Subject:"Difficult times on Russian soil."

Tasks:

1. Introduce history Battle on the Ice, expand students’ knowledge about the personality of Alexander Nevsky and his role in the history of Russia;

2. Develop research skills, attention, learn to establish cause-and-effect relationships;

3. Foster a sense of pride in one’s people and interest in one’s native history.

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Presentation prepared by teacher primary classes Municipal educational institution "Nikolskaya secondary school" Podlesnova N. M. 2009

For the first time, the task of reaching the city of Kyiv was set by Genghis Khan in 1221. He sent Subeetai-Baatur on a campaign to the north, ordering him to reach eleven countries and peoples, but abandoned the plan to march on Kyiv.

Many report as true, and the Prince of Suzdal conveyed verbally through me to the King of Hungary, that the Tatars are conferring day and night on how to come and seize the kingdom of the Christian Hungarians. For they, they say, have the intention to go to the conquest of Rome and further... Now, being on the borders of Rus', we have closely learned the real truth that the entire army going to the countries of the West is divided into four parts. One part near the Etil (Volga) river on the borders of Rus' from the eastern edge approached Suzdal. The other part in the southern direction was already attacking the borders of Ryazan, another Russian principality. The third part stopped opposite the Don River, also a Russian principality. They, as the Russians themselves, the Hungarians and the Bulgarians who fled before them verbally conveyed to us, are waiting for the earth, rivers and swamps to freeze with the onset of the coming winter, after which it will be easy for the entire multitude of Tatars to plunder all of Rus', the entire Russian country. The fact that the Mongol attack on Rus' at the end of 1237 was not unexpected is evidenced by the letters and reports of the Hungarian missionary monk, Dominican Julian:

Batu (in the Russian tradition Batu) is a Mongol commander and statesman, ruler of the Jochi ulus (Golden Horde), grandson of Genghis Khan. In February 1238, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Gorodets, Kostroma, Galich-Mersky, Vologda, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglich, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Dmitrov and Volok Lamsky were taken, the most stubborn resistance besides Moscow and Vladimir provided Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (taken by the Chingizids together in 5 days), Tver and Torzhok (defense February 22 - March 5.

Alexander Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (Old Russian. Oleksandr Yaroslavich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev, Grand Duke of Vladimir). The traditional version says that Alexander received his nickname “Nevsky” after a battle with the Swedes on the Neva River. It is believed that it was for this victory that the prince began to be called that, but for the first time this nickname appears in sources only from the 15th century.

“Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword” A. Nevsky. Battle of the Ice, also the Battle of Lake Peipsi

The battle that took place on April 5, 1242 (Saturday) between the Novgorodians led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Teutonic Order, which by that time included the Order of the Sword, on the ice of Lake Peipsi. The total number of Russian troops could be up to 4-5 thousand people, of which 800-1000 people were princely equestrian squads. The majority of it consisted of foot warriors of the Novgorod militia. Then the troops of the Teutonic Order were surrounded by the Russians and destroyed, other German troops retreated to avoid the same fate. There is a persistent myth (reflected in cinema) that the ice of Lake Peipsi could not withstand the weight of the armor of the Teutonic Knights and cracked, as a result of which most of the knights simply drowned.

The monument in memory of the Battle of the Ice of 1242 was designed by sculptor I.I. Kozlovsky and architect P.S. Butenko. Later, sculptors A.I. Kozlovsky and R.S. Kirillova took part in the work. The monument was built in the Pskov region from bronze and copper. When choosing the location for the monument, it was taken into account that Mount Sokolikha was located on the route of Alexander Nevsky’s troops in 1242 (photos by N. M. Podlesnova)

In different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Rus', but it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil have arisen more than once in history. But it seems that there was no such difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Rus' in the 13th century

What was she like? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople had already lost its influence as a center of spirituality. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and primacy of Catholicism. Rus', then still Kiev, becomes the stronghold of the Orthodox world. But the territory was heterogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his horde, the Russian World consisted of several principalities competing for spheres of influence among themselves. The civil strife tore apart the princely relatives and did not contribute to the organization of one united army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Invasion of Batu

