moscow, inLefortovo prison January 16, 1947.
Grigory Mikhailovich Semenov - Cossack ataman, leader of the White movement in Transbaikalia and the Far East,lieutenant general White Army . Continued to form into Transbaikalia mounted Buryat-Mongolian Cossack detachment. Three new regiments were formed in Semenov’s troops: 1st Ononsky, 2nd Akshinsko-Mangutsky and 3rd Purinsky. Was created military school for cadets . Semyonov was appointed commander of the 5th Amur Army Corps. Appointed commander of the 6th East Siberian Army Corps, assistant to the chief commander of the Amur region and assistant commander troops of the Amur Military District, commander of the troops of the Irkutsk, Transbaikal and Amur Military Districts.In 1946 he was sentenced to death.
Yudenich N.N. (1862-1933)
In June 1919, Kolchak appointed him commander-in-chief of the north-west. army formed by Russian White Guards in Estonia, and became part of the Russian White Guard Northwestern government formed in Estonia. Undertook from the north-west. army's second campaign against Petrograd. The offensive was defeated near Petrograd. After the defeat of the north-west. army, was arrested by General Bulak-Balakhovich, but after the intervention of the allied governments he was released and went abroad. Died frompulmonary tuberculosis.
Results of the Civil War
In a fierce armed struggle, the Bolsheviks managed to retain power in their hands. All state formations that arose after the collapse were liquidated Russian Empire, with the exception of Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland.
Slide 2