From a philosophical point of view, TIME AND SPACE are the main forms of the existence of matter. But philosophy is primarily interested in whether time and space are real or whether they are pure abstractions that exist only in the human mind. Some philosophers ignore the objective nature of time and space, make them dependent on the content of individual consciousness (Berkeley, Hume, Mach). Others emphasize the objective nature of time and space, deny the timeless and extraspatial reality. Time and space are inseparable from matter. This shows their universality and universality. Space is three-dimensional, time has one, and only one, dimension. Space expresses the order of arrangement of simultaneously coexisting objects, while time expresses the sequence of existence of successive phenomena. Time is irreversible, that is, every material process develops in one direction - from the past to the future.

The development of natural science has shown the failure of the metaphysical concept, according to which time and space exist independently of material processes and separately from each other, as independent entities.

Natural science of the 18th-19th centuries, speaking of the objectivity of time and space, considered them, following Newton, in isolation from each other and as something independent, existing completely independently of matter and motion. In accordance with the atomistic views of the ancient philosophers (Democritus, Epicurus), natural scientists almost up to the 20th century. they identified space with emptiness, considered it absolute, always and everywhere the same and motionless, and time - flowing evenly. Modern physics has discarded the old notions of space as an empty receptacle of bodies and of time as one for the entire infinite universe.

The main conclusion of Einstein's theory of relativity lies precisely in establishing that time and space do not exist on their own, in isolation from matter, but are in such a universal relationship in which they lose their independence and act as relative sides of a single and indivisible time-space .

Science has proven that the flow of time and the length of bodies depend on the speed of movement of these bodies and that the structure or geometric properties of the four-dimensional continuum (space-time) change depending on the accumulation of masses of matter and the gravitational field generated by them.

The ideas of Lobachevsky, Riemann, and Gauss played an important role in the creation of the modern theory of space and time. The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry refuted the Kantian doctrine of time and space as non-experiential forms of sensory perception. The studies of Butlerov, Fedorov and their followers discovered the dependence of spatial properties on the physical nature of material bodies, the conditionality of the physicochemical properties of matter by the spatial arrangement of atoms.

So, is it possible or not to create a time machine?

To answer this question, we must first define:

1) What is time?

2) What should the time machine do?

3) What is space?

So time is:

1) The way events are ordered

2) One of the spatial dimensions, represented in a special way by us.

The time machine is:

1) Some portal, entering which a person moves into the past; he can actively participate in the events of the past, change the past.

2) A device that allows only to look at the events of the past.

3) A device that slows down or speeds up the passage of time.

4) A device that allows you to rewind time back / forward.

5) A device that allows you to travel only to the future.

If time is the way events are ordered, then any change in the past will inevitably cause a change in the future. Let's say a time machine is some kind of portal that moves into the past (this is the most interesting option). Let's say a person travels back in time and makes it so that his parents don't meet. And he returns in a time machine back to his own time. But he must disappear, right? Otherwise, there will be a violation of chronology, and moreover, the law of conservation of energy and mass in the Universe.

Also arises interest Ask: after all, after the teleportation of this person, the passage of time does not stop. So, we can assume the existence of "phases of time": that is, there is a phase in which our ancestors live, there is a phase in which our great-great-great-grandchildren already live.

That is, the future is in some time phase. Suppose someday such a machine is still invented. So why don't we observe any changes in the world that would inevitably be caused in the present by "people from the future" who would travel in time? On the other hand, you often read in the newspapers about anomalous zones in which miracles happen. For example, one person claimed to have seen the sinking of the Titanic in the recent past, that is, he witnessed a different phase of time. Somehow, a "hole" has formed, thanks to which the past is visible in the present. An eyewitness said that there were living people on the ship, pleading for help. Interestingly, if an eyewitness saved someone, then the saved person would suddenly disappear, "teleporting" into his hometown, and in the old newspapers would suddenly appear information about the rescued? Or would he go to his house himself, and nothing has changed in the world around him? Or was the shipwreck only to be observed? However, how reliable such information is is unknown. You can be skeptical about this.

Is it possible to have a device that rewinds time?