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. The usual redistribution of power between relatives took place. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He assembled a huge army by those standards (about 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. That's why we lost in the tragic situation. It would seem that here is an opportunity to unite and unanimously resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. The result is further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching it, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes to replenish his strength. In 1240, Batu’s hordes ravaged Chernigov and Kyiv, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached all the way to the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And then difficult times came on Russian soil. The two-hundred-year yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and implied the payment of tribute by all conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

Hard times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If the invasions of the invaders there were more of a punitive nature of expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Rus' resisted with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, and Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). They also won on the Neva. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of his squad, defeated a well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242, the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And in the same year Alexander dealt a crushing blow to the knightly troops in the Battle of the Ice. So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many of the battles of the Novgorodians were successful, these were still rather difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around us (4th grade)

To summarize, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes at the top and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous military actions. Mongol yoke, of course, affected both the development of Russian statehood and the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And due to its importance, battles with crusader knights are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for a lesson

Working with the map.

Work in groups.

Group 2 Slide 29-31

1 question. The Swedes struck the first blow in the summer of 1240. The Swedish military leader Birger led his army to the mouth of the Neva River. His army was larger than the Russian one.

During this difficult time for Rus', Novgorod was ruled by Alexander Yaroslavovich. He told his squad: “There are not many of us, but the enemy is strong. But God is not in power, but in truth: follow your prince.” Having attacked the Swedes unexpectedly, Alexander won this battle, putting the Swedes to flight. For his victory in this battle they began to call him Alexander Nevsky.

Question 2.Slide 32

Alexander Nevsky was the Prince of Novgorod. He is presented as a giant. In fact, Alexander Yaroslavovich was small in stature, but had great intelligence, great physical strength and endurance. He was excellent with a sword and a spear, held tenaciously in the saddle, could pull the tightest bow to the limit, and shoot it into the sky so that it disappeared from view for a long time, and it seemed to everyone that it lingered on a cloud and would never return to earth... in those ancient times, the prince could not, had no right to be physically weak... And most importantly, Alexander Nevsky had the talent of a commander - innate and acquired. Having learned to read and write early, he read a lot about the campaigns of his invincible namesake, the Greek Alexander the Great. The passion for military affairs was not a whim. It was passed down from grandfather to father, from father to son. Otherwise, Rus' would have perished.

Children's answers.

Question 3.

In 1242 in Russian lands Slide 33

The crusading knights reappeared. They had already captured Pskov and began to advance towards Novgorod. They were called that way because they had a cross on their clothes and weapons. Their army was very powerful and strong.
In battle, knights lined up in a blunt wedge. Decisive battle happened on the ice of Lake Peipus, which went down in history as the Battle of the Ice. The battle began on April 5, 1242 and took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Russian soldiers fought stubbornly. It was difficult to hold back the onslaught of knights clad in heavy armor. But it turned out that the knights, having managed to crush the center of the Russian forces, themselves found themselves in a trap. Huddled together, they became easy prey. The Russian cavalry came rushing in from the sides like a whirlwind. The knights wavered and began to retreat. Many, due to their heavy armor, drowned in the lake, going under the ice with their horses. Slide 35 -37

Looking at the image of a German knight

They are considering a scheme for building an army of German knights.

They are considering the formation of the Russian army.

Working with the map

Watching a fragment of the film “Alexander Nevsky”

Rus' was weakened by the enslavement of the Mongol-Tatars, Novgorod - a rich city was not captured by the Mongol-Tatars and the absence of a prince.

Capture territory and enrichment

The enemy is defeated.

– Rus' defended its northwestern borders, its importance grew in the eyes of the Russian people

Lesson type: combined

Target

formation of a holistic picture of the world and awareness of a person’s place in it based on the unity of rational scientific knowledge and the child’s emotional and value understanding personal experience communication with people and nature;

Characteristics of student activities

Understand learning objectives lesson, strive to complete them.

