Biology test on mushrooms. A20. The function of the fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms is to
This material can be used to teach a lesson on the topic: "Mushrooms"
A week before the lesson, the students were given the task of growing a mold fungus at home on any nutrient substrate. Several objectives are perfectly achieved: children independently form material for laboratory work, they are involved in the process of preparing for the lesson, the ease with which spores fall onto the substrate helps to clearly demonstrate how small they are in size.
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During the lesson I used a PC and a projector. Using a multimedia projector, a presentation was shown that allowed students to recall previously studied material and obtain new information on the topic being studied.As reinforcement and independent work, students complete certain tasks followed by testing. The use of video clips from the documentary film "Mold" made it possible to clearly show microscopic mushrooms in an enlarged form.
A week before the lesson, students were given the task of growing mold on any substrate at home and bringing it to class. The ease with which the spores land on the substrate clearly demonstrates how small the spores are.
Annotation: fifth lesson (out of six) in the topic "Bacteria and Fungi". To achieve the goals and objectives, I used an individual answer at the board using visual aids; frontal conversation with the class; a story with elements of conversation; demonstration of natural objects: mucor mushroom on bread, polypore fungus, dry yeast, raw yeast, dissolved in water with added sugar; performance test task; independent work students with a textbook, filling out the table "The role of mushrooms in nature and human life." Since the objects being studied are microscopically small, the presentation and video clips of the film “Mold” help to clearly show them in an enlarged form, to learn a lot of interesting things about the “curse of the pharaohs,” the production of Roquefort cheese, and the discovery of penicillin in Russia.
The purpose of the lesson: continue to acquaint students with the characteristic features of mushrooms and their various representatives.
Tasks:
Equipment: replicas of fruiting bodies cap mushrooms, tables: “Structure of cap mushroom”, “Edible and inedible mushrooms”, “Molds and Yeasts”, “Smut mushrooms”, etc., natural objects - fruiting bodies of tinder fungi, colonies of mold fungi on various substrates, yeast, images mushrooms, ready-made microspecimen "Mold fungus mukor", computer, multimedia projector, screen, pointer.
During the classes
I. Updating knowledge.
Answer the questions:
- Why are mushrooms usually classified as a separate kingdom?
- What characteristics of fungi are also characteristic of representatives of the plant kingdom?
- What characteristics of fungi are also characteristic of representatives of the animal kingdom?
- What type of nutrition is typical for mushrooms?
- What methods of obtaining food do fungi have?
- What methods of reproduction are found among representatives of the fungal kingdom?
- What mushrooms are called cap mushrooms? Tell us about the structure of a cap mushroom. What is mycelium? SLIDE 1.
- What is the function of the fruiting body of mushrooms?
- What is the main difference between tubular mushrooms and lamellar mushrooms? SLIDE 2. Which mushrooms are tubular and which are lamellar?(using the example of dummies).
- Which mushrooms are edible and which are poisonous? SLIDE 3.
- What is mycorrhiza? SLIDE 4.
II. Learning new material.
Molds, their habitat. Differences between mold fungi and cap fungi. The role of mold fungi in nature. (Teacher's story with elements of conversation, demonstration of molds on substrates, tables, film "Molds".
Teacher. You already know that among mushrooms there are also those thatdo not form fruiting bodies.Try to give examples of such mushrooms.
(Children answer.) Molds, yeast.
Teacher. Many of these mushrooms live next to us, in our houses and apartments. Often we don’t even notice them until they become too obvious. What kind of mushrooms do you think we are talking about?
(Children answer.) We are talking about mold fungi.
Teacher. What mushrooms do people use in baking?
(Children answer.) When baking bread, a person uses yeast.
SLIDE 5.
1) Teacher. Notice how different the mushrooms are. Let's take a closer look at them.(Demonstration of a video clip). When people talk about black mold, they mean a fungus.Black Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger). SLIDE 6. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus develop both on soil and on various products of plant origin. Fungal colonies in the form of mold can be white, bluish, greenish or other shades. Fungal spores are scattered in the air, so if you leave bread, jam, or other food scraps for several days, mold will soon form on them. Aspergillus develops on wet tanned leather, rotting plant debris, and damp wallpaper.
Aspergillus black is widely used in the steam industry (used to make paints and inks), but in a number of tropical countries this fungus causes disease in the sprouts of peanuts, sorghum, cotton, and grapes.
This mushroom is dangerous for humans. You've probably all heard about "Curse of the Pharaohs"? Many of those who opened the tombs of the pharaohs died. This was attributed to the curse of the pharaohs. In fact, it turned out that on the walls of the tombs, on objects, on the mummies of the pharaohs, the fungus Aspergillus niger was alive (for thousands of years!).(Video clip).
2) SLIDE 7. Mucor mushroom most often found on old bread, especially if it has been in storage for some time. moist heat place (for example, in plastic bag). If you follow the development of this fungus, you will notice that a fluffywhite coating. What do you think it is?(Children answer.) This is where mold started to grow.
The mycelium of the mucor mushroom actually consists of one a highly expanded and branched cell witha large number of coresin the cytoplasm. The mycelium threads are thin and colorless, which is why young mold has the appearance of a white fluff.