Think about it, how do we determine that it has been rewound? After all, we cannot remember what will happen in the future. The machine makes the present become the future and the past the present.

How will she even work?

Here it is turned on and started rewinding time. But in the near past, it was disabled, which means that the rewind will end there. Such a device requires another dimension of time in which it will operate.

As for the fifth type, the unequivocal answer is: yes.

We are constantly traveling to the future. Can this process be accelerated?

Certainly. Experiments are already being carried out that allow freezing the human body with a view to its subsequent thawing in the future.

If a time machine is a device that allows you only to look at the events of the past, then we can say that it was invented: record something on a video camera and scroll it: you will see events from the past. But the disadvantage of such a "time machine" is that you must first make a record ...

How can we view the events of those years when no video cameras were known?

It is also worth remembering that the speed of light is finite. Light from distant stars can take millions of years to reach us. When we look at such a star, we see it in the past. It may no longer exist at all, and the light from it has only just reached us.

Unfortunately, terrestrial events cannot be observed in this way, since for this you need to move faster than the speed of light.

Is it possible to slow down or speed up the passage of time?

Modern science answers yes. Einstein in his theory of relativity described the manifestation of time dilation, which manifests itself when moving at very high speeds. The so-called "twin paradox" is known, when one twin is left on Earth, and the other is launched into space on a spacecraft. After returning from a trip, the twin who was in the spaceship turns out to be much younger than the one who remained on Earth. The slowdown effect is also observed at not very high speeds, it is just very difficult to notice it.

The question arises: are space and time objective?

It is known that time for different living beings flows differently. For example, we think that the tortoise is very slow. But she doesn’t think so: it’s all about the time perception of the turtle and the person. Why is it so hard for us to catch a fly? Because her time perception is much faster than ours by about 10 times. For us, the movements we make seem abrupt. And the fly perceives them as smooth, from which it is easy to dodge. In cold-blooded animals, time perception can vary quite strongly depending on temperature. Time perception of a person can also be changed. But it will only change for one individual. For all others, time will go the same way, which means it exists independently of the subject.

It can also be assumed that time is a spatial dimension. Suppose we have a body that moves uniformly in a straight line. Movement, as we see, occurs in one-dimensional space. However, if we supplement the coordinate axis with the time axis, then we will get a two-dimensional space, i.e. time can be thought of as a spatial dimension. Let's get the graph of the motion of the body in the coordinates t,X. The question arises: if we change the position of one point on the graph at some point in time, will other points change their position? No. Also imagine a film with a film recorded on it: when viewed, it seems that the image of each frame depends on the previous one. In fact, this is not so: "redraw" one of the frames. Will others change? No.

It should be said that three-dimensional space is a set of two-dimensional spaces. Each frame on film is a two-dimensional space. When playing on the screen, we observe how one space replaces another, that is, we have a set of two-dimensional spaces - a three-dimensional space. It is noteworthy that we can scroll the film in the other direction, slow down and speed up its movement, that is, actually move along the "time" coordinate as we want.

online application .

Alexei Rasulov, a 34-year-old self-taught physicist from the village of Vorontsovo in the Kursk region, is convinced that time travel is possible. He supports his theory with the necessary calculations and diagrams of the “machine of the future”.

The village of Vorontsovo, far from being marked on all maps and even invisible to a satellite navigator, took refuge in a real rural outback. However, this does not prevent its resident Alexei Rasulov from engaging in global research.

At home, the Kursk self-taught scientist neatly arranges on the shelves volumes of encyclopedias, reference books and monographs on physics, mechanics and problems of the study of the Universe.

If other Vorontsovites are more interested in gardening and farming, then the Rasulovs in everyday life are incomprehensible to many "hadron colliders", "quanta", "deuterium" and "black holes". It is difficult to judge how scientifically substantiated and realistic Alexei's projects are, but we accepted the invitation to come to visit him in order to see with our own eyes the place where the possibilities of cold nuclear fusion are being discussed and a time machine is being developed.

