Ekaterinoslav Cossack Army

The opportunity to return to the Cossack estate presented itself twice to the Odnodvorets.

This happened for the first time in 1787 year, July 3, in connection with the Russian-Turkish War (1787-1792). By decree of Catherine II of November 12, 1787 of all the same-palaces, who inhabited the Ukrainian line, at the age of 17 to 50 years, a special Cossack corps was formed in the image of the Don Cossack Army, called "Ekaterinoslav Cossack Army" or troops « Novodon Cossacks."

The corps consisted of 4 horse regiments and one foot regiment.

The Russian government took into account that performing Cossack service has always been prestigious in Little Russia and the South of Russia and, guided by wartime requirements, additionally allowed everyone to enroll in the army, except for serfs.

Thus, in 1788, on January 14, Old Believers, townspeople and guild workers from the Ekaterinoslav, Voznesensk and Kharkov provinces were also included in the Army.

And a few days later, on January 18, the Army was betrayed and Ekaterinoslav Cossack Regiment .

In February 1788 they formed Ekaterinoslav Forward Guard Corps . It consisted of a foreman, 2,400 Cossacks and 1,016 Kalmyks.

And finally 1st of May 1788 year was created Ekaterinoslav Army , which included Ekaterinoslav Cossack Army . At the head of this army, together with the Don foreman of the lower ranks, stood the Don ataman Matvey Ivanovich Platov.

Fig. AtamanMatvey Ivanovich Platov

The army was stationed near Olviopol (present-day Pervomaisk, Nikolaev region), and from there it began moving towards the Turkish fortress of Ochakov.

Unfortunately, due to bad roads, this distance (170 versts) was covered only in two months. However, the Cossacks, who were in the vanguard of the columns, approached the fortress first.

In the same year, 1788, on June 11, the department of Major General Baron Palen encountered advanced pickets of the Turks, and when more than 2000 Turks left Ochakov, the Cossacks of Platov and Isaev threw them back, losing 1 centurion and 1 Cossack; 2 more Cossacks were wounded. Moreover, the Turkish losses amounted to 30 people.

And yet, the real general test of the combat effectiveness of the Ekaterinoslav Cossack army was storming of the Turkish fortress Izmail.

Fifth column, in the best sense of expression, was commanded by the ataman known to us, Matvey Ivanovich Platov. His Cossacks, despite oncoming fire from both sides, crossed the ditch and took the bastion.

In the list of those who distinguished themselves "bravery in the assault on Izmail" among “foremen and other officials of the Cossack troops of Ekaterinoslav and Don” the ancestor of the current Trunovs, Borovsky, is also listed - cornet Dmitry Trunov , which is described in the mentioned book by V. Ivanov:

“After the capture of Ishmael, he received a rare award at that time: a golden cross with the inscription on one side “Ishmael, December 11th, 1790,” and on the other “for personal courage.” At the same time, he received the title of centurion, i.e. ", a personal nobleman. This cross of red gold (7 gold) is kept in the church. Now his grandchildren remain, the children of Trunov’s younger sons"

Note: The officer's cross "For bravery in the capture of Izmail" was awarded to officers who participated in the assault on Izmail, who showed courage, but did not receive the Orders of St. George and St. Vladimir. Such crosses are very rare due to the fact that they are handed over to the Chapter of Orders after the death of the recipient.

We do not yet know about other participants in the Russian-Turkish war, however, there is no doubt regarding the service of our Borovsk ancestors as Ekaterinoslavsky or Novo-Don Cossacks, lists of which are stored in the Voronezh regional archive.

About them, in the same book by V. Ivanov, it is said , What “Borovskaya Sloboda “the residents were called Cossacks of the Novo-Don Regiment and were called up according to the position of the Don Cossacks”

The second opportunity to return to the Cossack estate appeared for the Odnodvortsy after the end of the Turkish War. The fact is, as the Don historian E. Savelyev writes, “The former Cossacks of the Ekaterinoslav Cossack Army did not want to come to terms with their new position and the loss of the Cossack title, and therefore in 1800 they turned to the Sovereign Emperor with an all-submissive request for permission to move to the Caucasus and carry out Cossack service there. At the same time, they begged for the return of the Cossack title, which they were proud of and lost against their will.

The request of the former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks was considered by the Senate and, upon approval by the Sovereign Emperor, was resolved in the sense that the Cossack rank was returned to the former Cossacks of the Ekaterinoslav Army with the condition of relocating them to the Caucasus, but without any support from the treasury. But material difficulties did not stop the Cossacks, and they almost completely moved with their families to the Caucasus, where they founded the villages: Temizhbek, Kazan, Ladoga and Tiflis."

The special cavalry regiment formed by these Cossacks was called Caucasian. This regiment, with the listed villages, was part of the Kuban Cossack Army.

The Kuban language also speaks about them historian N.M. Mogilevtsev :

“In their home, peaceful life, Caucasians, former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks, better known as the Novodon Cossacks, turned out to be excellent hosts; at least a contemporary and eyewitness to the events of the pre-Ermolov period, Major General Debu, directly points to a higher level of well-being of the Caucasian regiment, compared with other settled Cossack regiments "

“...the new settlers did not differ in their abilities for industry, and was it even possible to think about complex industries at that time; But they cultivated the land like no one else on the line, had the best livestock and were engaged in fishing in the Kuban River"

In the book “Brief Historical Information about the Caucasian Cavalry Regiment of the Kuban Cossack Army,” the same N.M. Mogilevtsev presented readers with the resettlement of 1802 in sufficient detail. Indicated from which places, and to “how many male souls” migrated.

But from Borovskaya Sloboda, only 2 souls of the same palace moved to Kuban. I believe that the reason for this was the peculiarity of the Borovsky mentality - attachment to the Small Motherland, one’s loved ones and lands received for service to the Fatherland.

As for the Novo-Aidars, having founded the Tiflis village, they took upon themselves the service of protecting the border “from the raids of the Trans-Kuban peoples.”

A hundred were formed from the Cossacks of the village. According to ancient custom, the regimental commander Leonty Ivanovich Grechishkin was chosen to “correct the post.” D. Farafonov became the hundredth commander. Both are experienced and honored warriors, participants in the assaults of Ochakov and Izmail.

In particular, the Novodon centurion Grechishkin Leon, as well as our Dmitry Trunov, is noted in the list of those who distinguished themselves by courageous exploits at the storming of Izmail.

So, in accordance with Order No. 3365 of October 14, 1803, it was assigned “to the Caucasian regiment to serve, the regimental commander to decide military and civil matters, and commanders of hundreds to be the heads of villages.”

From that day on, the regiment began service - the main duty of the Cossacks. Other duties included submarine service, billet service, postal service, convoy service, and repair of fortifications, roads and bridges.

In general, the government was not mistaken in entrusting the descendants of servicemen and noblemen with Cossack service in the Caucasus. It is to them that the glorious pages of the history of the village of Tiflis are dedicated to the Linear Cossacks.

At the same time, one of them is considered special - “the feat of the hundred of Andrei Grechishkin” - the son of the above-mentioned Leonty Ivanovich Grechishkin.

They say that in 1829, in the battle at the Wolf Gate on the Zelenchuk River, a crowd of highlanders suddenly surrounded a handful of Cossacks of the centurion Grechishkin.

Seeing that the detachment was in danger of death, Andrei called on the Cossacks to fight to the last and lay down their heads with dignity.

