In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

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Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjectives

They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question “which one?”

As a rule, they have the following symptoms:

• combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
• from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
  • cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are inflected by case and inflected by number; in the singular, they are also inflected by gender. The exception is short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

An adjective is a part of speech that characterizes the attribute of an object; it corresponds to the questions: “whose?”, “which?”

What could they be?

And there are three categories of them in the Russian language:

Quality. They are characterized by compatibility with adverbs (very, too, extremely). They can have comparative degrees and a short form. Strong, very strong, stronger, strong - all this is a qualitative adjective, which is characterized by all of the above.

Relative. If adjectives denote material for production, or denote a characteristic in time or space, they will be relative. They will never have the same combinations and shapes as high-quality ones. For example, the word "silver" means precious metal, December - indicates time.

Possessives. This category is asked the question “whose?”, they contain belonging to someone (fathers, foxes).

Completeness and brevity

Adjectives have another type of division: full and short. It all depends on the completeness of the ending. Full adjectives have the endings -й, -й, -я, -ое, -ы,-е. It depends on the number and gender. In their full form, adjectives can be changed by case. The vocabulary meanings of full and short adjectives are the same, but the sign of temporary meaning can fluctuate significantly, since full adjectives have a sign that is constant over time, but in the short form this sign is observed in a short period of time, this sign is temporary, someday it will disappear. As a comparison, it is enough to cite two adjectives: healthy - healthy.

Adjectives are masters of comparison

The Russian language is not rich in the number of degrees of comparison, there are only two of them:

1. comparative,
2. excellent.

But these are two strong degrees, which in turn are divided into simple and compound forms; they can be simple and complex. Comparisons happen not only in mathematical examples and problems. Comparison always takes place according to one or another characteristic of the object.

Comparative degree and its types

The comparative degree is used to compare something to a greater or lesser degree. The rich are richer, the small are smaller. The simple comparative degree can be obtained using the suffixes -ee- and -ee-. The required morpheme is added to the base of the word - the desired word is ready, for example, funnier, more useful.

When forming a complex comparative degree, the words “more” and “less” should be added.

Who is superior to whom and in what - superlative degree

As in life, so with adjectives, someone is always superior to another in something. This form of degree can also be simple or complex. How is a simple degree formed? Do the comparative and superlative degrees have something in common in this case? There are similarities, of course. A simple form and a complex one are available in superlatives. Suffixes (-eysh, -aysh) also participate in the composition of the simple form. For example, the strongest, the meekest.

In the formation of a complex form, the full form of the adjective takes part, to which the following particles are added: least, most, most (the bravest).

Useful little things

Adjectives play different syntactic roles in a sentence. The role of definitions can be both full and short forms of this most interesting part of speech. They depend on nouns, trying to agree with them in gender, number and case. Short forms declare their significance and claim to be predicates. For example, in the sentence: The rose is fragrant and fresh, short adjectives are predicates.

Surely all schoolchildren know what an adjective is. But many adults will most likely find it difficult to answer such a question. Over time, even basic things are forgotten. In which school classes are adjectives studied in detail? 4th grade, 5th, 6th... How long ago it was! We invite you to go back to the distant years and refresh your memory.

Independent part of speech

In Russian, it answers the questions “what”, “which”, “which”, “what”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denotes the attribute of an object. It changes according to numbers, genders, cases, and can have a short form. Most often in sentences it acts as a definition, but it can also act as a predicate.

Rank

The adjective like has only one constant morphological feature - it is a category. There are qualitative, possessive, relative linguistic units. Let's talk about each category in more detail.

Qualitative adjectives

Words of this category answer the questions “what”, “which”, “which”, “what” and denote a characteristic that can be present to a lesser or greater extent. Qualitative adjectives, as a rule, go well with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, for example, too beautiful, very big, extremely smart.

From such words, by repetition, you can form a complex adjective, for example, big-big, tasty-delicious. You can also attach the prefix non- to the word and get a single-root adjective as a result, for example, ugly, not stupid. Typically, high-quality structural linguistic units have antonyms (high - low), and in some cases also hypernyms (big - huge). It should be noted that not all words meet the listed characteristics; there are also those that do not meet these criteria.