SLIDE 8. But some hyphae grow vertically upward. Ball-shaped extensions appear at their ends. These balls ripen disputes mushroom. Once the spores have matured, the sporangium ruptures and the spores are released. Very controversial small, invisible to the naked eye, they can only be seen with a sufficiently powerful microscope. In addition, disputes extremely light. How do you think these disputes are spreading?
(Children answer.) They are carried by the wind.
Once in favorable conditions (warmth and certain humidity), the spores germinate, resulting in the formation of new mycelium.
Which method of obtaining food do you think is typical for the mucor mushroom? This saprophytic mushroom. He eats ready-made organic substances non-living plants. But this fungus settles not only on bread. It is also found on other foods, such as fruits and vegetables, jams, etc.
Some types of mucor can cause diseases in humans and animals. And Chinese mukor has long been used as a starter in the preparation of soy cheese and some other dishes.(Demonstration of natural flour on bread).
But some molds are beneficial, they are called noble mold.(Video clip).
3) SLIDE 9. Quite often you can find another mushroom in our homes. This is a mushroom penicillium This fungus can live on food and soil. Unlike mucor, penicillium mycelium does not consist of one cell, but is divided by partitions intoindividual cells.Penicillium cells single-core. Individual hyphae, like those of mucor, rise vertically upward, forming special branches at the ends in the form brushes. These branches end in chains of spores, which, as they mature, are separated and carried by a current of air. Some species of this mushroom are specially bred in laboratories for medical purposes. The fact is that the cells of some types of penicillium contain substances that kill or suppress the vital activity of certain pathogenic bacteria.
Medicine is made from this mushroom penicillin. SLIDE 10. Most often, this medicine is used for various infections that occur in open wounds. In addition, penicillium is widely used for pulmonary diseases and meningitis. Penicillin is antibiotic, that is, a substance that has a depressing effect on pathogenic bacteria and some viruses. Penicillin was discovered in 1929 by the English bacteriologist Alexander Fleming.
Work on penicillin was continued by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. A. Fleming, G. Flory and E. Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945.
In our country, work was also underway on the production of penicillin.(Video clip).
Yeast, its structure, nutrition, reproduction. Use of yeast in the food industry. (Teacher's story with elements of conversation, demonstration of raw, dry yeast, dissolved in water with added sugar).
SLIDE 11. In addition, mushrooms include yeast . This single-celled organisms, possessing all the basic properties of mushrooms. However, yeast does not form mycelium. About 500 species of yeast are known. Imagine that the packs of yeast sold in stores are living organisms, compressed into a briquette and frozen. If a small amount of yeast from a packet is diluted in water and looked at under a microscope, you can see many oval or oblong shaped cells. These are yeast cells. Inside the cells arevacuoles fat droplets.Individual yeast cells are often connected into branching structures. chains bizarre shape.
SLIDE 12. Yeast reproduce as a result budding. First, a tubercle appears on the mother cell, which constantly increases in size. Then the nucleus of the mother cell divides. Part of the nucleus remains in the mother cell, and part is sent to the budding daughter cell. The new young cell may completely separate from the mother cell or remain close to it. Gradually, young cells grow and form new daughter cells. As a result, a fairly long branched chain may arise, consisting of individual yeast cells.
When does yeast begin to reproduce?
If you add a little sugar and a drop of salt to water with yeast, the yeast cells will begin to actively grow and multiply. Yeast grows very quickly, which is due to its very high metabolic rate. At the same time, it changes greatly chemical composition environment. Yeast feeds on sugar, breaking it down into alcohol and carbon dioxide. As a result of this chemical process, energy is released, which the mushrooms use to ensure their vital functions. These features of yeast have long been used by humans in winemaking (yeast causes alcoholic fermentation), as well as in baking SLIDE 13 (carbon dioxide released by the yeast creates bubbles in the dough, causing the dough to become soft and fluffy).(Demonstration of a natural object: yeast dissolved in sweet water).
What type of nutrition was typical for the mushrooms we described earlier?
(Children answer.) Both molds and yeasts are saprotrophs.
What does it mean?
(Children answer.) This means that these fungi feed on the remains of living organisms or their secretions.
How do you think people fight this fungus on crop plants?To prevent the fungus from developing on agricultural plants, it is necessary to destroy its spores adhering to the seed grain. This is done usingcentrifugation,as well as some grainspickled with chemicals,for example, a solution formaldehyde.
3) Cereals, including those cultivated by humans, are also affected by a fungus calledbread rust. SLIDE 16. The mushroom got its name due to the fact that it primarily affects bread cereals. The development cycle of this fungus is very complex. This fungus first develops on other plants (often on barberry), and in early - mid-summer on various cereals, mainly on wheat. In one summer, the fungus produces several generations of spores. The spores are coloredrusty brown color,This is how the mushroom got its name. Sometimes so many spores are formed that, scattered by the wind, they form a layer of reddish dust on various objects. Bread rust strikes leaves and stems plants. But what harm does this do to a person?(Children make their guesses.)On plants infected with this fungus, ears may not form at all, or they may be small and the grain does not ripen. The spores of this fungus can be carried by the wind for hundreds and even thousands of kilometers, which makes it very difficult to control.
What solutions to this problem could you suggest?(Children make their guesses.)Agronomists have learned to deduce varieties of cereals, resistant to infection this mushroom.