In an unequal battle, every single one of them was killed, preferring to die rather than surrender to the Circassians.

Fig. R. Kuznetsov. The case of centurion Grechishkin.

The names of the Grechishkin family are known not only in the current village of Tbilisi, but also in Borovsky’s neighboring Aidar land. They are reminiscent of the former farm of Grichishkino, preserved from ancient times, founded by the Grechishkin family even before moving to Kuban.

In 1831, the opportunity to move to the Caucasus Line arose again. And this time, according to the Revizskaya Tale of 1835, there were much more hunters to move. Families moved, but the registration was based on a heart-to-heart basis for the “male sex,” including children.

In a separate column “From that number dropped out” for the members of each family the following entry followed:

“Listed in (number of) souls by the Sloboda-Ukrainian Treasury Chamber to the Caucasian Line in the Cossack rank from the 1st (2) half of 1835.”

Below is a list of households indicating the serial number of the household, nicknames, names, patronymics, age of the owner and other family members:

146. Bykov; 149. Kurbatov;

150. Agafonov; 151. Agafonov;

152. Popov; 153. Glazunov;

154.Agafonov; 155. Pushkin;

156.Sirotin; 157. Abolonkin;

158.Agafonov; 159. Voronov;

160.Goncharov; 161. Goncharov;

162.Maslov; 163. Sopov;

164.Zamulin

In the end it says: only 53 "souls of the male sex", with among which there are surnames and nicknames that have not reached our time Abolonkin and Zamulin.

Rice.Linear Cossack

Thus, having joined the ranks of the Kuban Cossacks, single-yarders with a plow and weapons continued the traditions and glory of the Cossacks and servicemen of the South of Russia.

Note: according to information from the historical reference data for the village of Tiflis, one of its last atamans was Ilya Vasilyevich Shirkov - the namesake of the Shirkov family, known in Borovskaya Sloboda, at least from the Revizskaya tale of 1835.

Donetsk Cossack put his hand in Borovsky town

Oleg Ivanov son

(To be continued)

On July 3, 1787, the odnodvortsy, settled in the Ekaterinoslav province (Ekaterinoslavl, now Dnepropetrovsk), along the former Ukrainian line, were converted to the Cossack rank. According to a number of historians, after the liquidation of the Zaporozhye Sich, the Cossack name on the Dnieper was removed from official circulation for some time. The Cossacks, who remained in their former settlements and farmsteads, began to be counted as bourgeois and peasants.

Initially, the new formation of Cossacks was called the Ekaterinoslav Cossack Corps. Prince Potemkin played a huge and major role in its creation. He even recruited Cossacks from his people who lived on his Polish estates. Potemkin saw the advantages of the Turkish cavalry over the Russian in terms of numbers and solved this problem simply and inexpensively for the treasury. Created a new Cossack army.

On November 12, 1787, the corps began to be called the Ekaterinoslav Cossack Army. On November 15 of the same year, the 1st and 2nd Bug Cossack regiments were added to the army. In 1788, the Yekaterinoslav Cavalry Cossack Regiment and residents of the city of Chuguev and its environs, Old Believers and townspeople of Yekaterinoslav, Voznesensk (Voznesensk is now a city in the Nikolaev region) and Kharkov provinces were included in the army.

The army was created mainly for cordon service on the Dnieper and on the Black Sea coast, and took an active part in all Russian wars at that time. The Ekaterinoslav Cossack army took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. The regiments of the army distinguished themselves during the capture of Akkerman (Belgorod-Dniester), Kilia and Izmail. In total, the Army consisted of up to 100,000 souls of both sexes, fielding up to 20 regiments of five hundred. The Ekaterinoslav Cossacks fought very bravely with the Turks in the wars of Russia, and Platov’s famous feat under the walls of Izmail was accomplished with a regiment of Ekaterinoslav Cossacks.

Military control of the army was carried out by foremen appointed from the Don Cossack Army. M.I. was appointed ataman of the Ekaterinoslav Cossack army, together with low-ranking Don foreman. Platov. Platov was born on August 6, 1751 in the village of Staro-Cherkasy region of the Don Army. His father was a military sergeant major and rose to the rank of major. Contemporaries characterized the future ataman of the Yekaterinoslav and Don Cossack troops as a decisive and intelligent person. In 1770, M. Platov received the rank of captain and commanded a Cossack hundred. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. he took part in hostilities as part of the Don regiments in the Kuban. Platov gained fame and glory during a food convoy. His unit was surrounded by the Tatars of Devlet-Girey on April 3, 1774 at Kalalakh. However, M.I. Platov skillfully built a defense and repelled all enemy attacks. At the beginning of the war with Turkey (1787-1791), he already had the army rank of colonel and held the position of ataman of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks.

The Ekaterinoslav Cossack army quickly turned into a significant military force. When the Ekaterinoslav Advanced Guard Corps was formed on February 11, 1788, its units numbered 3,684 people (petty officer, 2,400 Cossacks and 1,016 Kalmyks). An interesting point: the army also included baptized Kalmyks who were part of the Chuguevsky regiment.

No definite regulation on the order of service of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks was issued, and the foremen of the Don Army ruled the local Cossacks at will. Due to this, and also due to military circumstances, the army fell into disarray. Dissatisfied with this situation, a significant part of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks filed a petition to return them to their “primitive state.” Catherine II decided to disband it. The Bug Cossack regiments and the Chuguev Cossack regiment were left in the Cossack class.

In 1796, Catherine II ordered the disbandment of the Ekaterinoslav army, and the Cossacks were assigned to the burghers and state peasants, giving them a two-year exemption from paying government taxes. Some of the Cossacks were transferred to the bourgeois and peasant class, and some continued to perform cordon service. Some of the former Cossacks of the Ekaterinoslav Army did not want to come to terms with their new position and the loss of the Cossack title, and therefore in 1800 they turned to the Emperor with a request for permission to move to the Caucasus and carry out Cossack service there. At the same time, they begged for the return of the Cossack title, which they were proud of and which they lost against their will.

The request of the former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks was considered by the Senate and, upon approval by the Emperor, was resolved in the sense that the Cossack rank was returned to the former Cossacks of the Ekaterinoslav Army with the condition of relocating them to the Caucasus, but without any support from the treasury. Material difficulties did not stop the Cossacks, and in 1801 they, about 3 thousand people, moved with their families to the Caucasus, where they founded the villages: Temizhbek, Kazan, Ladoga and Tiflis. These villages became the basis of the Caucasian regiment of the Kuban Cossack army.

On July 3, 1787, the odnodvortsy settled in the Ekaterinoslav province (Ekaterinoslavl is now the city of Dnepropetrovsk) along the former Ukrainian line were converted to the Cossack rank. According to a number of historians, after the liquidation of the Zaporozhye Sich, the Cossack name on the Dnieper was removed from official circulation for some time. The Cossacks, who remained in their former settlements and farmsteads, began to be counted as bourgeois and peasants.

On November 12, 1787, the corps began to be called the Ekaterinoslav Cossack Army. On November 15 of the same year, the 1st and 2nd Bug Cossack regiments were added to the army. In 1788, the Ekaterinoslav Cavalry Cossack Regiment and residents of the city of Chuguev and its environs, Old Believers and townspeople of Ekaterinoslav, Voznesensk (Voznesensk is now a city in the Nikolaev region) and Kharkov provinces were included in the army.