Trace on the map Batu's invasion of Rus', discuss the reasons for the defeat of Ancient Rus' during the Mongol invasion, describe according to the illustrations of the textbook, the weapons of ancient Russian and Mongolian warriors, tell about the Mongol invasion according to the textbook plan, find on the map of the place of Alexander Nevsky’s battles with the Swedish and German invaders. Fill"Heroic Chronicle of Russia" in workbook. Work with a terminological dictionary. Formulate conclusions from the studied material, reply to final questions and evaluate achievements in the lesson

Planned results

Subject

Know concepts: tribute, Batu Khan,

Golden Horde,

Alexander Nevskiy.

Why Rus' was unable to organize a worthy rebuff to the Mongol-Tatar hordes, why the Swedes began their offensive in 1240.

Be able to

retell the textbook text (about an event, historical figure, cultural monument) in your own words and discuss it in class.

Metasubject (Regulatory. Cognitive. Communicative)

P. - search for the necessary information to complete educational tasks using various sources.

Posing and formulating problems.

R. - independently assess the correctness of the action and make the necessary adjustments to the execution, both during its implementation and at the end of the action.

K. - formulate your opinion and position.

Personal results

The foundations of civic identity, one’s ethnicity in the form of awareness of “I” as a citizen of Russia, a sense of belonging and pride in one’s Motherland, people and history.

A broad motivational basis for educational activities, including social, educational, cognitive and external motives.

Basic concepts and definitions

concepts: tribute, Batu Khan, Golden Horde, Alexander Nevsky.

Preparing to learn new material

Let's find out how Rus' defended its independence. Using the map and illustrations, we will compare the weapons of the soldiers and describe the Battle of the Neva and the Battle of the Ice. Let's try to understand the role these events played in the history of Russia. Let's learn to write a story about an outstanding person. Remember what you know about cities and military affairs in Rus'.

Learning new material

Hard times on Russian soil

INVASION OF BATYA

By the middle of the 12th century Ancient Rus' broke up into separate principalities. The princes wanted to be independent and not obey anyone. The map of Rus' of that time resembles a multi-colored mosaic.

In the 13th century, difficult trials befell Rus'. From the east, from Asia, the steppe nomads - the Mongols - attacked

The Russian princes failed to unite to repel the enemy

The campaign against Rus' was led by Khan Batu. The first Russian city on the path of Batu’s hordes was Ryazan. Enemies approached its walls at the end of 1237. The Ryazan people defended themselves for five days, but on the sixth day the Mongols defeated and burned the city. Almost all of his defenders died.

In February 1238, Batu's hordes besieged and then burned Vladimir. At the same time, the invaders destroyed other cities. The chronicle says: “There was no place where they did not fight.”

The road to the rich New Year opened for Batu. However, he turned back. On the way back to southern steppes Batyev’s army fought for seven weeks near the small town of Kozelsk, whose inhabitants steadfastly and stubbornly resisted. The Mongols called Kozelsk an evil city.

The same sad fate awaited Kyiv. In 1240 it was captured and destroyed.

Almost all of Rus' was devastated by the Mongols, many Russian cities were burned. Most of the Russian lands became dependent on the Golden Horde - this is how the Mongol state began to be called. From now on, Rus' had to pay tribute to the Horde. The princes had to go to the khan - the ruler of the Golden Horde - for permission to own the principalities.

In the fight against Russia, the strength of the Mongols weakened. They could not subjugate all of Europe.

Russian warriors Mongol warrior

Comprehension and understanding of acquired knowledge

Working with a historical map

Using the text of the textbook and the map, trace Batu’s invasion of Rus'.

Find on the map the places of battles between Russian troops and Swedish and German invaders.

PROTECTION OF THE NORTH-WESTERN FRONTIERS. PRINCE ALEXANDER NEVSKY

A new threat has appeared on the northwestern borders of Rus'. The danger came from the Swedish invaders and the German knights of the Cross (a cross was depicted on their clothes and weapons).

The Swedes struck the first blow. In early July 1240, Swedish ships dropped anchor at the mouth of the Neva. The young and decisive Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich and his retinue came out to meet them. Taken by surprise, the Swedes were completely defeated on July 15, 1240.

