Who created the Old Russian state?

The Old Russian state was created as a result of the unification of a number of East Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty.

What city became the capital of the Old Russian state?

The capital of the Old Russian state Kyiv.

When did Rus' adopt Christianity?

Christianity was adopted in 988.

Under what prince did the baptism of Rus' take place?

Baptism took place under Vladimir I

What is the religious symbol of Christianity?

The Christian symbol is the Orthodox cross.

What famous Orthodox churches were built in Ancient Rus'?

Church of the Tithes, 3-domed five-nave St. Sophia Cathedral, churches of St. Irina and Great Martyr George, Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of Chernihiv

From which state did Rus' become dependent in the 13th century?

In the XIII century, Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde

Who was Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky - the great Russian commander and defender of the Russian land.

Topic 2. Muscovy (XIV-XVII centuries)

When did the Battle of Kulikovo take place?

Who won the Battle of Kulikovo?

In the Battle of Kulikovo, Rus' won under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy.

Which city became the center of the unification of Russian lands?

The center of the unification of Russian lands is Moscow.

When did the Russian lands unite around Moscow?

Around Moscow, the Russian lands united in the middle of the 15th century.

In what year was the liberation of Rus' from the Horde yoke (dependence)?

The date of the liberation of Rus' from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is traditionally considered to be the year 1480 and this event is associated with the Standing on the Ugra.

What is the name of Tsar Ivan IV in history?

Ivan groznyj.

What 15th-century artist painted the famous Trinity icon?

Andrei Rublev.

8. What is the name of the architectural monument-fortress in Moscow, which was built as a symbol of the formation of a single Moscow state?

Moscow Kremlin.

What century was the Time of Troubles in Russia?

Beginning of the seventeenth century.

When was Moscow liberated from the Polish army by the people's militia led by Minin and Pozharsky?

Moscow was liberated in October 1612.

What dynasty began to rule in Russia since 1613?

Romanov dynasty.

SECTION II. Russian Empire (XVIII - early XX centuries)
Topic 3. Russia in the 18th century

Who carried out reforms in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century?

What is the name of the city that became the capital of Russia in the era of Peter the Great?

Saint Petersburg.

3. In which city was the first university in Russia established in the 18th century?
The first university was established in Moscow.

4. Which Russian scientist played a major role in the creation of the first university in Russia?

Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich

When and under what Russian empress did the Crimean Peninsula become part of Russia?

On April 8, 1783, Catherine II signed a manifesto "On the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state"

Who was A.V. Suvorov?

Count, then Prince Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the great Russian commander, military theorist, national hero of Russia.

What monument is the symbol of the city of St. Petersburg?

Bronze Horseman monument to Peter I.

In which city is the largest museum in Russia - the Hermitage?

The Hermitage Museum is located in St. Petersburg.

Topic 4. Russia in the 19th century

When was the Patriotic War?

The Patriotic War was in 1812.

What is the name of the largest battle of World War II?

Battle of Borodino.

Who won the Patriotic War?

Russian victory; almost complete destruction of Napoleon's army.

Who was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the war?

Kutuzov M.I.

Who are the Decembrists?

Russian revolutionaries who raised an uprising in December 1825 against the autocracy and serfdom.

When was serfdom abolished in Russia?

The abolition of serfdom took place in 1861.

Under which Russian emperor was serfdom abolished?

under Alexander II.

When did Central Asia join Russia?

In 1880.

Who was A.S. Pushkin?

A.S. Pushkin is a Russian poet, playwright and prose writer.

Which Russian scientist discovered the periodic law of chemical elements in the second half of the 19th century?

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Who was Leo Tolstoy?

Russian writer and thinker, revered as one of the world's greatest writers. Member of the defense of Sevastopol.

Who was P.I. Tchaikovsky?

Russian composer, conductor, teacher, musical and public figure, music journalist.

Who was F. M. Dostoevsky?

Great Russian writer, thinker, philosopher and publicist. Dostoevsky is a classic of Russian literature and one of the world's best novelists.

Who was A.P. Chekhov?