The request of the former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks was considered by the Senate and, upon approval by the Emperor, was resolved in the sense that the Cossack rank was returned to the former Cossacks of the Ekaterinoslav Army with the condition of their resettlement to the Caucasus, but without any support from the treasury. Material difficulties did not stop the Cossacks, and in 1801 they, about 3 thousand people, moved with their families to the Caucasus, where they founded the villages: Temizhbek, Kazan, Ladoga and Tiflis. These villages became the basis of the Caucasian regiment of the Kuban Cossack army.

The Old Line and the Ekaterinoslav Army

The 19th century saw the Old Line with 6 villages of the Kuban Cossack Regiment, founded here in 1794. Compared to the Black Sea region, which was also sparsely populated, but represented a certain territory of the Cossack army. The Old Line was a vacant lot. There were few villages, and they were so scattered and distant from one another that they seemed to drown in the vast spaces stretching along the Kuban to the north and east of it. These were only faint hints of the Old Line, a rich and flourishing region at present.

But at some distance from Kuban, large settlements had already appeared. Peasants who were converted into Cossacks of the Caucasian Line Army in the thirties settled here.

The first settlement was Novomaryinskoye, which arose in 1794, simultaneously with the Cossack villages of the Kuban regiment. The following year, 1795, the village of Staromaryinskoye appeared. A year later, in 1797, three villages were founded: Rozhdestvenskoye, Kamennobrodskoye and Novotroitskoye. In 1798, as many as five villages were founded: Rashevatskoye, Dmitrievskoye, Ilyinskoye, Arkhangelskoye and the Malorossiyskaya or Biryuchya settlement.

Thus, by the beginning of the 19th century, within the current Old Line there were already 11 peasant villages, in which in 1801 there were 9,724 revision and 1,226 newly born souls, or 10,950 males and 10,387 female souls, and therefore a total population of 21 337 souls. Figures that significantly exceeded the available Cossack population of the Black Sea region. Peasant colonization of the region was more successful than Cossack colonization.

The settlement of the region by peasants went from present-day Stavropol to the northwest, towards the lands of the Black Sea Army. Military conditions required this. Stavropol was already a significant military center at that time. The Khopersky regiment was settled in it and near it. The villages of the Kuban regiment were located to the south and southeast of Kuban. And to the west of the land of the Don Army and to the river. Kuban bordered the Black Sea coast. Consequently, peasant villages were protected on all sides to a certain extent from Circassian raids by a number of military settlements. Peasants settled under the protection of the Cossacks.

Priest Uspensky recorded in 1901, from the words of three centenarian old men of the village of Dmitrievskaya - Besedin, Nazarov and Lakhin - interesting testimony about the founding of Dmitrievka in 1801. The old people were born around the time when the newly founded village was being settled, and were living monuments of the past.

The founders of the village of Dmitrievskaya were, according to them, Great Russians who came from the villages of Zavershya and Bogoslovka in the Biryuchensky district of the Voronezh province. They abandoned their homeland due to lack of land. Having heard stories about free lands in the Kuban, they sold buildings and property and, of their own initiative and will, moved in several parties to the Caucasus. On the way, they were accosted by up to 10 families of landowner peasants who had fled the lordship. The fugitives abandoned their houses, all their household belongings and, in what they wore, joined the settlers. Having changed clothes and changing their names, they made their way to the Caucasus along with free peasants.

Upon arrival at the Old Line, the new settlers came across the village of Ilyinsky, which also arose in 1801 and had just begun to be built up. Here they stopped to rest for exploration purposes about the new region. The alarming living conditions in the Kuban villages, thanks to the proximity of the Circassians, forced one part of the settlers to immediately remain in the village of Ilyinskoye. Another part of the Voronezh immigrants decided to find their own place to settle and stopped in a tract located near the Fat Kurgan on the river. Beysug. Here the settlers settled in a temporary camp. Unfortunately for the new settlers, Fat Mound was a guard picket, and a very important one at that. From the high mound the surrounding area was perfectly visible in all directions - nearby, 6 versts away, the Ilyinsky village, in the distance in the Kuban, the village of Kavkazskaya and the Temishbek fortification, and to the west, east and north the vast steppes. For some reason, the military authorities did not like the presence of displaced people at the picket. The head of the picket ordered the settlers to clear the place they had occupied and settle a little further along the river. Kalalas. At first, the settlers took this as a quibble and began building buildings. But a Cossack officer came to their camp, demanded all the men, starting with the old men and ending with the youth, lined them up in a military front and first scolded them for disobedience, and then ordered them to be flogged through one. The men were taken aback, and the Cossack gentleman mounted his horse, threatened them again with a whip and disappeared from sight. But the rod did its job. The settlers dismantled their temporary camp, harnessed the horses to carts and moved to the place where Dmitrievskaya Stanitsa is now located.

So, amid the whistling of rods and blows of the whip, the founders of the Dmitrievskaya village found a suitable place for themselves in the new region. Here they energetically set about organizing the village. Some prepared sites for buildings and dug holes, others transported timber from the Kuban, others worked as carpenters and erected buildings, while women and boys coated huts, brought materials and helped everyone. They then dug in the village with a deep ditch in case of an attack by the Circassians. For the same military purposes, peaceful villagers located a village near the reeds, in which they subsequently hid more than once from the mountaineers.

At that time, nature was not yet touched by man; The reeds, steppes, lands and waters were still inviolable. In the absence of people, wild animals were found in abundance everywhere in these places. There were wolves, foxes, goats, gazelles, wild boars, even a baby horse (scoter) and a lot of birds. The vegetation was also abundant and varied, the land was rich and there was plenty of pasture. The only thing missing was people from whom the needy settlers could earn something. In order to earn money by earning money, one had to go abroad far to the Don or to the Black Sea region. And the settlers who found themselves on the Old Line with nothing or light weight were forced to work as laborers and earn money and livestock by earning money. So little by little the settlers acquired a household and began to raise mainly livestock. At that time, there were no longer Nogai nomads who occupied all the steppe spaces. Peasants sowed grain in small quantities, mainly for their own food. But thanks to the virgin soil, wealthy owners were already producing so much grain that they carried excess grain to Rostov for sale. In a word, if not all, then a significant part of the settlers very soon found their feet in the new region. Already in 1803 they had a prayer house, their own independent clergy and 90 households of settled settlers.

In the same way and under similar conditions, other peasant villages settled on the Old Line in 1794–1801. In 1802 on the river. Beysug, within the Old Line, 350 revision souls of the Little Russians of the Biryuchensky district of the Voronezh province and 41 souls from the Gadyachsky district of the Poltava province were settled. These, presumably, were settlers of those peasant villages that were later included within the Old Line and whose population was listed as Cossacks.

The peasants generally settled at their own expense and at their own expense. The government did not interfere in this matter and no one provided them with financial assistance. The settlers enjoyed only the benefits of temporary exemption from taxes and duties, common to all new settlers.

And the more peaceful migrants came to the Caucasus who wanted to farm here, the more urgent was the need to strengthen military forces to protect them. Meanwhile, the Kuban cordon line was weak in the upper parts of the Kuban both in the number of Cossack villages and in the quality of the border fortifications. In 1801, the Caucasian Cordon Line ran from Kizlyar to Mozdok and from here up the river. Malka to the Belomechetsky post, then behind Pyatigorye to the Kuban to the tract, also called the White Mosque, and then along the Kuban to Ust-Laba and the Black Sea region.