(Children answer.) These mushrooms can most often be found in the forest on tree trunks.
What part of the mushroom do you think is usually visible to us?
(Children answer.) Usually on the surface of the tree there is fruit mushroom body.
- What is its function?
(Children answer.) Fungal spores form in it.
Where is the mycelium of the fungus (mycelium) located?
(Children answer.) Mycelium The mushroom is located inside the tree trunk. Mushroom hyphaedestroy woodtree, causing great harm to it. The wood of a tree infected with the fungus gradually becomes rotten; hollows often form in these trees and the trees break. The appearance of these fungi can greatly shorten the life of a tree.
But how can a tree become infected with this fungus?
(Children answer.) Disputes these fungi spread by the wind. They settle on various objects in the forest: soil, grass, tree trunks. If there is a wound or damage on the tree trunk, the spores penetrate under the bark, germinate and form mycelium. The mycelium gradually grows and after some time the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms are formed.
Fruiting bodies of polypores perennial. They grow every year, forming concentric influxes. What can you tell about a mushroom by the number of these influxes?(Children answer.) By the number of influxes one can judge age fruiting body of the mushroom.
On strawberries and wild strawberries - gray rot. SLIDE 21. Often lives on apples fruit rot. SLIDE 22. A mushroom called powdery mildew, SLIDE 23 often affects leaves, young shoots and fruits of gooseberries, as well as other plants such as potatoes, currants, tomatoes.
III. Consolidation of knowledge and skills (Completing a test task).
1. Mukora mycelium is:
A) multicellular formations;
B) one multinucleate cell;
B) one mononuclear cell;
D) non-cellular formation.
2. The fluffy white coating of mucor turns black after a while because:
A) its threads die and rot;
B) with age, black substances form in the threads;
C) spores form in its heads.
3. Carpal mushroom, from which medicine is produced:
A) penicillium;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) late blight.
4. Microscopic mushrooms, used by humans for a long time:
A) yeast;
B) Polypore;
B) mucor;
D) late blight.
5. Yeast reproduces:
A) disputes;
B) budding;
B) mycelium;
D) hyphae.
A) ergot;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) late blight.
A) mukor;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) late blight.
8. What fungus spores, if mixed with flour in food, can cause poisoning?
A) ergot;
B) smut;
B) tinder fungus;
D) late blight.
9. The fruiting body of which mushroom is shaped like a hoof?
A) late blight;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) ergot.
Independent work of students with the textbook.
Using the text of the textbook (textbook by V.V. Pasechnik 9,10), as well as the knowledge gained in the lesson and notes in the notebook, fill out the table.
Representatives | Biological features | Meaning in nature and human life |
Mukor | The mycelium is represented by a large, highly branched cell with many nuclei. It reproduces by areas of mycelium and spores. Spores are produced in capitate sporangia | Participates in the decomposition of plant residues. Causes a lot of damage economic activity people, spoiling food during storage |
Penicillium | The mycelium is multicellular, branched. It reproduces by areas of mycelium and spores. Spores are formed on the branches of sporangiophores | Causes food spoilage during storage. Used to produce antibiotics (penicillin) |
Yeast | The mycelium consists of oval or elongated rod-shaped mononuclear cells. They live in environments containing sugar. Reproduce by budding and spores | Participate in the decomposition of organic compounds, causing fermentation. They are used in the baking, confectionery industry, and in the production of feed products, proteins, and vitamins. They are objects of study by biochemists and geneticists |
tinder | Reduces the lifespan of trees. Participate in the decomposition of plant residues. Wooden buildings are destroyed. One of the species (chaga) is used in medicine |
|
Smut | Causes damage to agricultural grain farming. Reduces the yield of cereals or almost completely destroys it |
|
Ergot | They affect meadow and grain cereals, reducing grain yield. The spores of the fungus are poisonous and can cause poisoning. Some chemical substances mushroom is used in medicine |
|
Late blight | It affects leaves and tubers of potatoes, as well as leaves and fruits of tomato. Damages agriculture |
IV. Lesson summary. Homework.
P. 9, 10 Fill out the table to the end using the textbook material and additional literature.
References:
- Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: thematic and lesson planning for the textbook by V.V. Beekeeper "Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants": A manual for teachers / N.V. Dubinina, V.V. Beekeeper. - M.: Bustard, 2002.
Mushrooms
Tasks with a choice of one correct answer.
A1. The main difference between mushrooms and plants is that they:
1) have a cellular structure,
2) absorb water and mineral salts from the soil,
3) are both unicellular and multicellular,
A2. What features of the life activity of fungi indicate their similarity to plants?
1) accumulation of chitin in cell membranes,
2) unlimited growth throughout life,
3) consumption of finished organic substances,
4) mineralization of organic residues.
A3. The similarity between the life activity of mushrooms and animals is manifested in the fact that they:
1) absorb minerals from the surface of the hyphae,
2) feed on ready-made organic substances,
3) lead a sedentary lifestyle and disperse with the help of spores,
4) grow throughout life.
A4. Fungi, compared to bacteria, have a higher level of organization because:
1) according to the method of nutrition, they are heterotrophic organisms,
2) they can be found in different environments a habitat,
3) they act as destroyers in the ecosystem,
4) their cells have a formed nucleus.