Alexey was born in a family of engineers, which determined the choice of specialty. He studied as an electrical engineer, first at the Kursk railway technical school, and then at the "polytechnic" (now - SWGU). Even then, the mind of an inquisitive student was stirred by the theory of cold nuclear fusion, which implies the implementation of an atomic reaction without heating the substance.

Rasulov from childhood loved to read a lot, studied well, and physics was one of his favorite subjects at school. 10 years ago, becoming an invalid, he devoted himself entirely to research, youthful hobbies grew into something more. But the roots of everything, no doubt, from there.

“The same Jules Verne foresaw many scientific discoveries, which we are convinced of over the years, says the Kurian. – Including he believed that energy could be extracted from water and air. In terms of the fact that nitrous oxide appears due to high voltage on power lines, I assumed that it also exists in clouds - there is also a high electric field strength.

Alexey, of course, is not so naive as to rely only on fiction. I spent more than one week in the regional scientific library them. N. N. Aseev, persistently studying all the works available on the subject of interest to him. Particular emphasis was placed on the work of Miguel Alcubierre, Kurt Gödel, John Richard Gott and Nobel laureate in physics Vitaly Ginzburg.

Time machine - a message from aliens

Rasulov considers his speech at the international congress "Fundamental problems of natural science and technology" in St. Petersburg in 2010 to be his debut in the scientific arena. The response to the report he read on cold nuclear fusion was the review of the organizers: "Rasulov's short essay proposes a noteworthy idea about the need to take into account in nuclear reactions nitrogen, which participates in the processes of decay and fusion with a positive energy yield."

Kuryanin published in the Anomaly newspaper, the Inventor and Rationalizer, Itogi magazines, and even in Energetika, which is included in the list of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and included in the list of international citation bases.

In the theory of cold nuclear fusion lies the secret of time travel. Based on it, Rasulov built a guess: how the mechanism that can move a person into the past or future will look and act.

“A huge installation the size of the Kursk region or even more should be built underground like a hadron collider on the border of Switzerland and France,” explains Alexey. - Inside the diameter are several arcs of electromagnets interacting with a ball of electrons at the nuclear level.

To create a gravitational field sufficient to form a black hole, the ball must be accelerated to the speed of light. At that moment, space and time are warped, and a “wormhole” appears in the black hole – a tunnel through which a person can travel through time.”

By the way, at one time Rasulov tried to unravel the mystery of crop circles, which allegedly leave alien civilizations. In his opinion, it is possible that these mysterious drawings of UFOs depict a time machine, thanks to which they themselves fall to Earth. In 2014, he observed similar circles near Kursk - one of the regional TV channels even filmed a story about this.

The project to create a time machine requires huge financial investments, but there is also a technical complexity. The researcher admits that there is no computer in the world yet, the power of which would be enough to control the new cyber system. However, humanity does not stand still, and in the future it will become possible.

“Traveling to other worlds, the past and the future, will allow us to rewrite history and avoid many wars and disasters,” says Rasulov. - It would be the property of all people. Personally, I would use a time machine to go back a few years, when the tragedy that disabled me could have been prevented.”

Andrey Kananin,philosopher-cosmologist and author of the book "Unreal Reality" on the air of the Pravda video studio.R u told about new technical principles, which will run the time machine, which is already being built in several laboratories abroad. The principles of operation of the device and the drawings are not a secret, and the technical possibility of creating the device already exists.

Physicists are building a time machine

The scientist led research expeditions and missions to more than 50 countries of the world. The author of books and articles in the field of cosmology, anthropology, philosophy, Andrey Kananin worked for several years in the Far North. The cosmologist also talks about ways to avoid chrono-paradoxes and about some features of the theory of time in the context of Einstein's theory.

— Andrei, what is cosmology?

— Cosmology is the science of our Universe and the place of intelligent beings in it. Of course, a lot of interdisciplinary knowledge intersects here, everything related to space, its origin, its evolution, cosmic mysteries, black holes, wormholes, quantum physics...

And since there are intelligent beings in it, we are with you, then, accordingly, cosmologists are also interested in the problem of human consciousness, the problem of space travel. Including the topic of time travel is also, of course, in the sphere of our attention.

