The next Nobel week opened on October 3 in the Swedish capital of Stockholm. The Nobel Committee has already announced the laureate in the field of physiology and medicine. Tomorrow and on other days the winners in physics, chemistry, economic sciences, literature, and the Nobel Peace Prize will be announced. Who has already received the prize, why is it given, and will Russian scientists receive the prize this year? Details are in the material Federal News Agency.

How to get a Nobel Prize

Over the course of a week, the world community will learn the names of laureates in various fields of science. This year the number of Nobel Prize nominees is a record - almost 380 people; last year there were a hundred fewer. The committee keeps the names of the nominees strictly confidential, but some information was still leaked to the media. It is known, for example, that a former US intelligence agent is competing for the Peace Prize Edward Snowden and even Pope Francis.

How to get a Nobel Prize? The answer is simple: pass the selection. It is not easy and consists of several stages. Moreover, most of the selection stages are classified, and it is possible to learn about the criteria for selecting a particular scientist only after 50 years. It is known that initially several thousand prominent scientists from different countries are looking for applicants, who are sent personal invitations. Then the list narrows greatly and reaches the Nobel committees. Each committee consists of five members nominated by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Academy and the Peace Committee. They are the ones who determine the winner. The prize is awarded only to a living person, although if he dies after the announcement of the results, but before the actual presentation, he will still be considered a laureate.

Every year, various agencies try to predict who will win the Nobel Prize based on research citation rankings. However, the percentage of hits is small, but experts still try. In particular. This year, the victory in the “Medicine” category is given in advance to one of the works of scientists who are trying to replace chemotherapy with immunotherapy.

Who received it last year

The fundamental ideas of scientists about the Universe were destroyed by the Japanese Takaaki Kazhita and Canadian Arthur MacDonald, who showed that the smallest neutrino particle has mass, and received the Nobel Prize in Physics. The Swede was awarded the Chemistry Prize for joint research on DNA restoration. Thomas Lindahl, American Paul Modric and Turk Aziz Sankar. British professor wins Nobel Prize in Economics Angus Deaton, who has done extensive work in research on consumption, welfare and poverty

Finally, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the writer from Belarus Svetlana Alexievich, and the Peace Prize winner was the National Dialogue Quartet in Tunisia.

Nobel Prize Laureate 2016

This year, the first Nobel Prize laureate in the field of physiology or medicine was a professor from Japan Yoshinori Ohsumi. He discovered the mechanism of autophagy. This terrible word hides the process of self-destruction of cell parts due to lysosomal degradation. More than 20 years ago, a scientist discovered genes that are responsible for the autophagy process and began his research.

Osumi is already 71 years old, he is a doctor of science from the University of Tokyo and has received numerous awards in biology. He became the 25th Japanese laureate to receive the Nobel Prize. The monetary reward for winning is eight million crowns or 932 thousand dollars. In total, the prize in the field of medicine was awarded 106 times. The youngest laureate in 1923 was a Canadian doctor. Frederick Banting. He was 32 years old when he discovered insulin. The oldest recipient is an American pathologist. Payten Rose: At the age of 87 he discovered oncogenic viruses.

Nobel Prize - Russians

It was the field of physiology and medicine that brought the first Nobel Prize to Russian scientists. In 1904, Ivan Pavlov received an award for his work on the physiology of digestion, essentially creating the science of higher nervous activity. Everyone remembers his experiments on dogs. Four years later, Russian embryologist and immunologist Ilya Mechnikov received a prize in this category. Together with a German doctor Paul Ehrlich He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on immunity. If a little more broadly, he was able to show his contemporaries how the body manages to defeat harmful microbes that, it would seem, have already taken hold inside.

In terms of the total number of Nobel laureates, the United States is in the lead - 359 people, the UK is second - 121 people, Germany is third - 104. Russia has only 27 laureates. One of them, a writer Boris Pasternak, at first agreed to accept the award, but then, under pressure from the Soviet authorities, refused it.

In 2016, Nobel Week opened on October 3. By tradition, the laureates were named in six categories: for merits in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics, as well as for achieving success in the struggle for peace.

The award will be presented on December 10 at the Stockholm Philharmonic, the day of Alfred Nobel's death. The laureates will receive a gold medal with a portrait of the founder of the award, a diploma and a cash reward in the amount of 8 million crowns ($932 thousand).

All the winners and their discoveries are in the TASS material.

Physics

• The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to American scientists David Thoules, Michael Kosterlitz and Duncan Haldane "for their theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter." Scientists have discovered unexpected behavior in solid materials and used advanced mathematics to explain states unusual in matter - superconductivity and superfluidity. The scientists' discoveries can be applied in electronics, in particular, in the creation of superconductors and quantum computers.

