Target: to acquaint students with the features of the transfer of substances in the body of animals, the structure of the circulatory systems of different animals.

Tasks:

• to form students' understanding of the structure of the circulatory systems of animals;
• To introduce the structure of the heart, the types of blood vessels and the composition of the blood.
• explain the dependence of the complication of the structure of the body and the structure of the circulatory system.

Equipment: computer, projector, presentation "Movement of substances in the body of animals" (Appendix 1. Smart Notebook program), interactive board, microscopes, micropreparations "Frog blood" and "Human blood".

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Teacher: Good afternoon! Today in the lesson we will continue to study the movement of substances in living organisms. But first let's check homework.

2. Checking homework.

"True or False" task. You put "+" if you think that this judgment is true, "-" if it is false.

I option

1. The water in the potato plant moves from the leaves to the tuber.
2. Organic substances move in the plant through the vessels of the wood.
3. The movement of the cytoplasm contributes to the slow movement of chloroplasts along the cell wall.
4. Sunflower loses up to 3 liters of water daily.
5. Vascular fibrous bundles are formed by conductive tissues.
6. When the water evaporates, the leaves of the plant cool.
7. Organic matter moves through the sieve tubes from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
8. Water enters the plant through the leaves.

II option

1. The movement of the cytoplasm provides movement in the cell nutrients and gases.
2. The movement of substances in the plant is provided by educational tissue.
3. The water in the plant moves from the leaves to the stems.
4. The underlying tissue forms the veins of the leaf.
5. Water evaporates from the cell surface in the form of steam through the stomata.
6. The movement of water and minerals in the plant is carried out through cells and vessels.
7. Old oak loses up to 2 liters of water daily.
8. Water enters the plant through the root hairs.

Answer card.

Surname Name _______________________________________

Mutual verification. Answers:

Option 1

Option 2

Peer review in pairs (publish the results; raise your hands with a score of "5", "4", "3", "2").

Rating "5" -0 errors

Rating "4" - from 1 to 3 errors

Rating "3" - 4 errors

Rating "2" - from 5 or more errors.

3. Learning new material.

Now let's move on to a new topic.

The topic of the lesson. Lesson topic Movement of substances in animals.

In this lesson, we'll learn peculiarities transport of substances in animal organisms, we will get acquainted with the structure and functions of the circulatory system in multicellular animals.

Look at the map of our country. It is crossed by transport lines. It is impossible to imagine a state without transport lines. So in any organism there are transport lines.

You already know that the transfer of substances in the body is a vital process. If we could look inside living organisms, we would see the following. IN unicellular organisms animals (for example, amoeba, ciliate shoe), the movement of nutrients in the cell occurs due to the movement of the cytoplasm. At the same time, the amoeba undergoes cytoplasmic rolling, and, consequently, the mixing of nutrients . In ciliates-shoes, a circular movement of the cytoplasm is carried out, which leads to the distribution of substances in the cell .

Multicellular animals have special organ systems for transporting substances.

In them, the transfer of nutrients and gases is carried out by blood or hemolymph, forming a special system - the circulatory system. It is made up of the heart and blood vessels , through which blood moves. For example, an earthworm has a developed circulatory system. . It consists of vessels through which blood moves. Blood is a red liquid that is located inside the blood vessels.

Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. Plasma is a colorless liquid. Blood cells are divided into red - erythrocytes, white - leukocytes and platelets. Red blood cells give blood a red color, as they include a special substance - the pigment hemoglobin. Combining with oxygen, it carries it throughout the body. Thus, carrying out the transport and respiratory functions of the blood. Leukocytes perform a protective function: they destroy pathogens that have entered the body. Platelets are involved in the process of blood clotting, for example, when injured.

Working with microscopes

You have microscopes and microslides of human and frog blood on your tables, let's look at them, determine the similarities and differences.

So, you saw that frog erythrocytes are larger than those of humans. They are spherical and have a nucleus. And in humans, there is no nucleus and the shape of a biconcave disk, which increases the area of ​​​​contact with oxygen and they can carry more oxygen.

Let's summarize: What are the functions of blood?

1. Carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body
2. Removes carbon dioxide and waste products
3. Protects against pathogens.

At earthworm The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels. The movement of blood through the vessels is provided by the contraction of the annular vessels. They connect the dorsal and abdominal vessels into a single closed system.