At that time, from Malka to Kuban there was not a single village along this line, and along the Kuban, for 360 versts to the lands of the Black Sea Army, along the border there were only six villages, with distances between them on average of 60 versts. Thus, from Malka to Kuban there was a completely open space for Circassian raids, and along the Kuban to the Black Sea region, significant gaps between the villages also gave the Circassians full access to invading Russian borders.

These shortcomings of the Cordon Line were further complicated by the poor condition of the border fortifications. As can be seen from the report of Mr. Glazenap dated January 8, 1802 Knorring, the Caucasian line, for protection by different types of troops, was divided into two parts. From Kizlyar to Georgievsk, in 12 fortresses and fortifications, cavalry and infantry regiments of the regular army were located, and in the remaining 12 points, from Georgievsk to Ust-Laba, the Cordon Line was guarded only by Cossacks. All fortifications consisted either of poor earthen huts, or of equally unprepossessing and dilapidated wooden buildings. And there weren’t enough buildings. Stables, for example, for horses were located in only three of the 24 points, but they were also made of wicker fences and dilapidated. Glazenap asked to make an order to repair old buildings and indicate where and how many new fortifications, as well as how many and what kind of buildings are proposed to be built.

To fight the mountaineers and defend the borders from them under such conditions was extremely difficult and risky. The mountaineers could always do a lot of trouble in poorly guarded places, which was in reality. It was necessary either to add regular troops or to strengthen the Cossack cadres. In fact, few villages of the Kuban regiment continued to be populated. The Don Cossacks, who rebelled because of their resettlement to the Kuban, willingly, without any coercion, went to the Kuban lands as soon as their predecessors settled along the Kuban border. There were free and secret migrations. The region was rich in free lands and lands for crops and cattle breeding. For people who adhered to the old faith, there were no restrictions in new places, and the Old Believers Cossacks willingly went to their coreligionists in Kuban. Restless heads, who loved military life and adventure and longed for a fight with the highlanders, also left the Don and went to the Kuban. Relatives went to relatives and residents of the same village to residents of the same village. But all this was done on a small scale, with weak colonization currents. To secure the Caucasian border line, a larger influx of settlers was required.

Those who led military operations in the Caucasus were especially interested in such a setup of colonization. According to the most conservative estimate, to populate the border along the Kuban on the Old Line, Count Gudovich demanded the resettlement of 3,000 Cossack families from the Don to the Kuban. Meanwhile, only one thousand families were settled. More settlers were needed. And the Cossacks of the former Yekaterinoslav army went to meet this need. The Dontsov government forcedly drove to the Kuban line; the Yekaterinoslav residents went there of their own accord.

The former Ekaterinoslav Cossack army has its own history. It arose simultaneously with the Black Sea army and under the influence of the same reasons as the latter. Cossacks were needed for the war with the Turks. At a time when the Black Sea army was formed exclusively from former Zaporozhye Cossacks, the Yekaterinoslav army was made up of all kinds of freemen. It included free adventurers - Little Russian Cossacks, fugitive peasants, single-lords, Old Believers, townspeople and generally various immigrants to the south of Russia. These volunteers in 1788, at the beginning of the war with the Turks, were united with the Bug Cossack army and together they received the name first of the Bug, and then of the Ekaterinoslav Cossack army. The Catherine-Slav army fielded ten regiments, each one thousand strong, and numbered up to 50,562 people of both sexes.

Thanks to the diverse composition and mass of non-Cossack elements, there were almost no senior officers in the ranks of the Yekaterinoslav army. There was no one to choose officers from. Since the Ekaterinoslav army turned out to be adjacent to the Don army, it was subordinate to this latter and was called the Ekaterinoslav or Novodon army. The Don elders, by appointment of the government, ruled the people of Ekaterinoslav and, as with stepchildren, were not shy with the Cossacks, which were alien to them. Extortions, oppression, appointments to service out of turn, etc. appeared. During 8 years of this dependent position, the Don yoke seemed so heavy to the residents of Ekaterinoslav that they began to petition for their return “to their primitive state.” Only the former Bug Cossacks wished to remain Cossacks. Then the Ekaterinoslav army was again divided into two parts: the Bug army and the alien elements that made up the Ekaterinoslav army. The first, the Bug Cossacks, were retained, according to their wishes, in the Cossack rank, and the second, the Ekaterinoslav residents themselves, were transferred to the government salary with the rights of one-lords. For their previous military service, they were given only a two-year exemption from their capitation salary.

But even among the residents of Ekaterinoslav who were converted to taxation, a split occurred. Some of them, mainly those who were part of the famous Platov’s regiment, which participated in the affairs of Izmail, Kiliya, Akkerman, etc., found that they were given little land and did not want to be one-palace dwellers. New efforts began about returning to the Cossacks. At this time, the Black Sea region and the Old Line were populated. Rumors about the abundance of land and freedom in these places reached the people of Ekaterinoslav, and they firmly decided to move to the Caucasus as Cossacks. The movement was led by the Cossack Kozma Rudov. By proxy from the society, he first turned to the Senate with a request to convert the Ekaterinoslav residents into Cossacks, but the Senate did not dare to grant this request without the Highest permission. Then in August 1800, Rudov submitted a petition to the Highest name. Relying on the fact that the Ekaterinoslav residents served during the Turkish war “at their own expense” and that when they were converted to single-lords, they were given little land, he asked to resettle the Ekaterinoslav residents, in the amount of 3,300 souls. Paul, “to the Caucasian line by the Cossacks.” The residents of Ekaterinoslav, the petition said, were accustomed to military service and did not want to enroll in either the merchant class or the philistinism. The Senate was instructed to satisfy the request of the Ekaterinoslav residents to clarify the circumstances of the case.

For this purpose, the Senate previously collected information about the petitioners through the Slobodsky Ukrainian governor and about the conditions for the settlement of Cossacks in the Caucasus through the Astrakhan governor. The first responded conditionally that they could be resettled as much as there was a surplus, subject to allotment of a 15-acre allotment to all single-yard dwellers. The second, Astrakhan governor Povalishin, reported the Senate’s request to the Astrakhan military governor and inspector of the Caucasian division, Mr.-L. Knorring. General Knorring took advantage of the opportunity. Having given a brief outline of the conditions for the settlement of the Caucasus from Kizlyar to Ust-Laba by the Cossacks of the Kizlyar, Terek and Grebensky troops and the Mozdok, Volga, Khopersky and Kuban regiments, which had 248 elders and 4246 service Cossacks, he admitted that from the resettlement of the former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks to the Caucasus troops “important benefits for the border will occur.” The very location of the new villages along the Kuban, between the Caucasian and Ust-Labinsk fortresses, could already block the Circassians’ passage into Russian possessions for 90 miles. Then the new settlers could form an entire Cossack regiment of five hundred, and part of the regiment could be assigned to other places to protect the border. General Knorring's opinion was of decisive importance for the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks.

After the Senate collected all the information about the settlers and its report on this subject was presented to the Emperor, on October 16, 1801, Alexander I approved the opinion of the Senate, and the issue of relocating the former Cossacks of the Yekaterinoslav army to the Old Line was resolved in a positive sense.