A5. Organelles absent in fungal cells are:
1) plastids,
3) ribosomes,
4) mitochondria.
A6. The membrane of a fungal cell, unlike a plant cell, consists of:
1) fiber,
2) chitin-like substance,
3) contractile proteins,
4) lipids.
A7. For nutrition, saprotrophic mushrooms use:
1) air nitrogen,
2) carbon dioxide and oxygen,
3) organic substances of dead bodies,
4) organic substances created by them during the process of photosynthesis.
A8. Mycorrhiza fungus is:
1) mycelium on which fruiting bodies develop,
2) a collection of cells that perform similar functions,
3) complex interweaving of hyphae among themselves,
4) cohabitation of fungus and plant roots.
A9. Fungi as opposed to plants:
1) have unlimited growth,
2) do not have a cellular structure,
3) are not capable of photosynthesis,
4) have a formed nucleus in the cell.
A10. The interaction between a tree and a tinder fungus is an example:
2) symbiosis,
3) competition,
4) commensalism.
A11. Mycorrhiza forms:
2) champignon,
3) boletus,
4) ergot.
A12. In the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria, the cell wall consists of:
1) only from proteins,
2) only from lipids,
3) from proteins and lipids,
4) from polysaccharides.
A13. Mushrooms are:
1) a separate group of plants,
2) symbiosis of plants and bacteria,
3) a special group of animals,
4) a special group of living beings.
A14. Honey mushrooms, which feed on dead organic remains of stumps and fallen trees, belong to the group:
3) autotrophs,
4) symbionts.
A15. The relationship between a fungus and an algae in a lichen is called:
2) tenancy,
3) symbiosis,
4) freeloading.
A16. For the preparation of antibiotics in industry they use:
1) yeast,
2) mold,
3) tinder fungi,
4) cap mushrooms.
A17. Yeast obtains energy for vital activity by:
1) chemosynthesis,
2) photosynthesis,
3) protein biosynthesis,
4) alcoholic fermentation.
A18. Thin, colorless multicellular filaments that form the mycelium are called:
1) root hairs,
3) sieve tubes,
4) sporangia.
A19. Groups into which cap mushrooms are divided according to the structure of the lower layer of the cap:
1) lower and higher,
2) single-layer and multi-layer,
3) tubular and plate,
A20. The function of the fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms is:
1) absorption of water and minerals,
2) storage of organic substances,
3) formation of organic substances,
4) formation of disputes.
A21. Yeast is used in baking:
1) as a source of vitamins,
2) to neutralize harmful impurities,
3) to obtain porous, light bread and speed up baking,
4) for longer storage of bread.
A22. Sign of similarity between mushrooms and plants:
1) formation of glycogen,
2) the presence of plastids,
3) formation of starch,
4) absorption of substances from the soil by absorption.
A23. What are the cap and stem of a mushroom?
1) cells containing chloroplasts,
2) mycorrhiza,
3) fruiting body,
4) fungal organism.
A24. To produce the drug penicillin using biotechnology, the following are grown under special conditions:
1) bacteria,
2) algae,
3) viruses,
4) mold fungi.
A25. Mushrooms and plants are brought together:
1) autotrophic method of nutrition,
2) heterotrophic mode of nutrition,
3) the presence of organs and tissues,
4) the presence of a cell wall and reproduction by spores.
Tasks with multiple choice of correct answers.
IN 1. By what characteristics can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?
A) feed on ready-made organic substances,
B) have a cellular structure,
C) grow throughout life,
D) have a body consisting of hyphae,
D) suck nutrients body surface,
E) have limited growth.
AT 2. Mushrooms, like plants:
A) grow throughout life,
B) have limited growth,
C) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body,
D) feed on ready-made organic substances,
E) have a cellular structure.
Compliance tasks.
AT 3. Match the groups of mushrooms based on their feeding habits and their examples.
GROUPS OF MUSHROOMS EXAMPLES OF MUSHROOMS
A) saprotrophs, 1. fly agaric,
3. late blight,
4. smut,
5. yeast,
6. ergot.
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the groups of fungi based on the structure of the fruiting body and their examples.
GROUPS OF MUSHROOMS EXAMPLES OF MUSHROOMS
A) Tubular mushrooms, 1. porcini mushroom,
B) Lamellar mushrooms. 2. wave,
3. boletus,
4. boletus,
5. champignon,
6. Russula.
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the group for which it is characteristic.
GROUPS OF ORGANISMS SIGNS OF ORGANISMS
A) Mushrooms, 1. are classified into a special kingdom,
B) lichens. 2. the body is a thallus,
3. have a fruiting body,
4. according to the method of nutrition - auto-heterotrophs,
5. enter into symbiosis with plant roots,
6. represent a symbiosis of fungi and algae.
Tasks to establish the correct sequence.
AT 6. Establish the sequence of phases of development of the cap mushroom, starting with the entry of spores into the soil.
A) Germination of spores and formation of mycelium,
B) maturation of the fruiting body and formation of spores,
B) formation of the fruiting body,
D) spread of spores.
Free-response tasks (C1-2 - short, C4-5 - extended)
C1. What basic rule must be followed when collecting mushrooms to maintain their numbers?
C2. Why is the soil in forest plantations populated with mycorrhizal fungi?