In insects and mollusks, hemolymph flows through the vessels - a colorless or greenish liquid that performs the functions of blood, similar to the functions of blood. Their circulatory system consists of blood vessels and a heart. From the heart, the hemolymph enters the vessels, and from them it pours into the spaces between the organs - the body cavity. Then she again gathers in the vessels and enters the heart. Such a circulatory system is called open .

So, animals have closed and open circulatory systems.

In vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, the circulatory system is arranged according to a single plan. It is closed, consists of blood vessels and a well-developed heart.

Among the vessels, there are arteries that carry blood from the heart, veins that carry blood to the heart, and the smallest vessels - capillaries that permeate the entire body of the animal. It is in the capillaries that the exchange of substances between blood and tissues takes place.

The heart consists of chambers - the atria and ventricles. In the atria, blood is collected from the veins, then enters the ventricles, and the contractions of the ventricles push it into the arteries, through which it diverges throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients.

The circulatory system in birds and mammals has reached the greatest development. They have a four-chambered heart and a closed circulatory system. Their blood carries a large amount of oxygen to the tissues, which maintains a high level of metabolism: all processes go quickly with the release a large number energy.

With the complication of the structure of animals, the circulatory system also became more complicated:

• fish have a 2-chambered heart (atrium and ventricle) and one circle of blood circulation;
• amphibians - 3 chambers (2 atria and 1 ventricle) and two circles of blood circulation;
• reptiles 3 chambers (with the exception of the crocodile) and two circles of blood circulation;
• birds and mammals 4-chambered heart (two atria and two ventricles) and two circles of blood circulation.

So, in conclusion, I want to ask you a question: What is the significance of the circulatory system? (Children's answers.)

4. Fixing the material.

1. Make a cluster 1 option - "Blood" and 2 option - "Heart".

2. Work with an interactive task at the blackboard (Appendix 2).

5. Homework.

1. Paragraph No. 12 (page 74-77).

2. Prepare additional information about animals with an unusual blood color.

6. Reflection.

You have apples of red, green and yellow color. I ask you to express your attitude to the lesson. Red - I liked it, yellow - not very much, green - I didn't like it.

Now let's hang apples on a tree and see how it turns out!

Importance of transport of substances in animals. Almost all animals have a special system for the transport and distribution of substances in the body. The exceptions are coelenterates and flat and round worms. Inside the body of these organisms, substances travel such insignificant distances that they can easily move by diffusion. In planaria, for example, the intestines are highly branched, and its branches go to all parts of the body (Fig. 4.10), which shortens the path of nutrients to the cells.

With an increase in the size of the body and the complexity of the structure, the amount of substances entering the body also increases. The distances that substances have to travel also increase, and simple diffusion is no longer enough to distribute them. In this regard, in the process of evolution, animals have formed circulatory system- system of blood vessels

fluid circulates (blood, hemolymph). The circulatory system serves to transport not only nutrients, but also gases involved in the process of respiration, decay products, hormones, antibodies and salts. In addition, in warm-blooded animals (birds, mammals), heat is transferred with the blood stream and evenly distributed in the body, which helps to maintain a constant body temperature and prevents overheating of deeply located organs.

Basic elements of the circulatory system. Animals have different groups developed different organization types of the circulatory system. However, they can distinguish the main elements that perform similar functions in all animals.

1. The main contractile organ that serves to push blood through the body's circulatory system. In most cases, this body is heart.

2. arterial system, responsible for the distribution and delivery of blood from the heart to all organs and tissues and thus playing the role of a pressure reservoir.

3. capillaries, thanks to which there is a transfer of substances between the blood and the cells of various tissues of the body.

4. venous system, which is a reservoir for blood and ensures its return to the heart -

In all animals, unidirectional blood flow (from the heart to the arteries, then to the capillaries, veins again to the heart) is ensured by the presence of valves, and the lumen of the vessels is regulated by the work of the smooth muscles of the vessel walls, which makes it possible to control the amount of blood flowing through a particular vascular bed and thereby redistribute the blood flow in the body.

Types of circulatory systems. In [animals, there are two types of circulatory system - closed And open (unclosed).

At closed circulatory system blood circulates in a closed cavity, within which it is carried from the heart through conducting vessels to organs and tissues and then, without leaving this cavity, returns to the heart (Fig. 4.11). Such a system is characteristic of annelids, chordates, and some other groups of animals.