770 souls and men signed up to move to the Caucasian cordon line from five villages of Izyum district - Sukharevka, Terskaya, Yampolovka, Krasnyanskaya and Derilova. floor, and from six villages of the district of Starobelsky, Novoaidarsky, Spevakovka, Bakhmutovka, Raigorodskaya, Staroaidarskaya and Trekhizbenskaya - 2530 d., and a total of 3300 d. m. floor. But when the Starobelsky Lower Zemstvo Court “composed” its lists of settlers, they included people from other villages and even from another, Zmievsky, district. There were 7 such additional settlements in Zmievsky district and 4 in Izyumsky district, with 479 people in both. The rights to resettlement were recognized by the Slobodsk-Ukrainian provincial government for only 3,300 m.p., from among them it was ordered to select reliable proxies to inspect the settlement sites on the Old Line.

The confidants were captain Grechishkin and centurion Farafonov “with many old men.” They inspected both the entire area to be settled and the places intended for villages. The villages had to be located at a certain distance from each other and certainly close to existing fortifications. The residents of Ekaterinoslav were given 4 redoubts: Ladoga, Tiflis, Kazan and Temishbek, at which the villages were supposed to be located. The Trustees, for their part, found these places suitable for this purpose. All that remained was to resettle the population of the former Yekaterinoslav army, who were still in their old place of residence. Inspection of the places by new settlers was carried out in April and May, and in September and October 1802, as General Knorring reported this to Tiflis, former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks arrived on the Caucasian line and founded 4 villages at 4 redoubts, without any help from the treasury, at their own expense .

But the choice of locations for the villages was not without difficulties. G.-m. Shenshin, in a report on August 13 from Ust-Laba, informed Knorring that the place for the Tiflis village, which he had allowed for settlement, in accordance with the wishes of the settlers, below the shore of the Kuban, he considered inconvenient and would consider placing the village higher and closer to the redoubt, under its protection. Colonel Diyakov wrote the same to Knorring about the location of the Temishbek village. He found the place originally chosen for this village low, damp and unhealthy. In lowlands and depressions, with rain and mud, swamps and puddles could form, threatening people with “serious illnesses.” In addition, this location was also inconvenient from the point of view of protecting it from the highlanders, as it was remote from the fortifications and required a special security detachment. In accordance with such instructions from Shenshin and Diyakov, the location of the Tiflis and Temishbek villages was changed.

Ekaterinoslav Cossacks moved in the amount of 3277 d.m.p. and were distributed among the villages as follows: 232 families settled in the village of Ladozhskaya, 181 in Tiflis, 223 in Kazan and 226 families in Temishbek. There were 1,106 people fit for service, 586 elderly and 1,505 minors. Four hundred regiments were distributed each in a special village, and the fifth hundred in the villages of Kazan and Temishbek. When the Caucasian Regiment was organized from them, its administration included 4 persons from the foremen of the former Yekaterinoslav army, 4 from the Khopersky regiment and 1 from the Volga regiment. The military board ordered General Shenshin to choose from three candidates one military sergeant major and other missing ranks in the regiment. The ancient Cossack orders, although in a modified form, were applied to the new Cossack regiment. Inspector of the Caucasian Cavalry Mr.-L. Shepelev reported on August 12 to the commander of the troops in Georgia, Prince Tsitsianov, that, according to the decree of the State Military Collegium of June 11, 1803 on the formation of the Caucasian regiment, modeled on the Kuban regiment, he instructed Mr. Shenshin to carry out the election of officers in his presence. The Cossack custom of choosing officers was carried out under the supervision of a general.

In October, General Shepelev told Prince. Tsitsianov that from October 14, 1803, the Caucasian regiment “accepted its existence,” that is, elections of officers were made, and Esaul Grechishkin, who corrected the position of regimental commander, was provided with “general rules” along the Cordon Line.

On the same October 14, with a special order for the Caucasian Regiment, General Shepelev established temporary orders in the newly emerged military unit.

Until the approval of the regimental sergeant major, Esaul Grechishkin, chosen for this position, connected with the command of the regiment, he was assigned the duties of a regimental commander.

With a regiment strength of five hundred, one centurion, two quartermasters and two cornets were appointed to each hundred.

Each Cossack was required to have one riding and one pack horse, a gun, a pike, a pistol and a saber or sword. Of the five-hundred-strong regiment, 450 Cossacks did not have pack horses, and 50 Cossacks, in addition, did not have weapons. All of them were required to acquire horses and weapons.

The Cossacks were supplied with gunpowder and lead from the arsenal in the mountains. Georgievsk, where receivers were sent to receive charges.

The headquarters was appointed in Art. Tiflis.

The standards for small mobile units of the regiment were established for the reserve in the village and for traveling 40 Cossacks and for escorting 20 Cossacks.

Thus, before the former Ekaterinoslav Cossacks had time to settle down firmly and properly equip their homes and economic environment, they were already armed to fight their neighbors - the Circassians.

Finally, on October 14, 1803, General Shepelev reported to the State Military Collegium about the formation of the regiment and the results of the selection of officers. Considering Captain Grechishkin worthy of being a military foreman due to the deep respect he enjoyed among the Cossacks, Shepelev nevertheless found it impossible to appoint him as a regimental commander, since he could neither read nor write. In the same way, Quartermaster Makeev was a completely worthy officer, but he could not be entrusted with quartermaster duties due to his lack of literacy. Therefore, Shepelev appointed Makeev as a centurion, and with the approval of the entire regiment, private Cossack Anton Ledenev was elected quartermaster. Shepelev generally complained about the lack of literate people among the Cossack elders.

Very characteristic instructions in this regard are given by the official document - “List of the Caucasian Regiment to senior officers, Pentecostals and Cossacks, awarded by the choice of society to be promoted to officials.” The list includes persons already elected as officers, who were in fact one captain, one centurion, two quartermasters, three cornets, two Pentecostals and seven Cossacks. When voting, out of 5 candidates elected by the esauls, there were only two literate, those elected to the centurion - four literate and one illiterate, and those elected to the cornets - three literate and two illiterate, and in total, therefore, out of 15 persons elected to the officers, there were 9 literate and 6 illiterate. It is remarkable that of the 10 lower ranks elected as officers, only three were illiterate and seven were literate, and of the five persons who were already officers, only two were literate and three were illiterate. In other words, the ordinary Cossacks, represented by their elected representatives, provided only 30% of the illiterate, and the officers 60%, twice as much as the lower ranks. The future regiment commander himself was also illiterate.

By decree of January 25, 1804, the Military Collegium approved the staff of the Caucasian Cossack Regiment at 500 lower ranks with 1 regimental commander, 5 esauls, 5 centurions, 5 cornets, 1 quartermaster and 1 clerk. Grechishkin, who was elected to the regimental commander, as illiterate, was appointed captain, and the regimental commander, according to the proposal of General Shepelev, was the military foreman of the Volga regiment Uskov. In this form, the Caucasian Regiment was an exact copy of the Kuban Cossack Regiment, which had existed since 1794. Caucasians received cash salaries, provisions and fodder in the same amount as Kuban residents.

Meanwhile, the odnodvortsy of the Zmievsky and Izyumsky districts, in the amount of 479 souls, excluded from the lists of settlers who formed the Caucasian regiment, did not calm down and continued, in turn, to bother about resettlement to the Caucasian line as Cossacks. Having received permission to do this, they, following the example of their predecessors, also sent trusted representatives to Kuban to select a site for the village. The Kharkov governor on July 30, 1803 told the prince. Tsitsianov that, by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs, the odnodvortsy of the Zmievsky and Izyum districts, who expressed a desire to move to the Caucasus among 479 d.m.p., sent elected officials to inspect the places. These elected officials chose a special place for the location of the village near the Kuban River and Likhachev Kuta. Here in 1804 the fifth village, which became part of the Caucasian regiment, was founded - Voronezh. 311 people from the Zmievsky district from the villages of Shebilinka, Lozovenka, Verkhniy and Nizhny Bishkin, Okhogey, Verkhnyaya Bereka and Alekseevskaya and 108 souls of the Izyum district from the villages of Verevkina, Protopopovka, Volobuevka and Chepelinka signed up to go to Kuban. In reality, only 378 males arrived at the resettlement site in May 1804, which, together with the 3,277 souls who had previously arrived in Kuban, amounted to 3,655 males. Voronezh residents made up the fifth hundred of the Caucasian regiment.