Battle on the Ice

For his victory on the Neva River, Prince Alexander received the nickname Nevsky.

Two years later, Alexander Nevsky, at the head of his army, defeated the crusading knights on the ice of Lake Peipsi. In history this battle remained under the name of the Battle of the Ice.

In battle, knights lined up in a wedge formation. His blow was so strong that it penetrated the strongest defenses. The foot soldiers were inside and behind the wedge. Usually they
completed the defeat of the enemy. Knowing about this enemy technique, Alexander placed cavalry at the edges, and in the center - fighters armed with bows, axes, swords and hooks to pull the knights off their horses.

The battle began on April 5, 1242. It was difficult to hold back the onslaught of knights clad in heavy armor. But it turned out that the knights, having managed to crush the center of the Russian forces, themselves found themselves in a trap. Huddled together, they became easy prey. The Russian cavalry came rushing in from the sides like a whirlwind. The knights wavered and began to retreat. And here the ice began to crack. Many knights drowned in the lake due to heavy armor.

Let's discuss!

1. Why do you think Rus' was unable to organize a worthy rebuff to Batu’s hordes?

2.Why did the Swedes launch an offensive in 1240? Why were they confident of success?

Independent application of knowledge

check yourself

1. Tell us about the Mongol invasion of Rus' according to plan: who the Mongols were, who led the army of conquerors, when the invaders invaded Rus', how Russian cities were defended. 2. How did Alexander Nevsky’s leadership talent manifest itself in the Battle of Lake Peipsi? 3. What is the significance of Alexander Nevsky’s victories?

Conclusion

In the 13th century, Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde for a long time. In a time of severe disasters, we managed to defend the northwestern borders of our Motherland. Russian warriors defeated the Swedes on the Neva River and the German crusading knights on the ice of Lake Peipsi.

Homework assignments

1. Circle the border of Rus' with a red pencil beginning of XIII century.

Mark on the map with arrows the path of Batu Khan across Rus'.

2. Write down the dates when Batu Khan attacked the cities.

Ryazan- end of 1237

Vladimir - in February 1238

Kyiv- in 1240

3. Read the poem by N. Konchalovskaya.

Previously, Rus' was appanage:
Each city is separate,
Avoiding all neighbors
Ruled by an appanage prince
And the princes did not live together.
They would need to live in friendship
AND big family one
Defend your native land.
I'd be afraid then
The horde is attacking them!

Answer the questions:

• What does appanage prince mean? By the middle of the 12th century, Rus' broke up into separate principalities, which were ruled by appanage princes
• How did the princes live? The princes did not live together, there were civil strife.
• Why were the Mongol-Tatars not afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes were unable to unite to repel the enemy due to the fragmentation of the Russian principalities.

4. Match the battle with its date.

5. Read the description of the battle on Lake Peipsi.

The Russians fought fiercely. And how can one not fight without fury when children and wives are left behind, villages and cities are left behind, the native land with the short and sonorous name of Rus' remains.
And the crusaders came like robbers. But where there is theft, there is cowardice nearby.
Fear took over the knight dogs, they saw that the Russians were pressing them from all sides. Heavy cavalry cannot turn around in a crush and cannot escape. And then the Russians used hooks on long poles. They hook a knight - and off the horse. He crashes onto the ice, but cannot get up: he is awkward and painful in his thick armor. Here his head is off.
When the massacre was in full swing, the ice suddenly crackled under the knights and cracked. The crusaders sank, their heavy armor pulled down.
The crusaders had never known such a defeat before that time.
Since then, the knights looked to the east with fear. They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And he said this: "".
(O. Tikhomirov)

Answer the questions:

• Why did the Russians fight fiercely? They defended native land
• Why did the Crusaders' cavalry have a hard time in battle? The horsemen of the Crusaders were heavy and clumsy.
• What did the Russians use grappling hooks for? They hooked the knights with hooks and pulled them off their horses.
• What words of Alexander Nevsky did the knights remember? Underline these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.