Cyclostomes and fish (except lungfish) have one circle of blood circulation. Lung-breathing fish (the majority are extinct, the modern ones are represented by six relict species) and terrestrial vertebrates have two circulations.

Many invertebrates (molluscs, arthropods) the circulatory system is not closed. In this case, the hemolymph is ejected by the heart through the artery into the body cavity and, without entering the capillaries, directly washes the tissues. There are no veins through which blood would return to the heart, therefore, from the body cavity, blood enters directly into the heart, passing through valves that open at the moment his relaxation (Fig. 4.12).

The most important features of an open circulatory system are usually low blood pressure, difficulty in regulating its distribution, and slow return of blood to the heart. In this respect, the closed circulatory system is more dynamic.

Most animals and humans have everything substances obtained or allocated them to tap holes, are transported with blood. At some animals blood moves in a system of closed vessels (closed circulatory system), in others - by cavities

body and partly from osudam (open circulatory system ).

1. Why did animals need to develop a circulatory system?

1. What elements of the circulatory system perform similar functions in all animals?

3. What are the differences in the structure of closed and open types of circulatory systems and features of functioning?

1. All leaves have veins. What structures are they formed from? What is their role in the transport of substances throughout the plant?

The veins are formed by vascular-fibrous bundles that permeate the entire plant, connecting its parts - shoots, roots, flowers and fruits. They are based on conductive tissues, which carry out the active movement of substances, and mechanical ones. Water and minerals dissolved in it move in the plant from the roots to the aerial parts through the vessels of the wood, and organic substances - through the sieve tubes of the bast from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

In addition to conducting tissue, the vein contains mechanical cloth: fibers that give the sheet plate strength and elasticity.

2. What is the role of the circulatory system?

The blood carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and removes carbon dioxide and other decay products. Thus, the blood performs the respiratory function. White blood cells perform a protective function: they destroy pathogens that have entered the body.

3. What is blood made of?

Blood consists of a colorless liquid - plasma and blood cells. Distinguish between red and white blood cells. Red blood cells give the blood a red color, as they include a special substance - the pigment hemoglobin.

4. Suggest simple diagrams of closed and open circulatory systems. Point to them the heart, blood vessels and body cavity.

Diagram of an open circulatory system

5. Offer an experiment proving the movement of substances through the body.

We prove that substances move through the body using the example of a plant. Let's put in the water, tinted with red ink, a young shoot of a tree. After 2-4 days, we will pull the shoot out of the water, wash off the ink from it and cut off a piece of the lower part. Consider first a cross section of the shoot. On the cut, you can see that the wood is stained red.

Then cut along the rest of the shoot. Red stripes appeared in places of stained vessels, which are part of the wood.

6. Gardeners propagate some plants from cut branches. They plant twigs in the ground and cover with a jar until they are fully rooted. Explain the meaning of jars.

A high constant humidity is formed under the jar due to evaporation. Therefore, the plant evaporates less moisture and will not wither.

7. Why do cut flowers wither sooner or later? How can you prevent their rapid fading? Draw a diagram of the transport of substances in cut flowers.

Cut flowers are not a full-fledged plant, because they have removed the horse system, which provided adequate (conceived by nature) absorption of water and minerals, as well as part of the leaves that provided photosynthesis.

The flower fades mainly because in the cut plant, the flower, due to increased evaporation, there is not enough moisture. It starts from the moment of cutting, and especially when the flower and leaves are without water for a long time, have a large evaporation surface (cut lilac, cut hydrangea). Many greenhouse cut flowers find it difficult to tolerate the difference in temperature and humidity of the place where they were grown, with the dryness and warmth of living rooms.

But a flower can fade, or grow old, this process is natural and irreversible.

To avoid wilting and prolong the life of flowers, a bouquet of flowers should be in a special package that serves to protect it from crushing, penetration of sunlight, and heat from the hands. On the street, it is advisable to carry the bouquet with flowers down (moisture will always flow directly to the buds during the transfer of flowers).

One of the main causes of wilting of flowers in a vase is a decrease in the sugar content in tissues and dehydration of the plant. This happens most often due to blockage of blood vessels by air bubbles. To avoid this, the end of the stem is lowered into the water and an oblique cut is made with a sharp knife or secateurs. After that, the flower is no longer taken out of the water. If such a need arises, then the operation is repeated again.