- You say that time travel is possible, it is possible to create a time machine?

— Yes, absolutely true. It's just that the crude logic of relativity tells us that since time is one of four dimensions, moving back and forth in time is just as possible as walking left and right. Naturally, this is not so simple, but it is fundamentally important to understand that such travel does not contradict the laws of physics.

- So you set yourself such a scientific task?

— Quite right. This does not contradict the fundamental laws - this is the first key point. Travel to the future is possible for sure. In general, the principle of the time machine for traveling to the future is extremely simple. It also follows from Einstein's theory of relativity.

If we accelerate the apparatus to near-light speed, then the clock on this apparatus will go much slower than on Earth. That is, having made such a space flight, you will automatically find yourself in the future. That is, the problem arises purely technological.

You just need to build such a spaceship and calculate the exact time of departure, arrival, in order to understand how and where exactly you want to be. Therefore, here, in general, it is not even worth chewing for a long time, discussing the topic of traveling to the future.

— But I would like to understand whether it is possible to travel to the past? Because a one-way trip is not interesting, you always want to go back.

— Everything is much more complicated here, although there is a fundamental understanding of how to technologically solve this problem. For example, such an elementary apparatus that helps to move into the past is a fairly handicraft thing. It is necessary to design a very long, very strong cylinder and spin it around its axis.

Then, moving around this cylinder, you can get into the past. The problem is that the length of the cylinder must be the size of our galaxy, comparable in strength, and it must also be accelerated at about the speed of light. Therefore, I assume that even the most highly developed civilizations are not able to create such a structure, although it looks rather primitive.

But the very idea that this is possible inspired scientists to further research. And when they began to understand, it turned out that the easiest way to travel through time in our space occurs if you penetrate the so-called wormholes or wormholes. These are such strange cosmological objects.

They formed when our universe was small, right after the Big Bang. It was such a foaming substance, and these small tunnels were present there. It is absolutely possible, it does not contradict the laws of physics, that when our Universe began to expand, these tunnels, at least some of them, also became large.

If you learn to find them and manage them, then travel to the past is possible through these wormholes. A lot of nuances arise there, primarily due to the fact that monstrous energy is needed to penetrate wormholes, however, there is a general understanding that this is possible.

It was developed by theorists. But of course, I would like to talk not about fantasy, but about real models, real devices. There have been several breakthroughs in recent years. For example, I will give two or three models that are the most promising.

The first of these was developed by physicist Richard Goth. Today, one of the leading areas of space research and physical research associated with the assumption that at the microscopic level there are some separate points - atoms or strings. String theory is vibrating little substances that are the essence, the basis of our entire universe.

And the strings, after all, were also microscopic at the time of the big bang, and after the expansion of the Universe, they also acquired cosmological scales. And Richard Goth considered that if these strings are somehow isolated from space, learn to control them and push one string against another at a sufficiently high speed, then time around them will begin to flow backwards.

Then the apparatus moving around the two colliding strings in the opposite direction automatically falls into the past. This is already a calculated model, and not some general theoretical reasoning. This model has, as it were, one big plus and one big minus.

The big disadvantage is that it is very difficult to imagine how it is possible to manage such a model. The author himself considered that in order to move only two years ago, it is necessary to use energy equal to the energy of our entire Milky Way galaxy. So far, this is completely inaccessible to us, but we do not know what is available to highly developed civilizations, which, perhaps, are at a very distant level from us.

And the main plus is that, unlike all the hypothetical ideas related to antiparticles and other incomprehensible phenomena, nothing of this kind is needed here. Ordinary matter is used, and the apparatus itself does not move at the speed of light, but lower, so there is no need to use any fantastic ideas. The question is precisely how to implement this project technologically.

The second idea developed by Kip Thorne is related to the fact that a time machine can be created if one learns to control negative energy and negative matter. Physicists are sure that it is both, but this is a material with very unusual properties. Negative matter tends not to approach ordinary matter, but to move away, so it is very difficult to catch it.