Physiology and medicine

• In the field of medicine, the prize was awarded to Japanese professor Yoshinori Ohsumi for the discovery of the mechanism of autophagy - the natural process of “self-cleaning” of the cell of living organisms, that is, the destruction and recycling of its internal components. Autophagy plays an important role in various physiological processes: it can destroy bacteria and viruses that have entered the cell, promotes the development of the embryo, cells also use this mechanism to eliminate damaged proteins and organelles, which is important for counteracting aging. Mutations in genes that control autophagy can cause diseases such as Parkinson's disease and cancer.

Chemistry

• Frenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Briton working in the United States, Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard Feringa won the chemistry prize "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines." Scientists have created molecules whose movement can be controlled. With their help, you can manipulate single atoms and molecules, for example, transfer them from one place to another, bring them closer to form a chemical bond, or move them away from each other to break it. The discovery can be used to improve the effectiveness of treatment of various diseases, such as cancer. With the help of such molecules, scientists hope to develop ways to target disease sites without harming healthy parts of the body.

Economy

• Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Economists have created new theoretical tools in the field of real assessment of contracts between participants in business processes, allowing them to identify the pitfalls of contracts. Contract theory develops the topic of managing a company under the possibility of conditions of information asymmetry. We are talking about a phenomenon present in the business environment when the management of an enterprise, investors, as well as direct performers have different awareness of the market situation and the risks that the company bears. The research of Hart and Holmström is important for various fields, in particular economics, law, and government.

Peace Prize

• This year there were a record 376 nominations for the peace prize. On October 7, the Nobel committee awarded it to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos "for his determined efforts to end more than 50 years of civil war in the country." Armed conflict between the authorities and the rebels began in the 1960s. And only in 2016 the parties managed to reach a final agreement on its completion. During this time, 220 thousand Colombians died, almost 6 million people fled their homes.

Literature

• The name of the laureate in the field of literature was the main surprise of this year. The award was given to poet and performer Bob Dylan "for creating poetic images in the great American song tradition." He became the first musician to be awarded the Nobel Prize in its history. Dylan is the author of the songs "The Times They Are a-Changin'", "Blowin" in the Wind, Like a Rolling Stone, and recorded the albums "The Freewheelin" Bob Dylan, Highway 61 Revisited and others. In his country, Bob Dylan is popular not only as a musician, but also as a poet and prose writer.

is an official memorial date of the Russian Federation, established in memory of the adoption of Christianity as the main religion in the Russian state.

History of the establishment of the holiday:

date July 28th(according to old style July 15) was chosen because is the day of remembrance of the Baptist of Rus'- Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Great Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. The date July 15, 1015 (according to the Old Style) is the date of the repose (death, “transfer” to the afterlife) of Vladimir the Baptist.

The main date of the Baptism of Rus' is considered to be 988 AD, although there are several sources based on archaeological data that indicate an earlier spread of Christianity. This is most likely explained by the fact that in 988, Prince Vladimir performed the first official baptism, which was recorded in the chronicles.

In Russia, the Day of the Baptism of Rus' was included in the number of official memorial dates from June 13, 2010.

The fireworks will begin at 22:30 and will last 10 minutes.

30 volleys of artillery guns and more than 2,000 fireworks will be launched into the evening sky of St. Petersburg.

Where is the best place to watch the fireworks display on Navy Day, July 28, 2019:

To hold the festive salute and fireworks on July 28, 2019, 2 sites will be organized. The first will be located on the Big Beach of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and the second - in Kronstadt.

Fireworks on Navy Day 2019 will be visible from different parts of the city. However, it is best to watch the fireworks from a safe distance as close as possible to the launch sites. To view it, it is better to take a place in advance on the Palace Embankment, the spit of Vasilyevsky Island, on one of the bridges (Dvortsovy, Liteiny, Birzhevoy, Troitsky).

The fireworks dedicated to Navy Day 2019 will be clearly visible from the Neva water area. To do this, you need to rent a place on the “water craft” in advance, which will cost one and a half to two thousand rubles per person.

Over the course of 10 minutes, 30 salvos will be fired by a battery of 12 D-44 guns, and two thousand fireworks will be launched using 12 fireworks installations based on KamAZ.

Military sports festivals in honor of Navy Day will be held in 7 cities of Russia: Astrakhan, Vladivostok, Baltiysk, Severomorsk, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk and, of course, in St. Petersburg.

Also in the Northern capital of Russia a naval parade will be held, in which more than 40 ships, boats and submarines, as well as 41 aircraft will take part.

Parade start time Navy ships in St. Petersburg on July 28, 2019 - 11:00 (local/Moscow time).