A.P. Chekhov is a Russian writer, a universally recognized classic of world literature. Doctor by profession. Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. One of the most famous playwrights in the world.

Who was the President of the USSR?

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich

Who was A.I. Solzhenitsyn?

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich - Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and political figure.

SECTION IV. Modern Russia

Topic 10. Russia in the 21st century

What does the flag of Russia look like?

It is a rectangular panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the upper one is white, the middle one is blue and the lower one is red. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 2:3.

Within what time period is the territorial Main Directorate of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia obliged to issue a patent or a notice of refusal to issue a patent to a foreign citizen who arrived in the Russian Federation in a manner that does not require a visa?

The territorial body of the federal executive body in the field of migration, no later than ten working days from the date of acceptance from a foreign citizen who arrived in the Russian Federation in a manner that does not require a visa, an application for a patent, is obliged to issue a patent to this foreign citizen or a notice of refusal to extradition.

What is an expiration date?

These are the terms of responsibility of the seller (manufacturer, performer) to the consumer.

What is the name of the contract under which one party undertakes to perform certain work on the instructions of the other party and hand over its result, and the other party undertakes to accept the result of the work and pay for it? What is the difference between a work contract and an employment contract for an employee?

Order agreement. An employment contract is an agreement between an employee and an employer on the personal performance by an employee of a labor function (that is, work in a certain specialty, qualification or position) for a fee, subordination of the employee to the internal labor regulations while ensuring that the employer provides working conditions stipulated by labor legislation, a collective agreement, agreements , labor contract.

The laws of which state determine the form and procedure for concluding a marriage on the territory of Russia? The laws of which state determine the conditions for concluding a marriage on the territory of Russia? According to the laws of which state are the personal property and non-property rights of spouses determined? What are the form and procedure, conditions for marriage in Russia?

The form and procedure for concluding marriages are determined on the territory of the Russian Federation by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regardless of the citizenship of both spouses. In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, marriages entered into only in the civil registry offices are recognized and give rise to legal consequences. If two foreign citizens are married in Russia, the laws of the state of which the person is a citizen must apply to each of them. If one of the persons entering into marriage has the citizenship of two states, the legislation of one of the states of his choice shall apply to him. If a person has dual citizenship, including citizenship of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation apply to him.

Topic 10. Relationships between foreign citizens and the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation

How is TIN decrypted?

Individual Tax Number.

Topic 12. Interaction of foreign citizens with consular offices of the state of their citizenship

1. What is a consular post? What are its functions?

A consulate is a body of foreign relations of a state established on the territory of another state to perform certain functions. The functions are to promote the strengthening of friendly relations between the sending state and the receiving state; in promoting the development of economic, trade, cultural, scientific relations and tourism between the sending state and the receiving state; in protecting the rights and interests of the sending state, its citizens and legal entities; in rendering assistance and assistance to citizens and legal entities of the sending state.

On what territory was the Old Russian state created?

On the territory of modern Ukraine.

State formations in most of the East European Plain appeared relatively late. The Old Russian state arose during the period when other European states appeared on the historical arena: the collapse of the empire of Charlemagne (843) into the Western (future France), Middle (later Italy) and Eastern (Germany) kingdoms; Moravian state (830); Hungarian state (896); Polish state (960).

The emergence of Russian civilization was inextricably linked with the processes taking place on the European continent. At the same time, the formation of Russian civilization, the Old Russian state, ancient Russian culture was the result of the historical development of the East Slavic tribes, their life activity, and the creativity of the Russian people. The Russian people had many close and distant ancestors who left behind a very different memory in a vast area where in the 9th century. the state of Ancient Rus' was formed.

The prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state were:

the development of the productive forces of the East Slavic tribes;

development of trade, including international and tribal;

the growth of social and property inequality, the allocation of tribal nobility;

the existence of an external threat.

The tribal reigns of the Slavs had signs of the emerging statehood. Tribal principalities often united into large superunions, which revealed features of early statehood. The widespread use of agriculture with the use of iron tools, the collapse of the tribal community and its transformation into a neighboring one, the growth in the number of cities, the emergence of a squad are evidence of the emerging statehood.