C3. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them.
C4. Why are mushrooms classified as a special kingdom of the organic world?
Mushrooms Answers to tasks in Part A
Answers to tasks in Part B
Answers to tasks in part C
C1. The mycelium should not be damaged, since new fruiting bodies will not grow on the destroyed mycelium.
C3. Response elements:
Errors were made in the sentences:
- 2 - among fungi there are also unicellular ones, for example, yeast;
- 3 - there are no autotrophs among fungi (since their cells do not have chlorophyll);
- 4 - the cell walls of fungi consist of chitin, not cellulose.
C4. Response elements:
- mushrooms cannot be classified as plants, since their cells do not contain chlorophyll and chloroplasts;
- mushrooms cannot be classified as animals, since they absorb nutrients over the entire surface of the body, and do not swallow them in the form of food lumps;
- mushrooms, unlike animals, grow throughout their lives;
- the body of mushrooms consists of thin branching threads - hyphae, forming mycelium, or mycelium;
- mycelial cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.
C5. Response elements:
- their cells do not have chloroplasts and do not contain chlorophyll;
- they are heterotrophic, incapable of photosynthesis;
- they have a cell wall made of chitin.
Option 1
A1. Biologists unite all fungi into a systematic group
1) genus 2) department 3) kingdom 4) family
A2. According to the type of nutrition, mushrooms are organisms
1) heterotrophic 2) autotrophic
3) photosynthetic 4) chemosynthetic
A3. The vegetative body of mushrooms is formed
1) roots 2) shoot 3) mycelium 4) organ system
A4. Mushrooms reproduce asexually using
1) gametes 2) seeds 3) spores 4) sperm
A5. The mutually beneficial relationship between a plant and a fungus is an example
A6. A mold whose entire mycelium consists of one cell is
1) mucor mushroom 2) porcini mushroom 3) yeast 4) penicillium
A7. Morels and lines are close in systematic position to mushrooms
1) cap 2) penicillium 3) yeast 4) mucor
A8.In the fruiting body of a cap mushroom
1) spores mature 2) gametes fuse
3) seeds ripen 4) buds are formed
A9. Mushrooms play a role in the cycle of substances in nature
1)producer of organic substances
2) photosynthetic organism
3) herbivorous organism
4) destroyer of organic substances
A. The nutrient glycogen is stored in fungal cells.
B. The mycelium of cap mushrooms has a cellular structure.
B. The fruiting body of the cap mushroom is formed by hyphae.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
The fungal cell contains
1) outer membrane 3) unformed nucleus 4) cytoplasm
2) chloroplast 5) cell wall 6) flagellum
1) late blight 4) tinder fungus 3) ergot 6) boletus
2) flour 5) yeast
A. Form organic substances in the light 1. Mushrooms
B. Store nutrient - glycogen 2. Plants
B. They store the substance starch.
D. They feed by absorbing ready-made nutrients
B6. Establish a correspondence between the types of cap mushrooms and the systematic groups to which they belong.
TYPES OF CAP MUSHROOMS SYSTEMATIC GROUPS
A. Trutovik 1. Marsupial mushrooms
B. Morel 2. Cap mushrooms
V. Yeast
G. Pale grebe
Write down the corresponding numbers in the table.
IN 1. Assignment to work with drawing 1.
Fig.1
1) cap mushroom on the soil 3) soil bacteria
2) yeast in dough 4) flour on bread
Option 2
A1. Science deals with the study of mushrooms
1) zoology 2) mycology 3) botany 4) anatomy
A2. Absent in fungal cells
1) nucleus 2) cytoplasm 3) chloroplast 4) outer membrane
A3. The fruiting body of mushrooms is formed
1) hyphae 2) roots 3) fruit with seeds 4) stem with buds
A4. Yeasts reproduce by
1) sexual 2) budding 3) fusion of nuclei 4) fertilization
A5. The threads of the mycelium and the roots of the plant together form
1) fruiting body of the fungus 2) spore-bearing tissue of the plant
3) mycorrhiza 4) fungal spores
A6. Mold or white coating forms on bread
1) cap mushroom 2) mucor mushroom 3) yeast 4) bacteria
A7.The body of baker's yeast consists of
1) caps and legs 2) tissues 3) one cell 4) soil mycelium
A8. The ergot fungus, which lives on cereals, feeds
1) in the process of photosynthesis 2) as a symbiotic organism
A9. Russula mushroom is a closely related organism
1) penicillium 2) fly agaric 3) yeast 4) mucor
B1.Are the following statements true?
A. The cell membrane of fungi includes the carbohydrate chitin.
B. The disease ringworm is caused by chemosynthetic bacteria.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
B2.Are the following statements true?
A. Polypore hyphae grow in the wood of trees.
B. Phytophthora is a fungus that carries out the process of photosynthesis.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
B3.Choose three true statements.
Representatives of the fungal kingdom reproduce
1) spores 2) seeds 3) parts of mycelium 4) roots 5) gametes 6) budding
B4. Choose three true statements.
The composition of the cap mushroom includes
1) soil mycelium 2) plant roots 3) cap of the fruiting body 4) rhizome
5) stem of fruiting body 6) shoot
B5. Establish a correspondence between the peculiarities of the life activity of organisms and their belonging to the kingdom of living nature.