Word forms

The peculiarity of qualitative adjectives is that many of them have full and short forms, for example, smart - smart, tasty - tasty. At the same time, the short form is not declined at all, but the full form is declined according to cases, genders, and numbers. Often in sentences, short adjectives serve as predicates, and long adjectives serve as modifiers. Some words do not have a short form at all, for example, kind, friendly, while others do not have a full form, for example, much, necessary, must, glad.

Degrees of comparison

The story about what an adjective is would not be complete without touching upon such a characteristic of this part of speech as the degree of comparison. The sign is inherent only in high-quality linguistic units. There are three degrees of comparison:

1) positive, indicating that an object or group of objects has some characteristic, for example, a beautiful flower;

2) comparative, meaning that one or another characteristic of one object or group of objects is expressed more significantly than another (others), for example, a wolf is larger than a hare, or the same object (the same objects), but already in other times, for example, in the future I will be smarter;

3) excellent, meaning that an object or set of objects has some attribute to a greater extent than all other objects from the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player on the team.

You can form an adjective in the comparative degree by using additional words, for example: the most beautiful, taller. In this case, the part of speech takes on a composite, or, as they also say, analytical form. When expressed in only one word, the form is called simple, or synthetic. It should be emphasized that not all adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees. Words that are not qualitative in nature do not have such characteristics.

Relative adjectives

These are linguistic units that answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denote a characteristic that cannot be possessed to a lesser or greater extent. They express the relationship of an object to another object, to a property (washing powder), to a material (glass vase), to a place (Moscow courtyard), to time (October day), to a unit of measurement (a three-story house, a seven-year-old child, a kilogram bag), and so on. Further. Such adjectives cannot be combined with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, and do not have a short form or degrees of comparison. They also have no antonyms.

Possessive adjectives

These words answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, and indicate that a certain object belongs to a person or living creature, for example, sister, father, fox. These linguistic units, as in the previous case, do not have degrees of comparison, antonyms, short forms, and are not combined with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms.

Digit boundaries

Talking about what an adjective is, it is worth noting one feature. The fact is that the lexical and grammatical boundaries of words in this part of speech are very flexible, so it is sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category. Thus, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take on a qualitative meaning. For example, in the phrase “dog's paw” the word “dog” will be a possessive adjective, in the phrase “pack of dogs” it will be a relative adjective, and in the phrase “a dog’s life” it will be a qualitative adjective.

Declension types

Words related to the part of speech we are considering can be inflected by cases, numbers, and in the singular also by gender. This does not apply to comparative adjectives and short adjectives that are not inflected. There are also a certain number of undecidable words, for example, beige jackets.

The case, number, and gender of adjectives depend on the same characteristics of the nouns with which they agree. Depending on the stem, there are three declension options:

• solid: ;
• soft: winter, winter, winter;
• mixed: bad, bad, bad.

Word formation

An adjective as a part of speech can be formed in different ways:

• prefix: joyful - joyless;
• suffixal: swamp - marshy;
• prefix-suffixal: earth - underground;
• by combining two bases: three colors - tricolor, pale and pink - pale pink;
• complex suffix: flax + seed + cleaning - flax seed cleaning.

Morphological analysis

At school, during Russian language lessons, teachers quite often give children tasks to make related to one or another part of speech. How to parse an adjective? To do this, you need to determine the following characteristics of the language unit:

Transition to other parts of speech

Participles and pronouns often become adjectives. For example, he is not much of a musician. In turn, adjectives can be substantivized into the category of nouns, for example, military, Russian.

Features of this part of speech in other languages

We hope that thanks to the article you were able to remember what an adjective is. It is worth saying that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of speech in the Russian language will occur in other linguistic systems. For example, adjectives in English do not change according to numbers and cases; in French, they do not change according to cases, but they change according to numbers. In Japanese, adjectives are generally unchangeable; they have tenses and determine politeness of speech. In Portuguese and Spanish, many adjectives have a common form for both masculine and feminine genders, while others vary according to gender and number. Everything is so difficult with this part of speech!

Now you can tell everything about the adjective. Of course, we did not consider all the characteristics of this part of speech, but touched only on the main features. But for general development this is quite enough.