The Slavs mastered the East European Plain, interacting with the local Baltic and Finno-Ugric populations. The military campaigns of the Antes, Sclavens, Russ against more developed countries, primarily against Byzantium, brought significant military booty to the combatants and princes. All this contributed to the stratification of East Slavic society. Thus, as a result of economic and socio-political development, statehood began to take shape among the East Slavic tribes.

"Our country is great, but there is no order in it." This statement is connected with the version of the "calling of the Varangians". In the Tale of Bygone Years, Nestor the chronicler (who lived in the 11th century) wrote under 852: “When Michael (the Byzantine emperor) began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because under this king Russia came to Tsargrad (Constantinople ), as it is written about this in the Greek annals. That is why from now on we will begin and put the numbers. Further under 859g. it is reported: "The Varangians from overseas levied tribute from the Chud and from the Slavs, and from Mary, and from all the Krivichi, and the Khazars took from the glades and from the northerners, and from the Vyatichi - they took a silver coin and a squirrel from the smoke." (Smoke in At that time they called a separate farm, one family.)

Under 862, which is considered the date of the formation of the Old Russian state, Nestor wrote: “They drove the Varangians across the sea and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves. strife and began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Swedes), and some Normans and Angles, and still other Gotlanders - that's how these were called. Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and all said to Russia: "Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us. "And three brothers were elected with their families and took all of Russia with them, and they came to the Slavs, and the elder Rurik sat in Novgorod, and the other - Sineus - on Beloozero, and the third - Truvor - in Izborsk. And from all the Varangians, the Russian land was nicknamed. Novgorodians are those people from the Varangian family, and before they were Slavs.

The lack of reliable, indisputable data on the pre-state period in the history of our country is the cause of many years of discussions and various speculations.

According to the Norman theory, the Old Russian state was founded by the Varangians (Vikings, Normans, i.e. Scandinavians), who in 862 were invited to reign, to rule themselves, two Slavic (Ilmenian, Slovenian and Krivichi) and two Finnish tribes (Chud and all). For the first time this theory, based on the legendary chronicle story, formulated in the XVIII century. German scientists G.-F. Miller and G.-Z. Bayer invited to work in Russia.

The first anti-Normanist was M. V. Lomonosov. Supporters of the Slavic theory believed that already in the VI-VIII centuries. Slavic tribal principalities united in large superunions with features of early statehood. As such proto-states, relying on various sources, they name the Power of the Volynians, Kuyaba (around Kyiv), Slavia (around Novgorod), Artania (the region of Ryazan, Chernigov), Rus.

On February 11, 2020, the South Korean electronics manufacturer Samsung Electronics (Samsung Electronics) will hold an official event "Unpacked" (literal translation into Russian - "Unpacked"), which will present the next new products of its products.

The announcement of the next flagship smartphone from the Samsung Galaxy line traditionally attracts the greatest interest, similar to the annual presentations of new iPhones from Apple.

Samsung presentation on February 11, 2020 will begin at 22:00 Moscow time. You can watch it online on the official website of Samsung.

What Samsung will reveal if we see the new Galaxy S20:

For now, the latest model in the Samsung Galaxy series is the S10 (and the related Note 10).

It is expected that as his successor will be presented Samsung Galaxy S11, which will almost certainly bear the name Samsung Galaxy S20(by the name of the year, and also to distinguish the name from the iPhone 11). Although, in this case, it is not clear what Samsung will do next year, not to release a device with the name S21.

Expected specifications of the new Samsung Galaxy S20 smartphone:
* New AMOLED screen with 120Hz refresh rate.
* Battery capacity up to 5000 mAh (maximum in S20 Ultra).
* Main camera 108 megapixels. as part of a block of 4 cameras with a sensor and a flash.
* Memory RAM 12 or 16 GB.

In addition to the flagship S20, we can see the S20+, S20 5G, S20+ 5G, S20 Ultra, the second version of the Galaxy Fold clamshell, and something else.

What time does the 2020 Oscars begin?

The 92nd Oscars ceremony will take place on February 9, 2020 at the Dolby Theater in Hollywood (USA, California, Los Angeles). The gala concert will start at 3:30 p.m. local Pacific time.