FEATURES OF THE LIFE ACTIVITIES OF THE KINGDOM OF LIVING NATURE
A. They feed by ingesting food particles 1. Mushrooms
B. Unlimited growth in most organisms 2. Animals
B. Active movement
D. They feed by absorbing substances
D. Immobile, lead an attached lifestyle
Write down the corresponding numbers in the table.
B6. Establish a correspondence between the types of cap mushrooms and the groups to which they belong.
TYPES OF CAP MUSHROOMS GROUP
A. Boletus 1. Tubular
B. Russula 2. Lamellar
IN. Porcini
G.Mukhomor
D. Boletus
Write down the corresponding numbers in the table.
IN 1. Assignment to work with drawing 2.
Fig.2
A.What organism is shown in the picture?
1) cap mushroom 2) yeast 3) penicillium 4) morel
B. The named organism eats
2) breaking down organic substances 4) as a symbiont
B. The role of the depicted organism in the economic activities of people is that it
3) edible 4) poisonous
Training tests on the topic “Mushrooms”
1. What are the similarities between mushrooms and plants?
1) they create organic substances from inorganic ones
2) they cannot actively move
3) their cells have a chitinous membrane
4) they have a well-developed root system
2. What is the function of the mycelium located in the soil?
1) absorbs water, mineral salts and organic substances
2) forms spores involved in reproduction
3) participates in the formation of germ cells
4) forms root hairs
3. Fungi are obtained from the plant using hyphae that penetrate the cells of tree roots.
1) water 2) vitamins 3) organic substances 4) mineral salts
4. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) absorb minerals using hyphae
2) feed on ready-made organic substances
3) lead a sedentary lifestyle and disperse with the help of spores
4) grow throughout life
5. What organisms enter into symbiosis with trees and provide them with water and minerals?
1) cap mushrooms 2) molds 3) yeast 4) bacteria
6. Chloroplasts are not contained in cells
1) white poplar 2) porcini mushroom
3) sphagnum (white moss) 4) beet leaves
7. To which kingdom belongs the organism whose body
is mycelium made up of hyphae?
1) plants 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) lichens
8. What does the fruiting body of the cap mushroom consist of?
1) cells of different structure and functions 3) different tissues
2) tightly intertwined hyphae 4) specific organs
9. The main function of the fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms is
1) providing fungal cells with minerals
2) supply the fungus with organic substances
3) vegetative propagation by parts of the cap
4) formation of spores for reproduction
10. White mushroom in forest biogeocenosis
1) destroys organic substances to minerals
2) enters into symbiosis with tree roots
3) enriches the soil with humus
4) serves as an indicator of environmental pollution
11. The breakdown of dead organic residues into mineral residues in biogeocenosis is carried out
1) molds 2) nodule bacteria
3) tinder mushrooms 4) porcini mushrooms
12. Mycorrhiza is
1) hyphae of the fungus on which the fruiting body develops
3) plant disease caused by fungi
4) fungal hyphae fused with plant roots
13. What is the difference between mushrooms and plants?
1) presence of a nucleus 2) unicellular and multicellular organisms
3) absorb water from the substrate 4) lack of chlorophyll
14. What method of reproduction is typical for yeast?
1) sexual process 2) vegetative 3) budding 4) conjugation
15. The causative agent of ringworm belongs to
1) viruses 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) lichens
16. Which organism is NOT multicellular?
1) yeast 2) champignon 3) polypore 4) penicillium
17. What mushroom lives in symbiosis with the roots of a tree?
1) ergot 2) birch chaga 3) boletus 4) puffball
18. Why are porcini mushrooms often found in oak forests?
1) There is a lot of light in the oak forest.
2) Porcini mushrooms form mycorrhiza with oak roots.
3) Porcini mushrooms have no competitors in the oak forest.
4) In the oak forest there are no animals that feed on porcini mushrooms.
19. One of the signs by which mushrooms are classified as an independent kingdom is that they
1) live in the soil 2) immobile heterotrophs
3) capable of photosynthesis 4) consist of cells that do not have nuclei
20. What gas do mushrooms absorb during respiration?
1) ozone 2) nitrogen 3) oxygen 4) carbon dioxide
21. For production medicines grow mushroom
1) mucor 2) penicillium 3) late blight 4) champignon
22. The vast majority of mushrooms according to their feeding method:
23. The fruiting bodies of which mushrooms have a stump and a cap:
1) line 2) truffle 3) raincoat 4) boletus
24. Yeast refers to:
1) algae 2) fungi 3) lichens 4) bacteria
25. The cell wall of fungi consists of:
1) chitin 2) glycogen 3) protein 4) cellulose
26. The microorganisms shown in the figure are:
1) yeast 2) chlamydomonas
3) Escherichia coli 4) sphagnum
27. Cap mushrooms include:
1) toadstool 2) penicillium 3) mucor 4) yeast
28. Mycorrhiza forms:
1) mukor; 2) champignon; 3) boletus; 4) ergot.