Negative energy can be obtained, and in an engineering way that is quite understandable to us, if two very smooth metal, best of all silver, plates are placed as close as possible - at a quantum distance from each other. Then between these plates, if they are brought as close as possible to each other, negative energy is formed.

I will not explain the complexity of the theory, but this is an objective fact. Kip Thorne created a fully functional model by sliding these plates into spheres and placing one sphere within another. It turned out that if one of the spheres is directed at the speed of light in relation to the other, then it automatically falls into the past due to negative matter and negative energy.

It turns out that the sphere moves and collapses, time is out of sync, which means that this is already a device, because a crew can be placed inside the sphere. Moreover, Thorne's model already has blueprints. That is, the principle of creating a time machine is clear even to modern engineers.

- Well, the speed of light is unattainable ...

- Not yet. We are talking about the fact that the entire history of scientific thought, the history of mankind shows that if some workable device or apparatus was born in someone’s head, some drawings appeared, then sooner or later they manage to create it. Let's remember the Archimedes steamship or Leonardo Da Vinci's helicopter, the plane...

Of course, such a complex device as a time machine is millions of times more complicated, but nevertheless, if engineers have an understanding of how to create it, they can create drawings, that is, they can be sure that sooner or later it will be done. That is why, by the way, the Thorne model is used in all advanced popular science films.

Well, I will give the last example, from my point of view, the simplest and most implementable. Perhaps it is correct when they say that everything ingenious is simple. The device was developed by physicist Robert Mallet, and the principle of its operation is, indeed, quite primitive.

If you take two high-energy laser beams and disperse them along the tunnel in opposite directions at near-light speed, then inside time begins to twist like a funnel and, having penetrated this funnel, you can get into the past. The Mallett model is perhaps the most realistic apparatus that can be created.

The difficulty is that in order for the machine to work well, allow you to travel far into the past, you need to slow down the speed of light. It seems that this is an unsolvable task. Nothing like this! Experiments are already being carried out, for example, by passing light through a very dense condensate, it was possible to achieve a decrease in the speed of light.

— Indeed?

“These are real experiments. The speed of light is 300 thousand km / s, that is, eight times per second it goes around Earth. In the laboratory, it was possible to achieve a slowdown in the speed of light in condensate by 1 m/s. And if further experiments are successful, then perhaps the Mallett model is the most promising.

But all the workable time machines that I talked about have one minus, one small nuance. The fact is that all of them do not allow time travel before the moment when the machine itself was created. But we want to visit the Jurassic Park, but there are also some breakthroughs.

And here is the main idea related to the fact that if instead of a portal, then time travel is possible before the period when the time machine was created. Many scientists believe that when entering a black hole, any material object is destroyed, but not a fact. We still don't know enough about the physics of black holes to be so sure about it.

Interviewed by Alexander Artomonov

Preparedfor publicationYuri Kondratiev

Who hasn't read H. G. Wells' novel "The Time Machine" as a child? Who has not experienced excitement when watching the movie of the same name. The possibilities of a person controlling a time machine are endless, and for the most part, people consider such a project to be feasible in the distant future, when scientists discover something there. But how realistic are these expectations? Are there any laws preventing such travel? Is there any speculation about the possible mechanism of such a machine?
In order to determine the possibility of time travel, it is necessary, first of all, to determine what time is. But with this there is a difficulty - there is no consistent definition of time. He thought about time as early as 400 AD. Blessed Augustine.
"Time is one of the greatest mysteries of the Universe. The river of time takes us all without exception, regardless of our desire and even against our will."
"How can there be these two times, past and future, when the past no longer exists, and the future does not yet exist? And if the present always remained present and did not go into the past, then it would no longer be time, but eternity."
"If the Lord is omniscient and omnipotent, is He bound by the course of time?" "The Lord is omnipotent and therefore cannot be limited by anything, including the passage of time; therefore, he must exist outside of time."
Many of these arguments of Augustine have not lost their relevance at the present time. There are few theories explaining the phenomenon of time. Newton believed that time is independent and unchanging, flows at a given moment infinitely in one direction. After the tremendous success of the special and general theory relativity, it became clear that time and space are inextricably linked together. But why time is destined for the role of a special dimension, what is the physical meaning of this - is still not clear. There were various assumptions. N.A. Kozyrev believed that time is a physical process and time can have a mechanical effect on devices. A.I. Veinik believed that time is a special chronal field that affects objects. Oros di Bartini considered time to be three-dimensional. The successes of physicists in explaining the special status of time are so rare that a breakthrough in this direction is not to be expected in the near future. But, despite this, discussions about the possibility of building a time machine gradually migrate from the novels of science fiction writers to serious articles by theoretical physicists.