Due to the difference in time zones, for residents of the European part of Russia, the Oscar ceremony will begin on the night of February 9-10, 2020(Sunday to Monday). According to Moscow time, this corresponds to 02:30 am.

That is, what time does the 2020 Oscars start:
* 02:30 Moscow time (on the night of February 9-10).

The solemn presentation of statuettes will take place in 24 categories. Previously, on January 13, 2020, the nominees for the award were announced at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater (Beverly Hills). They were 53 films. The film "Joker" claims the awards in the largest number of nominations (11). A little less, with 10 nominations each, for the films The Irishman, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood and 1917.

Where to watch the 2020 Oscars live stream:

In the United States, the colorful ceremony will be broadcast on ABC channel.

In Russia the rights to the show belong to online cinema "Okko" where you can watch the Oscars live on the night of February 9-10, 2020, starting at 02:30 Moscow time.

Previously, it was planned to show the event in a recording on Channel One, but later this idea was abandoned due to insufficient financial feasibility (the popularity of the program is small in order to pay off the costs of buying the rights).

The era of "Oleg - Svyatoslav - Vladimir I" is recognized by most social scientists as the period of unification of the East Slavic tribal unions "under the crown" of the princes of the Rurik dynasty. The Old Russian state was a link between the countries of East and West for about 250 years and was considered a powerful state in the 10th-11th centuries.

The victorious campaigns of Oleg, Svyatoslav, Vladimir expanded the territory of Rus' from Novgorod and Kiev to the Baltic Sea, the Dvina and the Carpathian Mountains in the West, to the Dnieper rapids in the South and the territory of modern Finland in the North. In the East, the Kama Bulgars also preferred not to be at enmity with Russia.

Of no small importance for the development of the Old Russian state were campaigns against Constantinople. Their result was the establishment of equal economic and cultural ties with Byzantium and the adoption of Christianity. Having become the state religion, Christianity consolidated the unity of Rus' and contributed to the development of writing, painting, and architecture.

Old Russian land belonged to the entire princely family. The Grand Duke was at the head of the state. The specific princes of subject lands were subordinate to him.

The Grand (Kiev) prince was considered the head of the legislative power, military leader, supreme judge and owner of taxes. Campaigns for tribute ("polyudye") contributed to the strengthening of the grand duke's power. After the execution of Igor by the Drevlyans, Olga canceled the polyudye, established a fixed amount of tribute, the timing of its delivery and the place of collection.

Rule in Russia from the calling of the Novgorodians to the reign of Rurik and until the death of Yaroslav the Wise was sole. This was due to the fact that Rurik had no other heirs, except for Igor, and Igor - except for Svyatoslav, Oleg and Yaropolk died, and Svyatopolk killed his brothers - Boris, Gleb and Svyatoslav.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the princely family quickly grew. The order of succession to the throne, which was called the "stairway ascent", was cumbersome and often led to various misunderstandings. According to this order, in the event of the death of the Grand Duke, it was not his son who occupied the Kiev throne, but the eldest of the remaining brothers of the prince. The inheritance left by this brother was inherited by the next senior member of the princely family. The sons of princes who died before occupying the grand-ducal throne were forever deprived of the right to it. They were called outcasts. The grand dukes, for the sake of the interests of their family, were often unfair to them and usually allocated them remote small destinies or deprived them altogether.

In addition, already during the reign of Vladimir, there was a tendency to decentralize the grand ducal power and increase the independence of the specific principalities. This manifested itself in different ways. So, for example, in 1014 Novgorod refused to pay tribute to the Grand Duke.

Following the example of his father (Vladimir I Svyatoslavich), Yaroslav during his lifetime divided the territory into regions (destinies) between his sons. Izyaslav, as the elder, received Kyiv and Novgorod, i.e. the main cities of the waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks"; Svyatoslav - Chernigov, Tmutarakan, Ryazan, Murom and the lands of the Vyatichi; Vsevolod - Rostov, Suzdal, Beloozero, the Volga region; Vyacheslav - Smolensk region; Igor - Vladimir Volynsky. After the death of Vyacheslav and Igor, all Russian lands were concentrated in the hands of three brothers. The exception was the Polotsk land, given by Yaroslav as an inheritance to the descendants of Vladimir's eldest son, Izyaslav, in particular, to his grandson, Vseslav Bryachislavich.