Before placing cut flowers in water, remove all lower leaves from the stems, and roses also have thorns. This will reduce the evaporation of moisture and prevent the rapid development of bacteria in the water.

8. What is the role of root hairs? What is root pressure?

Water enters the plant through the root hairs. Covered with mucus, in close contact with the soil, they absorb water with minerals dissolved in it.

Root pressure is the force that causes the one-way movement of water from roots to shoots.

9. What is the significance of the evaporation of water from leaves?

Once in the leaves, water evaporates from the surface of the cells and in the form of steam through the stomata exits into the atmosphere. This process provides a continuous upward flow of water through the plant: having given up water, the cells of the pulp of the leaf, like a pump, begin to intensively absorb it from the vessels surrounding them, where water enters through the stem from the root.

10. In the spring, the gardener found two damaged trees. In one mouse, the bark was partially damaged, in another, the hares gnawed the trunk with a ring. What tree can die?

A tree may die, in which hares have gnawed the trunk with a ring. As a result of this, the inner layer of the bark, which is called the bast, will be destroyed. Solutions move through it. organic matter. Without their influx, the cells below the damage will die.

The cambium lies between the bark and the wood. In spring and summer, the cambium divides vigorously, and as a result, new bast cells are deposited towards the bark, and new wood cells towards the wood. Therefore, the life of the tree will depend on whether the cambium is damaged.

MBOU SOFIINSKAYA SOSH

LESSON PLAN IN BIOLOGY

6TH GRADE

MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS

Biology teacher

L.L. Lebedev

2013 – 2014 academic year

Routing biology lesson in 6th grade.

Lesson on the topic "Movement of substances in animals" - 1 hour.

The purpose of the lesson : to study the basic mechanisms of movement of substances in animals.

Lesson objectives :

1 –educational: continue the formation of students' knowledge about the transport of substances in the body, its features

in animals; reveal the complication of the transport system of animals in the process of their evolution; contribute

development of skills to apply the acquired knowledge in independent work with tasks;

2. – educational: to continue the formation of the ability to work in a team and find agreed solutions;

education of independence of judgments; fostering a culture of behavior in the classroom;

3 – developing: develop cognitive interest in biology; continue to develop self-reliance skills

work, emotional sphere, analysis of their work.

Lesson Form : combined lesson

Equipment : board, screen, computer, projector, ESM on the topic of the lesson, printed workbook, colour pencils.

UUD: cognitive, communicative, regulatory, personal.

Pedagogical technologies:

Person-centered learning;

Explanatory - illustrative teaching;

Verbal productive and creative activity;

Problem learning

Expected results:

Mastering the material in full in the lesson;

Application of the acquired knowledge in the performance practical tasks;

The ability to "operate" with biological terms.

STRUCTURE AND PROCESS OF THE LESSON

Table 1.

Lesson stage

Name of used ESM

(indicating serial number from Table 2)

Teacher activity

(indicating actions with ESM, for example, demonstration)

Student activities

Time

(in minutes)

1

Organizing time

Greets students in order to create a favorable atmosphere for the lesson. Checks readiness for the lesson. Reminds you of the rules of the lesson.

Greeting teachers, checking their readiness for the lesson

2

Motivation for learning activities

Stimulation of cognitive interest, setting the goal of the lesson.

Preparation for conscious perception of the material

3

Checking knowledge from the previous lesson.

№1. Conductive tissues of plants

Checking previously acquired knowledge of students.

Collective work on cards: vessels, sieve tubes, root, leaf, wood.

Using the EER material as a demonstration, students answer questions.

1) What is included in the transport conducting system in plants (vessels and sieve tubes)?

2) By what system does the movement of water with mineral salts (vessels) occur?

3) Long tubes consisting of dead cells, where the transverse partitions have dissolved - are these (vessels)?

4) Does water enter the conducting system of the plant from the (root)?

5) Living elongated cells, where the transverse partitions are pierced by the smallest pores - these are (sieve tubes0?

6) In the trunk of an oak, does water move along (vessels and wood)?

7) Organic substances enter the stem and root of the plant through sieves. tubes of (leaves)?

8) Organic substances move along the bast with the help of (sieve tubes)?