But this increase in the Caucasian Regiment led the Military Collegium to the idea of forming not one, but two five-hundred-strong regiments from the Cossacks of the former Yekaterinoslav army. The opinion of the board on this issue was reported on October 13, 1804 to Prince. Tsitsianov. The latter, in turn, invited the cavalry inspector for the Caucasian Inspectorate, Mr.-L., to speak out on this issue. Glazenap, as a person standing close to the settlers. Glazenap, even though he had 3655 soldiers in the Caucasian regiment, did not find it possible to establish two Cossack regiments for purely economic reasons. The settlers at this time had not yet settled down and had not properly acquired a household, suffering an extreme need for everything in new and, moreover, turbulent places. It would be more practical, in Glazenap’s opinion, to include the village of Ust-Labinskaya as part of the Caucasian regiment as part of it territorially, and in return include the village of Temishbekskaya, which is also territorially connected with this regiment, into the Kuban regiment. Then two separate regiments would have been formed, and for each regiment it would have been possible to increase the five-hundred-strong combat force by another 150 Cossacks.

In essence, even with the replenishment of the Caucasian regiment by the village of Voronezh, the regiment still needed settlers. The male population did not increase. The increase was weak, the loss was significant, and additions of new forces from outside were also rare. Only in 1807, General Bulgakov informed Count Gudovich on April 27 that the retired captain of the Black Sea army, Perekrest, who, as his nickname shows, probably came from Tatars or mountaineers, and 20 Abaza residents of the mountain owner Atazhuk Klychev asked to be enlisted in the Kuban regiment. When Bulgakov asked the Cossacks if they agreed to accept the petitioners into their midst, the Cossacks resolutely refused to accept Captain Perekrest, as he had been dismissed from service in the Black Sea Army for his “restless character.” As for the “Abaza Circassians,” the Kuban people considered their joining the regiment useful and desirable. But this was a rare, exceptional case.

Meanwhile, the placement of the villages of the Kuban and Caucasian regiments alternately presented great inconvenience both in administrative and in economic-land relations. But General Glasenap’s proposal to transfer two villages by regiment was not destined to soon come true, and these inconveniences continued to exist for 16 years. Only in 1819 the village of Ust-Labinskaya was transferred to the Caucasian regiment, and the village of Temishbekskaya to the Kuban. Thanks to this, both regiments were separated from each other territorially and could differently, with greater convenience, distribute their combat units according to their place of residence. The Caucasian regiment stretched in a strip from Ust-Laba to the Kazan village, and the Kuban regiment from the Caucasian village to Vorovskolesskaya. In the latter in 1819 there were two staff officers, 21 chief officers and 800 Cossacks. Over the course of 16 years, the regiment, of course, had to increase.

With the installation of 11 villages of the Caucasian and Kuban regiments, the conditions for protecting the Border Line by troops changed noticeably. Each village in itself represented an impressive military force, and villages with fortifications even more so. Some old fortifications found themselves outside the Cordon Line and lost their former significance. In 1809, General Bulgakov reported to the commander of the troops in the Caucasus, General Tormasov, that the Temnolesskaya fortress, built on a high, steep and inaccessible mountain, after the new Cordon Line was established in front of it, was not needed and was not suitable for any military purposes. It was far from the settlements. The closest village to it was Temnolesskoye, 10 versts away. It was inconvenient to keep troops, provisions and all kinds of supplies in such a fortress. There was only one thing left - to completely abolish this fortress.

Thus, in a short time, the Cossack villages as military strongholds along the Cordon Line acquired such importance that even the previous fortifications turned out to be unnecessary. But the main strength of the villages, or rather, their population, lay in the economic conditions, in the economic life of the Cossacks and the land orders associated with it. Although the Cossack immediately upon settling the region had to, as they say, “put on a military footing,” he still had where and what to live with; he was surrounded by open space of land - a condition under which he could practice the primordial rules of free use of the land. The latter circumstance represented a kind of ideal for the farmer of those times, and it was not without reason that even peasants became Cossacks.

On the Old Line, initially the order of regimental, and not military, land ownership and land use developed, as was the case in the isolated Cossack troops - Don, Ural, Black Sea, etc. And this is understandable. The Starolineians did not constitute a Cossack army, but only regiments. Kuban and Caucasian people settled in regiments, and they used the land in regiments, each separately. Each regiment had its own territory, and in view of greater land conveniences, even the transfer of the villages of Ust-Labinsk and Temishbek from one regiment to another was carried out. Under this condition, the striped nature of ownership was lost and each regiment had its lands in one contiguity.

The archival materials do not contain detailed information about how, when and in what quantities land was allocated for the Kuban and Caucasian regiments, but there is an indication of this. The Stavropol district surveyor Pichugov reported in 1802 to General Knorring that, at the request of the Cossacks, in view of the onset of field work, he postponed for a while the “dissociation of lands” for the Kuban regiment and, probably, for the newly arrived Cossacks of the Caucasian regiment. The work began from the Ust-Labinsk village, but was not completed yet in 1826. Debu in his “History of the Caucasian Line,” covering the period from 1816 to 1826, says that “the Cossacks of the Caucasian Regiment, in order to avoid various inconveniences and for better economic management, use, by order of their superiors, from the very moment of their installation, the considerable space allocated for them land occupying from 20 to 40 versts from the Kuban River.” The lands could be cut, of course, only to the north of the Kuban, and the villages were located on the southern outskirts of their yurts. Each regiment thus owned a long and wide strip of land stretching along the Kuban. According to Debou’s information, based, as he put it, “on the announcement of the Cossacks and the incorrect one,” since the “general demarcation” had only just begun, in the Kuban regiment approximately 163,258 dessiatines were considered convenient and inconvenient land, and in the Caucasian regiment 244,739 dessiatines . Since this amount of land was distributed specifically to each village, then, obviously, the lands were approximately calculated according to the actual land use of the Cossacks and constituted only part of the empty adjacent spaces.

In turn, each village in the regiment had its own yurt or communal land area. With free use of the land, the boundaries of the yurt were established by the Cossacks practically along living tracts, as was the case in the old days. The yurt was adjacent to the village, and those borders of the lands up to which the Cossacks sowed grain or raised livestock were the boundaries of the yurt. The range of these distances from the village was influenced by three kinds of circumstances: 1) dangers associated with raids and robberies of the Circassians, 2) natural amenities of the area and 3) the proximity or remoteness of neighboring villages. The yurt was undoubtedly rounded depending on these three conditions. But the land space in the region was so sparsely populated that there was no shortage of land then. Only along the border with single-yard settlements did disputes arise over the ownership of the land by one or another owner. Such a dispute arose in 1801 between the Cossacks of the village of Temnolesskaya and the odnodvortsy of the Nadezhdinsky and Nikolaevsky villages. The Cossacks complained on April 1, 1801 to the Stavropol Lower Zemstvo Court that the single-palaces of the named villages crossed the border and plowed the Cossack lands. The Stavropol district court, by a resolution on March 19, 1802, ordered the lower zemstvo court to prohibit members of the same palace from plowing the Cossack lands. But this is precisely where the influence of the concept of regimental Cossack land ownership was reflected.