The one who owned Kiev was considered the Grand Duke, the rest were specific (junior) princes.

In the first half of the appanage period (1054–1157), the order was observed in which the senior princes occupied the best destinies; after the death of the Grand Duke, all appanage princes moved in order of seniority to other destinies.

By the beginning of the XII century. the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" began to lose its connecting role between the North and the South, and the specific princes began to lose interest in supporting the Kievan prince. In addition, they themselves often had their own strong squads, which they used not only to protect their lands, but also in the struggle for power and better destinies. As a result of inter-princely strife, the raids of the nomads (most often the Polovtsy) met with less and less resistance. The Kiev principality became a dangerous place to live, and the population began to gradually move to the northern regions of Rus'.

Later, Vladimir Monomakh, and then his son Mstislav the Great, made attempts to restore the unity of Kievan Rus, but the process of disunity became irreversible. By the middle of the XII century. the princes of Kyiv stopped minting coins, and in 1169 Andrei Bogolyubsky even plundered the capital of Rus', as was usually the case when conquering enemy cities. The weakening of Kyiv led to the strengthening of some specific principalities: Vladimir-Suzdal, Chernigov, Galicia-Volyn, Smolensk, etc. By the end of the XII century. there were already several dozen of them, and each had its own grand dukes and appanages. Fragmentation and bloody feuds increasingly lowered the power of the state, the main wealth of which was considered land. It was distributed among communities and feudal estates. Patronage, or fatherland, i.e. paternal possession, passed on by inheritance. The owner of the estate was a specific prince or boyar. In addition to the population assigned to the princely and boyar estates, there was a significant number of communal peasants who were not subject to the boyars or princes. Peasant communities paid tribute directly to the Grand Duke.

All the free population of Ancient Rus' was called People, so the collection of tribute was called polyudem. There were no uniform norms of tribute in Rus', which caused conflicts between collectors and the population. Only during the reign of Olga did a single princely right and duties of subjects arise.

The most complete description of polyudya was made in the 10th century. Emperor of Byzantium Constantine Porphyrogenitus:

“The harsh winter lifestyle of those very Russians is this. When the month of November comes, immediately their archons (princes) leave Kiev with all the Russians and go to the polyudye, which means “circling”, namely to the lands of the Slavs: Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Krivichi , northerners and other peoples who are naktiots (tributaries under the contract) of the Russians. Feeding there throughout the winter, they then, starting in April, when the ice on the Dnieper River melts, return to Kiev. Then, taking their monoxides (one-trees), they equip them and go to Romagna (Byzantium)." Elsewhere in that narrative, Konstantin explained that such monoxides arrived in Kyiv from various places: from Novgorod, Smolensk, Chernigov, etc.

But the Russians went for trade along the Volga to Bulgaria and the Khazar capital Atil, where a numerous Russian-Slavic colony functioned. The route to the west through the Czech Republic to the German lands was also known; this was evidenced by the trade (so-called Rafelsted) charter of 907, as well as Khazar sources.

Thus, the priority task of the Russian princes of the first half of the X century. was the organization of polyudya, and then military-trading expeditions with the aim of selling the collected tribute. These expeditions were of a regular nature (according to Konstantin - annual), and they should not be identified with the military campaigns of Oleg and Igor, as a result of which agreements on regular trade were concluded.

The bulk of the rural population, dependent on the prince, was called stinks. They could live in peasant communities and bear duties in favor of the state or in estates. The rural inhabitants of the estates were in a more severe dependence and completely lost their personal freedom. One of the forms of enslavement of the free population was purchasing, when the ruined peasants borrowed from the feudal lords "kupu"- part of the crop, livestock, money (hence the name of this category of the population - "purchases"). "Zakup" had to work for his creditor and obey him until the full return of the debt.