9) Do vascular bundles of leaf veins consist of (vessels and sieve tubes)?

10) In trees and shrubs, the main reserves of organic matter are deposited in the core and in (wood)?

Gives the task: sign the name on the self-control sheet, count the number of "+" and set marks for 1 task. Evaluation criteria:

13 "+" - rating "5"

12-10 "+" - score "4"

9-7 "+" - score "3"

6 and less "+" - score "2"

Answer the teacher's questions using cards.

For each answer in the self-assessment card, in task No. 1, they mark the result of their answer - “+” or “-”.

They sign their name on the self-control sheet, evaluate their work and give marks for 1 task.

5

Exploring a new topic.

Teacher's story with elements of conversation

Individual and group work of students

№ 2. Transport of substances in amoeba

No. 3. Hemolymph

№ 4. The circulatory system of vertebrates

№ 5. The structure of the blood

№ 6. The structure of the heart of a bird

1. So, how do plants provide their cells with the substances they need? How do animals move substances in the body? Indicates the topic of the lesson.

Using the EER materials as a demonstration, students answer questions. What animals belong to the unicellular kingdom? What is the structure of the body of an amoeba? What substances are necessary for the normal life of an amoeba? How do amoeba move these substances? In protozoa, the transfer of substances is carried out with the help of constant movement of the cytoplasm: amoeba prolegs surround food (bacteria, algae or other protozoa). Digestive juice is secreted from the cytoplasm surrounding the prey and thus a digestive vacuole is formed. Digestive juice dissolves some of the food substances and digests them. In the form of an aqueous solution, nutrients seep from the vacuole into the cytoplasm and are used for the vital processes it needs. ESM material is used to demonstrate amoeba nutrition.

Oxygen for respiration enters the cytoplasm of the amoeba through the entire surface of the body.

Gives a task. Names the evaluation criteria. Asks to evaluate each other's work in each pair of students and set marks for task 2.

2. What is the structural difference between multicellular organisms and protozoa? How do the cells of multicellular animals get all the substances necessary for life?

ESM material is used to demonstrate the movement of substances in insects and molluscs.

Many animals in the process of evolution have formed a special system for the transfer of substances - the circulatory system. In invertebrates, such as insects and mollusks, tissue fluid - colorless or greenish - circulates throughout the body, washing every cell and is called hemolymph. Hemolymph moves through vessels that perform functions similar to those of blood. Their circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The hemolymph from the heart enters the vessels, and then into the body cavity, where it washes every cell and gives it oxygen and nutrients, and takes away the waste products of metabolism. Then the hemolymph is collected in the vessels and enters the heart again .. Such a circulatory system is called open. Gives a task. Asks to evaluate the work of each other in each pair of students and set marks for task 3.

3. In vertebrates, blood is separated from the tissue fluid, which moves through the blood vessels and serves as an intermediary between the tissue fluid and the external environment. EOR material is used to demonstrate the types of blood vessels. EOR material is used to study the structure of blood and the functions of blood cells.

Gives a task. Controls and analyzes results completing this task.

EOR material is used to study the structure of the heart

Birds and animals have a heart consisting of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. The left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood - arterial, and the right side of the heart contains carbon dioxide - venous.

Complete tasks No. 3 on page 26 in the Printed Notebook

Orally answer the question. They exchange notebooks and check the correctness of the assignment, evaluate the work, give marks for the 2nd assignment.

Answer questions, listen to the teacher's story.

Complete tasks No. 4 on page 26 in the Printed Notebook. Orally answer questions. They exchange notebooks and check the correctness of the assignment, evaluate the work, give grades for the 3rd task.

Answer questions, listen to the teacher's story

In task No. 5 on page 26, the composition of the blood is recorded in the Printed Notebook.

Independently record the functions of blood cells and evaluate the results of 4 tasks.

They listen to the teacher's story, answer questions, sign the names of the main parts of the heart in task No. 6, p. 27 in the Printed Notebook. and evaluate the results of the 5 tasks.

7

Homework

Announces homework

- S 20, no. 1, no. 2, p. 25 in P.T.

and answers questions, gives the necessary comments to the homework.

Write down homework, get acquainted with the task, ask

questions.

8

Consolidation. Lesson results.

Reflection.