29. The fruiting body is a part of:
1) boletus 2) yeast 3) flour 4) penicillium
30. Tubular mushrooms include:
1) toadstool 2) raincoat 3) boletus 4) fly agaric
31. What is shown in the picture:
1) unicellular algae chlorella 3) penicillium
2) mucor mold 4) chlamydomonas
32. The ability to photosynthesis is possessed by:
1) saprotrophic bacteria 2) viruses 3) plants 4) fungi
33. The mycelium of the mushroom consists of:
1) organs and tissues 3) many individual cells
2) one tissue 4) many intertwining threads (hyphae).
34. The plant disease shown in the figure is called:
1) smut 2) ergot 3) powdery mildew 4) rust
35. Many cap mushrooms live only in association with trees, so they are classified as
1) chemotrophs 2) phototrophs 3) autotrophs 4) symbionts
36. Mushrooms are:
1) a separate group of plants; 2) symbiosis of plants and bacteria;
3) a special group of animals; 4) a special group of living beings
37. To preserve the diversity of mushrooms, when collecting them, you must not damage the mycelium, as it
1) improves soil fertility
2) serves as a place for the formation of disputes
3) protects the soil from erosion by water
4) absorbs water and minerals from the soil
38. The belonging of fungi to heterotrophic organisms is evidenced by
1) absence of plastids in cells
2) absence of chromosomes in cells
3) the presence of nucleus and cytoplasm in cells
4) the presence of a plasma membrane in cells
39. Mushroom spores, like plant spores, are
1) cells serving for reproduction and settlement
2) elongated cells that perform nutritional functions
3) cells from which complex weaves are formed
4) many elongated cells that perform the function
gas exchange with the environment
40. Canned mushrooms last longer than fresh ones because
1) they are low in nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates
2) they are in a jar closed with a lid
3) there are no conditions necessary for the life of putrefactive bacteria
4) they were washed clean before canning
1) treat with growth stimulants before sowing
2) do not grow plants in areas located near the forest
3) treat seeds with pesticides before sowing
4) harvest in a short time
42. What vital process of yeast underlies its use for making dough?
1) release of oxygen
2) rapid reproduction
3) formation of organic substances from inorganic ones
4) release of carbon dioxide during fermentation
43. Oh more high organization fungi compared to bacteria indicates
1) the presence of a nucleus in their cells, the predominance of multicellular organisms
2) the presence in their cells of the membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
3) the ability of fungi to enter into symbiosis with plants
4) participation in the cycle of substances in nature as destroyers of organic substances
Three out of six answers
Q 1. How are fungi and plants similar?
A) constitute a group of heterotrophic organisms
B) constitute a group of nuclear organisms
B) act as destroyers of organic substances in the ecosystem
D) have a cellular structure
D) have a similar metabolic process
E) reproduce asexually and sexually
Q 2. How do fungi differ from bacteria?
A) constitute a group of nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
B) belong to heterotrophic organisms
B) reproduce by spores
D) unicellular and multicellular organisms
D) when breathing, they use oxygen from the air
E) participate in the cycle of substances in the ecosystem
Q 3. It is incorrect to classify mushrooms as plants, since they
A) feed on ready-made organic substances
B) grow throughout life
D) act as destroyers of organic substances in the ecosystem
D) constitute a group of nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
E) breathe oxygen from the air
Q 4. How are fungi different from plants?
A) motionless and growing throughout life
B) feed on ready-made organic substances
B) nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
D) do not have chloroplasts and are not capable of photosynthesis
D) synthesize chitin in cells
E) absorb nutrients throughout the body surface
B 5. The function of mushrooms in the cycle of substances is that they:
1) decompose organic matter
2) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones
3) as part of trophic chains they are consumers
4) as part of trophic chains they are decomposers
5) consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide
6)consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen
Match
B 6. Match the characteristics of the mushroom
and the group to which she belongs.Characteristics of mushrooms Groups of mushrooms
1) form fruiting bodies A) cap
2) consist of mycelium and stalks B) mold
with head or brush3) often grow on food products, causing their damage
4) used to obtain medicines
5) enter into symbiosis (cohabitation) with plant roots
6) many people use it as food
Q 7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the mushroom and the group to which it belongs.
Characteristics of mushrooms Groups of mushrooms
1) multicellular A) capped
2) unicellular B) yeast
3) reproduce by budding
4) reproduce by parts of mycelium
5) form fruiting bodies
6) used in baking bread
Q 8. Establish a correspondence between the example of a mushroom and a group of organisms that differ in the way they feed.
Examples of mushrooms Groups of organisms2) penicillium B) saprotrophs
3) late blight
5) smut
Q 9. Establish a correspondence between the function and the part of the mushroom that performs this function.
Functions of the mushroom
1) absorbs water and minerals
2) accumulates organic substances in cells
3) forms disputes
4) carries out vegetative reproduction
5) enters into symbiosis with tree roots
Q 10. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of an organism and its belonging to the kingdom.
SIGN OF AN ORGANISM
A) according to the method of nutrition - autotrophs and heterotrophs
B) according to the method of nutrition - only heterotrophs
B) the cell has a formed nucleus
D) the body is formed by hyphae
D) nuclear substance is located in the cytoplasm
Q 11. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the kingdom of living organisms:
A) synthesis of organic substances from inorganic ones
B) division of the body into root, stem and leaves
B) heterotrophic type of nutrition
D) presence of tissues
D) the body consists of intertwining threads
E) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
Q 12. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the kingdom of living organisms:
A) absorption of food over the entire surface of the body
B) lack of real tissues
C) the ability to exist in symbiosis with plants
organisms
D) active capture of food
D) absence of a rigid cell wall
E) reproduction by spores
B 13. Many species of angiosperms have young
the roots grow together with fungal hyphae and form ________. Such relationships between organisms are called ____________.