In one respect, the Cossacks went further and applied the rules of military ownership to the use of fishing waters. When the transfer of the villages of Ust-Labinsk and Temishbek to the corresponding regiments took place, the commanders of the Kuban regiments, Lieutenant Colonel Potapov, and the Caucasian regiment, Major Dydymov, decided, with the consent of the Cossacks, that fishing places in the Kuban from Izryadny Istochnik to the village of Kazanskaya were common to both regiments and that when fishing in the Kuban, the Cossacks of some villages did not make any obstacles to the Cossacks of others. Along this stretch of the Kuban, valuable species of fish were found in abundance - sturgeon, sturgeon, shamaya, vimba, carp, etc. In order not to deprive the entire population of the benefits of fishing in the Kuban, a procedure was established for the general use of fishing waters for the Cossacks of both regiments, as reported to the authorities regimental commanders.

The Cossacks plowed long fields and initially used the lands on the right of first borrowing. Whoever wanted where and as much as he wanted, used it. But from the very first steps of the installation of the Cossacks on the Cordon Line, the military authorities made sure that both the arable land and hayfields of the Cossacks were as adjacent as possible, in one specific place or in a wedge. This was required by the purely military conditions of Cossack life. Given the overcrowding of the population working in the fields, it was easier to repel the Circassians who were invading Cossack lands. And the work itself was carried out in the overwhelming majority of cases under the cover of military force, and it was impossible to assign guards to every Cossack or to every small group of them separately.

Different types of livestock were grazed in communal herds. This followed from the conditions of the hostel and the benefits of joint protection of animals. Given the greedy aspirations of the mountaineers to profit from Cossack cattle, this land use order had its disadvantages. Once the Circassians successfully attacked public herds, they drove all the cattle beyond the Kuban and thus deprived the entire village. In order to better protect livestock from thefts of warlike neighbors, the Cossacks increased the number of shepherds, drove the herds into the field and drove them home in the morning and evening only at certain hours, and often, in addition, placed the livestock under military guard. It was necessary to protect the livestock not so much from animals, but from semi-wild neighbors - the Trans-Kubans.

There was a lot of free space available, and this, of course, contributed to the development of farm forms of farming. The Cossacks were inclined to do this. But farmstead farming was exposed to even greater risk than stanitsa farming. Here the nosy Circassians could live off Cossack goods, often completely freely and with impunity. Nevertheless, this circumstance did not stop the Cossacks from establishing farms. So, mr. Shenshin made the inspector of the Caucasian cavalry Mr.-L. Shepelev, and the latter to the commander-in-chief, Prince Tsitsianov, the idea that the Novodon, or Ekaterinoslav, Cossacks of the village of Ladoga asked in 1803 to establish a farmstead on the river. Beisuge and on Buzinovaya Balka. Tsitsianov allowed the establishment of farmsteads, but on the indispensable condition that the sites for farmsteads were first inspected and found to be safe in location. According to A. Lamanov, the Cossacks of the Kuban regiment “were ordered to establish farmsteads and establish flour mills.” Constant cover and Cossack patrols were sent to the farms, and the Losev farm, which currently exists with independent management, was one of the first to be established. According to Debu, the Cossacks of the Caucasian regiment had their own farms and mills along swampy rivers outside. In general, farmstead farming was less developed among the Starolineians than among the Black Sea residents. This, in addition to military conditions, was undoubtedly influenced by the national characteristics of the population - the greater inclination towards farm farming among the Little Russians compared to the Great Russians, and on the Old Line the predominant element was the latter.

Among other lands, the Starolineians had at their disposal a sufficient amount of forest. In the Caucasian regiment, according to Debu, there was no shortage of forest, and in the Kuban there was “enough, even abundant” forest if the forest “was provided for the benefit of the regiment.” The forest was rapaciously destroyed by the Cossacks. In August 1802, Lieutenant Colonel Diyakov reported to General Knorring that, according to the post commanders, the combat forest on the right side of the Kuban was “very small.” It was destroyed by settlers from nearby peasant villages, some of whom had already taken the forest to the villages, and some of whom left huge reserves of cut logs in place. They also continued to travel in large parties to cut down and transport construction materials. In view of such uneconomic use of forests, Lieutenant Colonel Diyakov prohibited the removal of forests with the exception of one dead tree.

In such conditions, the Cossack population of the Kuban and Caucasian regiments conducted their farming. Here, as in the Black Sea region, there were no sea or estuary fishing grounds, no salt lakes and fisheries, not even a wine monopoly. The Cossack had to be content almost exclusively with what the land gave him and his cattle.

And despite this, the old-line Cossacks were economically in more favorable conditions than the Black Sea people. The reasons for this lay in the settlement system of the Kuban Line itself. The Black Sea people, having occupied their entire vast territory with kurens, sent Cossacks to the Cordon Line, separating workers from the farm and family. Completely helpless family members remained at home for a long time. The Starolineians lived in villages on the Cordon Line itself, leaving their farms and families only on days of alarm, campaigns and regular duty assignments. Of course, this was a rather serious inconvenience, but not to the same extent as for the Black Sea residents. It was important that the owner’s eye monitored the household.

Of the public disasters, the greatest evil for the Cossacks of the Old Line were livestock epizootics. The cattle often got sick and fell. The plague was especially devastating. In 1808, cattle plague appeared in the Ust-Labinsk village. It was necessary to isolate the village and prohibit entry into it on bulls. The plague was contained and did not spread further. An even greater evil was the plague on people. It was carried to the right bank of the Kuban by the Circassians and Russian troops who carried out expeditions beyond the Kuban. A particularly severe plague raged on the Old Line in 1812. It began in the villages of what is now Georgievsky district and from here it moved to the Old Line. The usual methods of fighting the plague - quarantines, burning things, fumigating them, etc. - did not so much delay the plague as put a heavy burden on the population. In 1813, 235 Cossacks were assigned to quarantine orders from the Caucasian regiment alone, with 12 Pentecostals and 5 officers. Epidemics and epizootics were, of course, temporary disasters, but they weighed heavily on the economic life of the Cossacks.