Van Stockum's time machine.

In 1937, W. J. Van Stockum found a solution to Einstein's equations that made time travel possible. He calculated that if you take an infinitely long cylinder and spin it up to a speed close to the speed of light, then it would drag the matter of space-time with it. (This "frame-dragging" effect is also known as "frame trapping" and is calculated for rotating black holes.)

Any brave man who ventured past the cylinder would be sucked in with fantastic speed. At the same time, it would seem to an outside observer that that person exceeded the speed of light. Although he himself In 1937, physicists noticed this danger when W. J. Van Stockum found a solution to Einstein's equations, which made time travel possible. He calculated the effects of an infinitely long rotating cylinder. Although it is physically impossible to build an object with infinite dimensions. Van Stockum himself did not understand then that by flying around the cylinder, in fact, you can go back in time, to the moment preceding the moment of departure. The faster the cylinder spins, the farther back in time you can go (with the only limitation being that you couldn't get to a point in time before the cylinder itself was created). Unfortunately, Van Stockum did not develop his theory to the end; during the Second World War, he died fighting in the Royal Netherlands Air Force against Germany.

Kurt Gödel's Time Machine.

In 1949, the talented mathematician Kurt Gödel proposed mathematical model time machines. He found one of the solutions to Einstein's equation of gravity, more complex with some parameters of the gravitational field or curvature of space-time, which humanity has never encountered. Kurt Gödel, an Austrian mathematician, worked with Albert Einstein at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study.
He suggested that the universe rotates as a whole. Like the case of Van Stockum's spinning cylinder, everything is dragged along by space-time. Such a natural time machine. For example, a universe our size according to Gödel would have to complete one revolution every 70 billion years, and the minimum radius for time travel would be 16 billion light years. However, when traveling in time to the past, you must move at a speed slightly lower than the speed of light.
Einstein did not welcome the possibility of time travel in theory, which led to logical paradoxes like the grandfather paradox. He wrote: "The work of Kurt Gödel, in my opinion, is an important contribution to the general theory of relativity, especially to the analysis of the concept of time. The problem considered in the work bothered me even during the creation of the general theory of relativity, and I never achieved success in its resolution... The "earlier-later" distinction is erased when considering points of the Universe that are far apart in the cosmological sense, and when taking into account the direction of causal relationships, those paradoxes arise that Herr Gödel speaks of... It will be interesting to see if they can be discarded according due to insufficient physical justification.
In 1968, Academician A.D. Alexandrov proposed to evaluate the physical conditions under which Kurt Gödel's time machine is realized. It turned out that the implementation of this mechanism requires a speed slightly less than the speed of light, or the density of matter surrounding the time machine of the order of 10 ^ 28 g / cm ^ 3, which is consistent with Gödel's own conviction that it is impossible to build a time machine not because of logical contradictions, but only for technical reasons.

Kip Thorne's time machine

In 1988, Kip Thorne proposed a new model of the time machine. Kip Thorne, along with his colleagues Michael Morris and Ulvi Yurtsiver, Thorne announced that it would be possible to construct a time machine provided that strange forms of matter and energy, such as "exotic negative matter" and "negative energy", were somehow obtained. Why were such exotic forms of matter necessary? In order to cut out a wormhole from space, which connects two sections of space "A" and "B" in the shortest possible way. Plot In a wormhole, you need to start at near-light speed, then slow down, go back at the same speed. In portal A, time will move at a normal pace, in portal B, time will slow down. It is proposed to dive into portal B, reach A almost instantly, and then, as quickly as possible, rush to portal B through outer space. This will lead to the appearance of a time loop, which is equivalent to a time machine.