In addition to smerds and "purchases" in the princely and boyar estates there were slaves, called serfs, or servants. Their number was replenished from among the captives or ruined tribesmen. Slave way of life was common in ancient Rus'.

Features of the social life of Ancient Rus' are not sufficiently covered in historical sources. But the differences between the feudal system of Rus' and the "classical" (Western European) models are obvious. They lie in the leading role of the public sector in the economy of Rus' - the presence of a significant number of free peasant communities that were feudally dependent on the grand ducal administration.

The principle of taxation in Rus' was based on property - arable land. One of the ways to enrich the ancient Russian nobility was the right granted by the grand dukes to collect tribute from specific lands. First of all, such a right was granted to local princes, as well as boyars. The lands were given to princes and boyars as if "for feeding". It was their means of maintenance. Later, cities also passed into the category of such "feedings", and the vassals of the Grand Duke transferred part of these "feedings" to their vassals from among their own combatants. This is how feudal hierarchy.

In the economy of Ancient Rus', the feudal system coexisted with slavery and primitive patriarchal relations, so some historians called the "state of Rus'" a country with a diversified economy.

The development of the Russian economy took place against the background of the continued expansion of its territory through the development of the East European Plain. Arable agriculture spread everywhere. Tools of labor were improved: archaeologists found more than 40 types of tools used in farms of that period. On the territory of Rus', new feudal estates arose everywhere, including settlements of various ranks. On the eve of the Asian invasion, there were about 300 cities in Rus' - regional centers of crafts, trade, and culture.

Princely and feudal estates, as well as peasant communities that paid taxes to the state, functioned as subsistence farms, those. meet their needs with internal resources. Their links to the market were weak and irregular. The dominance of subsistence farming created conditions for the separation of regions from the center, the opportunity to operate as an independent land or principality.

The disunity of individual lands and principalities predetermined the emergence of social conflicts. To prevent them, strong power in the regions was needed. Relying on the boyars, the specific princes actively strengthened their own power. Later, inevitable contradictions began to arise between the strengthened boyars and local princes, and the struggle for power appeared already within the regions. This manifested itself in different ways in different lands. For example, in Novgorod (later also in Pskov), boyar republics appeared and established themselves. In other lands, where the specific princes were able to timely suppress the separatism of the boyars, power was established in the form of a regional monarchy.

From the beginning of the X to the middle of the XI century. Rus' developed in favorable conditions. The creation of a powerful state that united most of the East Slavic lands: first of all, this is the Middle Dnieper region, headed by Kiev and North-Western Rus', headed by Novgorod - contributed to the liberation of part of the land from the power of the Khazars. Fortified border villages. Western cities that had previously been disputed with Poland went to Rus'. The offensive also intensified in the southwest, west, southeast. At times, the borders of the Russian state approached the Danube. After the defeat of Khazaria, Russian settlements appeared on the Don and the Taman Peninsula. New arable lands were developed, agriculture improved, crafts developed, trade relations within the country and with the closest foreign neighbors, new cities appeared.

The state power contributed to these changes. In turn, the development of the state contributed to the stabilization of power, its improvement. At the top level of the power hierarchy were the prince and representatives of the senior squad (in fact, these were the boyars). Below stood the younger squad of the less noble members of society. Both boyars and junior warriors were considered servants of the prince. They fulfilled his various instructions: in military affairs, administration, court and reprisals (execution of punishments), collection of tributes and taxes, in the field of diplomatic relations with other states, including with destinies.

Subordinate to the prince and personal servants (personal team), the so-called "lads" and "children". All of them were members of the younger squad and at the same time provided various services both in the grand duke's palace and in princely affairs. Druzhina (senior and junior), who previously performed only military functions, from the end of the 10th century. and throughout the eleventh century. more and more merged with the apparatus of government, turning into a lever of state power.

In the cities, the prince relied on the posadniks (from the boyars), in the army - on the governor, the thousand, who were usually representatives of the boyar families. It is known, for example, that the voivode was the boyar Vyshata, who commanded the Russian foot army during the Russo-Byzantine war of 1043. Later, his son, Jan Vyshatich, also became the voivode.