On which channel to watch the live broadcast of the Navy parade in St. Petersburg:

Naval parade July 28, 2019 Channel One will show live. To prepare a colorful broadcast of this grandiose spectacle, about 100 television cameras will be used, which are located in the water, on ships, on land, in the sky (on airplanes), and even under water.

That is, the 2019 Navy Parade in St. Petersburg:
* Start time is 11:00.
* Live broadcast - on Channel One.

The largest, most powerful and beautiful ships of the Baltic, Black Sea, Northern and Pacific fleets will take part in the naval parade dedicated to the celebration of Navy Day 2019. To carry out the festive passage, they arrived in advance in the city on the Neva. At the head of the parade on July 28, 2019 will be the Magnificent sailing ship "Poltava", which is an exact copy of the historical 54-gun battleship of the Peter the Great era. And in the air show, more than 40 modern naval aircraft and helicopters will fly in a single formation.

When and where will "Europa Plus LIVE 2020" take place:

"Europa Plus LIVE" is the largest project of the radio station "Europa Plus". It is held in the form of an annual open-air concert. The first open-air "Europa Plus LIVE" was organized in 2008 in St. Petersburg. And since 2009, concerts have been held exclusively in Moscow.

The best DJs of the Europe Plus radio station annually become hosts and co-hosts (“behind the scenes”) of the summer open air. Most of the concerts took place in Luzhniki, with the exception of 2008 and 2011. Expected that in 2020 The venue for the Europa Plus LIVE 2020 concert will also be the Moscow Luzhniki Stadium.

Traditionally, the summer music festival "Europa Plus LIVE" is held on the last Saturday of July. Therefore, despite the fact that the official date for “Europa Plus LIVE 2020” has not yet been announced, we expect that the tradition will not change, and the grand open air will take place on Saturday July 25, 2020.

That is, the concert "Europe Plus Life 2020" (official date and location):

Nobel Prize 2016: how to cleanse the body and gain youth?

Scientists learned about this amazing phenomenon back in the 60s of the last century. But only the first Nobel Prize laureate in 2016 was able to understand all the intricacies and present the result to the world!

Nobel week continues, during which the most honorable scientific awards will be distributed and laureates in the fields of medicine, physiology, physics, and chemistry will be named.

The laureate in the field of medicine and physiology was named on October 3, 2016. It was Yoshinori Ohsumi, a cell biologist from the Tokyo University of Technology, who was awarded the award “for the discovery of the mechanisms of autophagy.”

The Nobel Committee's press release reads:

“Osumi's discoveries have led to a new paradigm in our understanding of how cells process their contents. His discoveries have opened the way to understanding the fundamental importance of autophagy for a variety of physiological processes, such as adaptation to starvation and response to infection.

Autophagy is the process of recycling and recycling unnecessary parts of the cell - various “garbage” accumulated in it. The term that gives the name to the process is formed from two Greek words that together translate as “self-criticism.” Or “self-eating.”

Scientists discovered that the phenomenon exists at all back in the 60s of the last century. But they could not understand the intricacies of the mechanism. Osumi did this in the 90s. While conducting his experiments, he also identified genes that are responsible for autophagy. And now, almost a quarter of a century later, the award found a hero who became the 39th scientist in history to be awarded the Nobel Prize alone.

Autophagy is inherent in living organisms, including ours. Thanks to it, cells get rid of unnecessary parts, and the body as a whole gets rid of unnecessary cells.

Nature has prudently endowed cells with such an amazing and useful ability - to digest what “looks” unnecessary or harmful. They act almost like us. Only automatically. The “garbage” is packaged in special bags called autophagosomes. Then they are transferred to containers - lysosomes. Where “every nasty thing” is destroyed and digested. Recycled products—a kind of “recyclables”—are used to produce fuel to power the cell. New building blocks used to renew the cell are also made from them.

Phagosome formation

Thanks to autophagy, the cell is cleansed of the infection that has entered it and the toxins that have formed.

When a does utophagy begin to work most intensively?

When the body is under stress. For example, he is starving. In this case, the cell produces energy from its internal resources - from any accumulated “garbage”. And including from pathogenic bacteria.

The open laureate testifies: fasting, and sometimes even fasting, is still beneficial - the body really cleanses itself. Confirmed by the Nobel Committee.

The effect of autophagy

As Osumi’s colleagues assure, autophagy protects the body from premature aging. It may even rejuvenate due to the fact that it creates new cells, removes defective proteins and damaged intracellular elements from the body, maintaining it in good condition.

Fusion of phagosome and lysosome

And disturbances in autophagy processes lead to Parkinson's disease, diabetes and even cancer. Realizing this, doctors are creating new drugs that can correct disorders and, therefore, cure.