However, placing portal B in a strong gravitational field will lead, in accordance with the principle of equivalence, to a similar result. However, there is some difficulty here, which may be of decisive importance. The direction of the arrow of time in a wormhole not only does not coincide, but has an almost opposite direction with respect to the arrow of time in the rest of space. Maybe this is the ban that will nullify attempts to build a time machine.
The fact is that Stephen Hawking, an English astrophysicist who studies the problems of the beginning and end of the universe and black holes, once set a task for his colleagues: to find a law that prevents time travel. None of the colleagues could find a justification for such a ban, called "protection of history."

There are other fundamental difficulties in creating a Kip Thorne time machine. This creation in in large numbers negative energy. A small amount of so-called negative energy can be observed experimentally. The theoretical possibility of such an experiment was proved by the Dutch scientist Henrik Casimir in 1933, showing that two uncharged parallel metal plates can create negative energy. In 1948, this insignificant force was indeed measured, which proved the real possibility of the existence of negative energy. The Casimir effect exploits a rather unusual property of vacuum. According to quantum theory, empty space is filled with "virtual particles," and this is possible thanks to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which allows that primordial classical laws can be violated if these violations are short-lived. For example, due to the uncertainty principle, there is some probability that an electron and a positron can appear from nothing and then annihilate each other. Since the parallel plates are very close to each other, these virtual particles cannot freely enter the space between the plates. Thus, since there are many more particles around the plates than between them, this creates an outwardly directed force that slightly pushes the plates towards each other. This effect was accurately measured in 1996 by Stephen Lamoreau of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Negative energy is also contained in a black hole - near its "event horizon". As Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking have proven, a black hole is not perfectly black, as it emits energy slowly, though. This is because the uncertainty principle makes it possible for radiation to tunnel through the incredible gravity of a black hole. But since such a black hole loses energy, the "event horizon" narrows over time. Usually, if positive matter (for example, a star) is thrown into a black hole, then the "event horizon" expands. But if we dump negative matter into a black hole, then the “event horizon” will narrow. Thus, the emission of energy from a black hole creates negative energy near the "event horizon".

The universe and Mizner's time machine.


Mizner suggested simplified model Universe, with which it would be easier to do mathematical calculations. Imagine a room. The opposite walls of this room have mirror image properties and are identical to every point on the opposite wall. You can pass through the walls, but in this case, having disappeared, let's say in the left wall, we immediately appear on the right. Also, the points on the front wall of the house are identical to the points on the back wall, and the points on the ceiling are identical to the points on the floor. Thus, going in any direction, you will pass through one of the walls and appear on the opposite side. Now imagine that the walls slowly converge with the speed X1. Now, having passed the wall with our own speed X0, we will exit the opposite one with the speed X0 + X1. By repeating this one more time, the speed will increase to X0 + X1 + X1. And so every time until your speed reaches the speed of light. Stephen Hawking has carefully studied the Mizner space. He found that from a mathematical point of view, the right and left walls are almost identical to the two mouths-entrances of the wormhole portal. Thus, a wormhole is formed, identical to the one necessary for the functioning of the time machine. However, he noticed a contradiction. If you use a flashlight, then the beam of light will become more shifted in each passage through the wall. blue part spectrum. Then the shift of radiation will occur in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, then in the X-ray, and up to the moment when the radiation of the flashlight becomes so energetically pronounced that its gravitational effect itself begins to shift the walls of the room. This will lead to the collapse of the room - the universe. Thus, Stephen Hawking found the main obstacle to the creation of a time machine - the radiation at the input of the time machine will be amplified so many times (re entry) that it will quickly reach an energy level comparable to the beginning of the Universe, the Big Bang. This radiation will simply incinerate any creature that tries to pass the threshold of the time machine.

Gott's time machine.