The Grand Duke had great power: he led the army, organized the defense of the country, led military campaigns, conducted legal proceedings, ruled the country. And the more the remnants of the tribal system disintegrated, the more the role of the Grand Duke and his administrative apparatus increased.

The actions of the prince usually expressed the interests of the top of society - the boyars and junior combatants, wealthy merchants, and the clergy. These sections of Russian society were closest to the princely power and were interested in it to protect their privileges and income. But at the same time they were also the most viable and dynamic part of the population. Society developed mainly due to organizational efforts and personal abilities. Therefore, the union of these segments of the population with the prince was natural and logical.

The origin of the history of the reign of the Old Russian princes can be seen from the time of the activities of the Varangian prince Rurik (862–879).

(879–912) Oleg is the very first of the princes who began to rule the Old Russian state after the Varangians appeared on the Dnieper. He was connected with Rurik by family roots, he was also the guardian of his underage son. During the reign of Oleg, Smolensk was captured. Prince Oleg managed to unite the Slavic tribes. He subjugated Kyiv under his rule in 882, as a result of which he killed the princes Askold and Dir, who ruled in Kyiv at that time. Then Oleg made Kyiv the capital, the main city over all Russian cities. Thus, Kievan Rus was born. Among his achievements are military operations with Byzantium, two successful campaigns against Constantinople. As a result of these campaigns, Rus' won two peace treaties in 907 and 911. With the capture of the Drevlyans (883), the concept of tribute came to Rus', which was collected from them. Gradually, Oleg defeated both the northerners and the glades and the Radimichi, who before him paid tribute to the Russian enemies - the Khazars (885).

Igor Rurikovich (912-945) - the son of Rurik, a follower of Oleg, who continued the work of his predecessor - expanded the Old Russian state by joining the rest of the tribal unions. He also went with the army to Byzantium, and in 944 an agreement was signed with her, which was considered beneficial to both. Prince Igor was the first to recognize the raids of the Pechenegs (Turkic nomads). The innovation that he organized for the first time - the collection of tribute from the Drevlyans (polyudye), and became his death, when once again in 945 he demanded tribute on the lands subject to him.

Olga (945-969) - the first female princess, the wife of the late Igor. Unlike her husband, she completely took power into her own hands and subjugated not only Kyiv, but the whole of Kievan Rus. And the amount of tribute, which under Igor had a changeable character, she managed to legalize, even establishing one place where tribute was brought. Olga became the first Christian to be baptized in Constantinople in 957 under a false name (Elena).

Svyatoslav Igorevich is a follower of his mother Olga, who began his reign in 962. In 964, he nevertheless took under the power of the Old Russian state the last of the East Slavic tribes - the Vyatichi, from whom he collected tribute. The year 965 is the most significant for Svyatoslav, because the Khazar capital and several other cities were taken by storm, and a fortress was built on one of the cities. The return from the Danube in 972 ended in complete failure for Svyatoslav - he was killed by the Pechenegs. During the principality, Svyatoslav showed his abilities as a talented commander.

Vladimir (980-1015) - one of the sons of Svyatoslav, who won the internecine war with his brother. In the books of the Old Russian state, he was equated with the apostles. This is due to the Orthodox traditions with the spread of Christianity. In the memory of the Old Russian people, he remained under the name Vladimir the Red Sun. Among all the princes of the Old Russian state, Vladimir managed not only to expand the borders of Rus', but also to strengthen it as a powerful state. Among his numerical victories are the victory over the Radimichi, good luck from campaigns on Polish lands, on Pecheneg territories, and the construction of fortresses. In a number of reforms that were carried out, there was a pagan reform (980) - the god Perun was placed at the head of the pagan pantheon. But this was not enough, because the new ideology did not succumb to the outdated principles of the ancient religion. Vladimir thought politically and understood that the new religion, that is, Christianity, would significantly strengthen the international relations of Rus' with Byzantium and its culture. And in 988 the people were converted to Christianity, and the remnants of paganism were destroyed. As a result, the power of the prince became more powerful, the unity of both the people and the state as a whole was strengthened.