List of terms:
1— competition
2—symbiosis
3— nodules
From 1.1. What harm does the tinder fungus cause to birch?
From 1.2. Why is the soil in forest plantations populated with mycorrhizal fungi?
From 1.3. What basic rule must be followed when collecting mushrooms to maintain their numbers?
From 1.5. Why are mushrooms classified as a special kingdom of the organic world?
From 1.6. What are the structural features and vital functions of mushrooms?
Since 1.7. What are plant and fungal spores?
C 2. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them.
1. Mushrooms occupy a special position in the system of the organic world; they cannot be classified either in the plant kingdom or in the animal kingdom, although there are some similarities with them.
2. All mushrooms are multicellular organisms, the basis of the body of which is mycelium, or mycelium.
4. Like plants, fungi have strong cell walls made of cellulose.
5. Mushrooms are immobile and grow throughout their lives.
Read the text and complete the tasks
MYCORRHIZA
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis of a fungus with the roots of woody plants. It has been established that without mycorrhiza, trees develop worse, are stunted, weakened, and more often susceptible to diseases.
The fungal mycelium, which can be compared to the root hairs of plant roots, forms a sheath around the root or penetrates the tissues of the host plant.
Mycorrhiza is found mainly in spruce, pine, birch, aspen, oak and other trees. In this case, the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms can be seen near the trees. At the same time, the heterotrophic fungus receives carbohydrates and vitamins from the tree and, in turn, breaks down the proteins of soil humus into amino acids; Some of the amino acids are absorbed and used by the tree. Due to the mycelium of the fungus, the absorption area of water and minerals increases.
N W Read the text “Mycorrhiza”. Fill in the table “Symbiosis of fungi and plants” in the columns marked with numbers 1, 2, 3.
SYMBIOSIS OF MUSHROOM AND PLANT
C 4 Using the text “Mycorrhiza” and knowledge about soil nutrition of plants, compare the hyphae of the fungus and the root hairs of the plant. What do they have in common and how are they different?
C 5 Based on the materials in the text “Mycorrhiza,” suggest why, during artificial plantings of tree species in nurseries, during reforestation after clearing, pieces of mycelium or individual hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi are introduced into the soil? How does the nutrition of mushrooms differ from the nutrition of plants?
The test contains a number of tasks aimed at testing knowledge about the Kingdom of Mushrooms. The first task is to work with a drawing. The second task is questions with one correct answer. The third task is working with food chains. The fourth task is to choose the correct statements.
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"Test on the topic "General characteristics of the Kingdom of Mushrooms""Exercise 1 Look at the picture and label the parts of the mushroom ( work is done in a notebook )
Task 2 Choose one correct answer for each test question
1. Mushrooms are similar to plants because
a) capable of photosynthesis; b) capable of unlimited growth;
c) consume ready-made inorganic substances; d) contain cellulose.
2. Mushrooms are similar to animals because
a) motionless; b) absorb food by absorption;
c) are heterotrophs; d) contain chitin.
3. Tubular mushrooms include
a) wave; b) honey fungus; c) saffron milk cap; d) boletus.
4. Lamellar mushrooms include
a) white; b) russula; c) oil can; d) boletus
5. Which of the listed mushrooms are inedible?
a) tinder fungus; b) line c) morel d) oyster mushroom.
6. The vegetative body of mushrooms forms
a) mycorrhiza; b) hat; c) mycelium; d) leg
7. The symbiosis of mycelium and plant roots is called
a) mycorrhiza; b) mycelium; c) fruiting body; d) mycelium.
8. Late blight belongs to the class
a) imperfect mushrooms; b) oomycetes; c) basidiomycetes; d) marsupial mushrooms.
9. Mushrooms are not capable of photosynthesis because they
10. Mushrooms multiply
a) disputes; b) seeds; c) part of the root; d) part of the stem.
11. Poisonous mushrooms include
a) autumn honey fungus; b) russula; c) toadstool; d) tinder fungus.
a) form organic substances in the light; b) settle on food products;
c) settle on other living organisms; d) feed on ready-made minerals.
13. Fungi, unlike bacteria, have
a) formed core; b) cytoplasm; c) plastids; d) there is no cell membrane.
14. Mushrooms eat
a) oxygen; b) carbon dioxide; c) ready-made organic substances; d) mineral salts.
15. The mushroom receives from the tree with the help of mycelium
a) mineral salts; b) oxygen; c) organic substances; d) water.
16. The mushroom supplies the tree
a) oxygen; b) water and mineral salts; c) organic substances; d) starch.
17. Molds include
a) mukor; b) fox; c) yeast; d) smut
18. Cap mushrooms include
a) yeast; b) russula; c) smut; d) mukor.
19. To obtain medicine, a mushroom is bred
a) smut; b) yeast; c) mukor; d) penicillium
20. Yeast multiplies
a) eggs; b) zoospores; c) budding; d) spermatozoa.
Task 3 Make a branched power supply circuit according to the diagram.