In 1991, J. Richard Gott of the Princeton Institute proposed another solution to the Einstein equations that allowed for time travel. This new solution, without the need to look for negative energy, is close to a black hole or accelerates to the speed of light. Here it must be said about cosmic strings - exotic formations that could remain after the Big Bang in the Universe. The diameter of these formations is less than the diameter of the nucleus of an atom, while the length can reach millions of light years. At the same time, their mass is huge, given their monstrous density. Due to the superstrong gravitational field, these formations "cut out" a "cone" in space. Exploring Einstein's equations, he drew attention to the fact that the space around cosmic strings has the topology of a cone. And this means that, having described a circle around the cone, we note that the circumference is less than if the cone were straightened on a plane - there is no cut out sector. Having described a circle around the cosmic string, travelers will notice that their path has become shorter due to the "cut out section" of space-time. But that doesn't make such a trip time travel. Another thing is if these cosmic strings move relative to each other. The time direction of the second string will be a combination of the time and space changes of the first. Now, if the traveler is moving with the first string, then the interacting second string will shrink both space and time. And if the speed of approach of cosmic strings is comparable to the speed of light, then the effects of the "reduction" of space and time will create conditions for the emergence of time loops, that is, a time machine. Gott recalls: “When I discovered this solution, I was extremely excited. The solution used only positive matter, which moved at a speed not exceeding the speed of light. In comparison, solutions that attract portals require the presence of a more exotic negative-energy-dense substance ( that is, something that weighs less than nothing)".
Will a highly developed space civilization be able to detect in space suitable cosmic strings moving towards each other at a speed of 99.999999996% of the speed of light? Some of the theorists deny the very possibility of the existence of such exotic matter, which no one has yet observed. However, even if they exist, their collisions are even rarer. Gott proposes to influence the cosmic strings in such a way as to create a loop that self-disintegrates due to its gravity. Then flying around the decaying loop, you can get into the past. However, he himself acknowledges the difficulties along the way: "A collapsing loop of a cosmic string, large enough for you to be able to fly around it and go at least a year back in the past, would have to have the mass-energy of more than half of the entire galaxy" .

Ronald Malet time machine.


"In my work, I found another way. It turns out that, according to Einstein's theory, not only matter, but also light can create gravity. If gravity can affect time, and light can create gravity, then it is natural that light can also affect time So my idea is that light should be used to manipulate time, my time machine would look like light, a cylinder of constantly circulating light.
Let's imagine that the coffee in this cup is a certain amount of space, and the spoon is a swirling sheaf of light. Now, when I start stirring the coffee with a spoon, you can see what happens to the coffee. A ray of light moving in a circle does the same with space: space begins to wrap around it and creates a funnel. But if you rotate fast enough, then not only space, but also time will behave this way. According to Einstein's theory, time and space are inextricably linked, and what you do with space will invariably be reflected in time. So the funnel will be not only spatial, but also temporal. This will allow time travel."
“What I didn’t know when I started working on the project is that there are certain limitations. For example, if I turned on the device today, a time loop would start to form and I would leave it for 10 years in this state, then who -something would be able to travel 10, 7, 5 years ago, at the time the machine was turned on in. However, it would not be possible to travel to earlier times, because the time machine did not exist then.Thus, time travel is possible , but only from the future, when the device is turned on, during that period and not before.
This explains why we have never seen time travelers from the future - because a man-made time machine in our time has not yet been built and turned on. In other words, I am never destined, for example, to visit my father, which I would very much like. However, I must say that since I have achieved something in the theory of the question, my father could be proud of me. My passion allowed me to succeed, but it wasn't all-consuming because I now know that in addition to wanting to control time, it's also important to live in time. And even if time travel is possible in practice and we are all masters of our destiny, we all have only the present, and it is important to live this present on to the fullest. It's something I've learned while working on my project."

Amos Ori time machine.

According to Amos Ory of the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, space could be twisted enough to create a local gravitational field that resembles a doughnut of a certain size. The gravitational field forms circles around this doughnut, so space and time are tightly twisted. It is important to note that this state of affairs negates the need for any hypothetical exotic matter. Although how it will look in the real world is difficult to describe. Ori says the math has shown that at regular intervals, a time machine will form inside a donut in a vacuum. All you need is to get there. In theory, it would be possible to travel to any point in time since the time machine was built.