Nevertheless, the Cossacks of the Kuban and Caucasian regiments, having settled on guard along the border of the Old Line, were able to more or less successfully resolve the complex task of managing the Cossack economy along with the Cossack responsibilities of protecting the borders from the Circassians. There were days of difficult times, the Cossacks suffered from social disasters, but this did not stop the progressive growth of economic life. Contemporaries portray the old-line Cossack as more financially secure than the Black Sea resident. According to Debu, for the population of the Kuban regiment, arable farming was the main source of income. The Kuban people supplied the Black Sea region with bread, and almost all the surrounding villages and the Black Sea army with rims. About the Cossacks of the Caucasian regiment, the same Debou says that “hard work and zeal for housekeeping” distinguished them favorably from all other Cossacks, that their cattle breeding was “abundant”, and arable farming was “in a flourishing state”, and that, using on an equal basis with The Cossacks of the Kuban Regiment benefited from this fishery; they also had excellent fishing spots in the Kuban at hand. The Kuban Cossacks had beautiful gardens along the river. Yegorlyk and mills, and there was also an abundance of livestock, although there were not enough rivers outside for this. Perhaps General Debou gave too bright a color to the positive aspects of the economic life of an Old Line Cossack, but he was an eyewitness to the situation in which the Kuban and Caucasian regiments were in the twenties and thirties, and he himself served on the Cordon Line. According to statistical information collected by Deb himself, in 1816, in the Kuban regiment there were 904 households and 7756 souls of both sexes, 6206 horses, 24,034 heads of cattle and 35,994 sheep, and in the Caucasian regiment there were 984 households and 7418 souls of both sexes - 3131 horses, 10,209 heads of cattle and 9,727 sheep. In other words, for each yard in the Kuban regiment there were about 7 horses, 27 heads of cattle and 40 sheep, and in the Caucasian regiment there were only three horses, 10 heads of cattle and 10 sheep. Consequently, the Cossacks of the Kuban regiment, who had previously occupied the region, had twice as much livestock as the Cossacks of the Caucasian regiment. But these latter also could not complain of particular poverty, especially since they, as a population with a predominance of the Little Russian element, had a smaller family than the Kuban residents, and they lived more prosperously than the Black Sea residents.

The Old Line people had one advantage compared to the Black Sea people and peasants who settled in the Old Line. They bore in-kind duties not in such significant amounts as the Black Sea residents and peasants. And natural duties were difficult at that time, especially wire and stationary duties. This can be partly judged from the data on some duties in two peasant villages of the Old Line, which were later converted into Cossack villages. Over the three years, in 1808, 1809 and 1810, 16,313 rubles, or 5438, were spent on carts along the postal road, along the ordinary highway and to remote places, then on bridges, on night guards and on the maintenance of clerks and elders in the village of Rozhdestvensky. rub. on average for the year, and for the Novotroitsky village 15,886 rubles, or 5295 rubles. per year on average. So it fell from about 15 p. up to 50 rub. banknotes per audit soul and placed a heavy burden on the economy. Meanwhile, not all in-kind duties were included in the accounting. There is no mention of permanent service. There is also no mention of the supply of fuel to troops, supplies for commands, etc. All these duties were borne by the Cossacks of the Kuban and Caucasian regiments, but to a lesser extent than the Black Sea residents and peasants.

The Starolineians were real fighting material of purely Caucasian origin. They lived constantly with war and anxiety. In their ranks there were, in the strict sense, neither classes nor any institutions, with the exception of the headquarters and village boards. The entire population seemed to represent a homogeneous fighting mass. The Kuban people at one time, when moving to the Caucasian line, asked their superiors for elders from the Don, and the Caucasians took some of the elders from the Khopersky and Volga regiments, and chose some from the gray crowd - from their ordinary Cossacks. The latter did not even have a competent regimental commander. They also had neither schools nor their own elected clergy, and among the Old Believers Cossacks, the clergy and spiritual needs were hidden somewhere far away in the recesses of people's life. The Cossacks learned to read from bookkeepers and in village boards. At that time, according to A. Lamanov, there were only a few literate people in the village and they were known to everyone.

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A New Old Rifle In the gunsmithing business, sometimes there are some pretty interesting situations. It happens that firearms with morally or technically outdated systems at some point re-enter the market. Moreover, this is not connected, say, with the fashion for shooting from

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Chapter XVI Black Sea Coastline The establishment of the Black Sea coastline and the occupation of the Black Sea coast by Russian fortifications was a logical consequence of the tasks that Russia pursued in its relations with Turkey and the Caucasus. Every step of the Russians forward

From the book Cossacks in 1812 author Shishov Alexey Vasilievich

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From the book Sold Poland: the origins of the September catastrophe author Usovsky Alexander Valerievich

Chapter XX Old and New Lines Significant changes on the Old Line occurred in 1825 with the resettlement of the Khopers to Kuban. The Kuban represented a convenient natural border between the Russians and the highlanders. At the beginning of the 19th century, General Bulgakov proposed occupying it with villages

From the book Mine Cruisers of Russia. 1886-1917 author Melnikov Rafail Mikhailovich

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From the book Armed and Dangerous. From underground struggle to freedom by Kasrils Ronnie

CHAPTER V. The Polish Army on the Eve of the War * * *I would choose Poland - because it alone is ideally suited for the role of the skirmisher of the Great War. And here's why. The Polish army in peacetime is forty cavalry regiments (3 regiments of shvolezhers, 27 regiments of lancers, 10 regiments of cavalry

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From the book Beyond Three Seas for Zipunas. Sea voyages of the Cossacks on the Black, Azov and Caspian seas author Ragunshtein Arseny Grigorievich

Chapter 13. Front line 1980-83. Mozambique and Swaziland I arrived in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, in March 1980. In Portuguese times, the city was called Lourenço Marques and, given its tropical climate, beautiful beaches, elegant hotels and nightlife, it represented

From the book The Tragedy of Loyalty. Memoirs of a German tankman. 1943–1945 by Tike Wilhelm

Chapter 15. 25th Anniversary 1985-87 Angola and the Front Line Government policy based on the use of brute force has failed. The ANC declared 1986 - the 25th anniversary of MK - the Year of Umkhonto we Sizwe. The slogan “Every patriot is a fighter!” Every fighter is a patriot!” reflected

From the book Caucasian War. In essays, episodes, legends and biographies author Potto Vasily Alexandrovich

CHAPTER 8. What is the “Inner Line”? I understand perfectly well that the topic “Internal. lines" is quite complex even for professional historians. It is no coincidence that the vast majority of authors do not mention the counterintelligence of the Russian All-Military Union at all. As if she didn't exist

From the author's book

THE GREAT DON ARMY At the same time when the Zaporizhian Cossack army was being formed, the formation of the Don army was also taking place. Crowds of poor people flocked to the southern borderland of Rus', seeking to find a free life here. Many of them were criminals who wanted

From the author's book

Chapter 12. Line “Tannenberg” The positions of the “Tannenberg” line began in the Mummasaare area near the Gulf of Finland in the north, about 3 km passed through flat terrain and crossed the Narva-Tallinn road. At this point, the core of the defensive positions forms the so-called

From the author's book

BLACK SEA ARMY At the very end of the 18th century, a new, strong and original figure appeared in the Caucasus in Russia’s struggle against the mountain tribes, which then began to grow stronger and flare up. It was the old Zaporozhye Sich, thrown by force of circumstances far from its homeland to the shores

created in 1787 from the Bug Cossack regiment and single-dvortsev settled in the Yekaterinoslav province. In the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-91 he distinguished himself during the capture of Akkerman, Kiliya, and Izmail. Disbanded in 1796; Cossacks (except for the Bug regiment) were resettled to Kuban (1802), where they formed the Caucasian Cossack regiment.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

EKATERINOSLAVSK COSSACK ARMY

established in 1788 by order of the Russian government. After the defeat of the Sich Republic (1775), the Cossack name on the Dnieper was removed from official circulation for some time. The Cossacks, who remained in their former settlements and farmsteads, began to be counted as bourgeois and peasants. But in 1788, thanks to the efforts of elders Sidor Bely and Anton Golovaty, the Cossacks again began to be called by their former family name. The Army of the Loyal Cossacks of the Black Sea and E. K. V. was established, which included Cossacks who had previously been in the position of burghers and peasants in the Ekaterinoslav governorship. Some Old Believers and “various natives” are also included among them, probably descendants of the Bulavinites, who at one time hid in the lands of the Zaporozhye Bottom.