However... It seems that for the purpose of prevention it is sometimes worth fasting, driving the body into health-improving, as it now turns out, stress.

About the laureate

Yoshinori Ohsumi was born in 1945. He will receive his award of 8 million Swedish kronor, or just over $950,000, along with the other laureate scientists in Stockholm on December 10.

On October 3, 2016, Nobel Week started in Sweden. From October 3 to October 10, the world will learn the names of people who have become Nobel laureates in various fields. And the award ceremony will be held in Stockholm and Oslo on December 10 - the day of the death of Alfred Nobel - the Swedish inventor, industrialist, linguist and philosopher. The amount of the Nobel Prize in 2016 is 8 million Swedish kronor (932 thousand US dollars).

When will the names of the Nobel Prize laureates be announced?

Today in Stockholm the name of the 2016 Nobel Prize laureate in the field of physiology or medicine became known. It was the Japanese biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi. He will receive the award for discovering the mechanism of autophagy, the process of recycling unnecessary cell parts inside lysosomes or vacuoles.

On Friday, October 7, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate will be named in Oslo. It is known that this year there are 376 candidates on the list of nominees, of which 148 are public and international organizations.

The winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, established by the State Bank of Sweden in 1968, will be determined on October 10. This prize appeared in memory of Alfred Nobel, who at the end of the 19th century bequeathed only five awards.

As for another nomination - for literature, the Swedish Academy responsible for this decided to name the laureate a week later than usual, that is, on October 13. The pundits explained their decision by tradition, according to which the announcement of the laureate’s name should always fall on the Thursday of the fourth week of the academics’ meeting. In 2016, this day fell on October 13 and did not coincide with the week of presentation of other Nobel laureates.

Nobel Prize: how to get it, history of the award

During his lifetime, Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) earned substantial capital in the production of weapons (his most famous invention, by the way, is dynamite). He bequeathed every year to divide the income from the capital placed in the Swedish bank (about 250 million US dollars) among people who have made a worthy contribution in a particular area. Nobel identified 5 areas: physics, chemistry, physiology (or medicine), literature and contribution to achieving peace. The amount of the Nobel Prize is decreasing every year. If in the early 2000s it was about 1.5 million dollars, then in 2014 it was already 1 million, and in 2015 – 960 thousand dollars.

All preparatory work - from the selection of applicants to the holding of the ceremony - is carried out by the Nobel Foundation. The right to select laureates is given to Swedish institutions, and the peace prize laureate is chosen by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Nobel Prize winners are selected based on basically the same principle: the number of publications in each field, the significance of the research, reviews of work in academia, etc. This is indeed a very difficult job for members of the Nobel committees (they include winners of previous years), since they have to choose one worthy one from 300 candidates.

Mikhail Gorbachev - Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1990

By the way, the list of candidates is strictly secret and can only be made public after 50 years from the date of its compilation.

When and where are Nobel laureates awarded?

After the winner of the Literature Prize is announced on October 13, preparations for the Nobel Prize ceremony will begin in Sweden and Norway. The ceremony itself always takes place on the same day - December 10 and is dedicated to the day of the death of Alfred Nobel. On December 10, 2016, in the morning in Oslo, the Peace Prize will be awarded at the Oslo City Hall. And in the evening of this day in Stockholm the awarding of laureates in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and economics will take place. The day will end with a gala banquet at Stockholm City Hall, which traditionally will bring together more than 1,300 guests and is always attended by the King of Sweden and members of the royal family.

Russians are Nobel Prize winners

During the entire existence of the Nobel Prize, citizens of the USSR and the Russian Federation received it only 26 times. Such an insignificant figure is explained by two main reasons: the country’s closed nature for 70 years and the high politicization of the Nobel Prize.

1904 - Ivan Pavlov (medicine)

1908 - Ilya Mechnikov (medicine)

1933 – Ivan Bunin (literature)

1956 - Nikolay Semenov (chemistry)

1958 - Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm (physics)

1958 - Boris Pasternak (literature), refused the award

1962 - Lev Landau (physics)

1964 – Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov (physics)

1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov (literature)

1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn

1971 - Simon Kuznets (economics)

1973 - Vasily Leontyev (economics)

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich (economics)

1975 – Andrei Sakharov (peace prize)

1977 - Ilya Prigozhin (chemistry)

1978 - Petr Kapitsa (physics)

1987 - Joseph Brodsky

1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev (peace prize)

2000 - Zhores Alferov (physics)

2003 - Alexey Abrikosov and Vitaly Ginzburg (physics)

2010 - Konstantin Novoselov and Andrey Geim (physics).