№ 7. Movement of substances in plants and animals

Organize a discussion with the class on the following questions:

What is the name of the most advanced transport system in animals?

What is blood made of?

What are the functions of blood?

What is the importance of the heart in the transport of substances in animals?

What is the difference between transport of substances in plants and animals?

(Or use the EOR test "Movement of substances in plants and animals)

Asks to fill out an activity assessment card in the lesson and put a self-assessment in the form of a mark according to the criteria recorded in the self-assessment sheet

They answer questions.

Fill out the map. Conduct a self-assessment. Hand over a notebook and a self-assessment sheet.

LIST OF EER USED IN THIS LESSON

Resource name

Type, type of resource

Information submission form

1

Conductive tissues of plants

I-type.

Demonstration.

Demo slide to test knowledge of the previous lesson

4

Circulatory system

5

Formed elements of blood

I-type. Demonstration. Interactive tool for explaining new material

Theoretical material on the topic "Blood, lymph, tissue fluid"

6

The internal structure of birds

I-type. Illustration Interactive tool for explaining new

Interactive tool for explaining new material

7

Transport of substances in the body

K-type. An interactive tool for independent work students

Interactive task with text, with the input of answers and automated verification

SHEET

SELF-CONTROL IN THE LESSON OF BIOLOGY

Grade ________ Lesson date ______________

F.I. student___________________________

Task number

Evaluation criteria:

Grade

13 "+" - rating "5"

12-10 "+" - score "4"

9-7 "+" - score "3"

6 and less "+" - score "2"

Rate your work:

"5" - completed all the tasks given to me "4" - completed all the tasks, but sometimes made mistakes "3" - often made mistakes, completed only half "2" - could not do anything correctly

Grade for the lesson "______"

Transport of substances in animals.

William Harvey in 1628 formulated circulation theory and proved it experimentally.

OK. No. 29 . Biology.

Nutrition, digestion and respiration provide the body with nutrients and oxygen that are necessary for life and must be delivered to the cells. How is this delivery?

In sponges, coelenterates, flatworms, this delivery is carried out by diffusion , in roundworms - body cavity fluid , and in annelids, molluscs, arthropods, chordates - circulatory system .

The transfer of substances throughout the body must be carried out quickly and efficiently. For this, the composition transport system includes:

- liquidin which substances dissolve (hydrolymph at the jellyfish hemolymph in arthropods, blood in molluscs and vertebrates)

- contractile organ, which will ensure the movement of fluid through the body (heart or modified blood vessels)

- blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

In sponges, coelenterates (Fig. 1), flatworms (Fig. 2) and roundworms no circulatory system. Nutrients and oxygen reach the cells by diffusion.

First circulatory system appears at annelids (Fig. 3). She is with them closed , But no heart , the movement of blood is due to pulsations of the spinal and annular vessels .

All other animals the central organ of blood circulation is heart , which together with vessels forms circulatory system (K.S.).

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart called arteries. They move into capillaries- small vessels in which the exchange of substances from the interstitial fluid is carried out through the walls. Vessels that carry blood to the heart, called veins.

ClosedK.S. aquatic vertebrates animals - fish, It has two-chambered heart and one circle of blood circulation . In land animals three-chambered or four-chambered heart and two circles of blood circulation: small (pulmonary ) And big.

Completely separated circulation circles onlyin birds and mammals , due to the presence of a four-chambered heart (Fig. 4).

Blood– liquidconnective tissue that moves through the bloodstream

system and carries out the transport of substances. blood delivery oxygen and

carbon dioxide to tissues and from them is carried out due to respiratory

pigments, which are either in solution (invertebrates)

or focused in blood cellserythrocytes (vertebrates).

Respiratory pigments :

red – hemoglobin (contains iron)

blue - hemocyanin (contains copper).

Let's look at the composition of blood using an example vertebrates.

The liquid part of the blood called plasma. Plasma consists of water, salts dissolved in it, nutrients and metabolic products. In plasma is cells – shaped elements blood: leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets.

red blood cells

Leukocytes

platelets

Functions blood carried out by its cells or intercellular fluid - plasma:

Respiratory(transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Nutritious(transfer of nutrients)

excretory(transport from cells to organs excreting metabolic products)

Thermoregulatory(transfer of heat from the muscles, liver throughout the body to maintain a constant body temperature)

Homeostatic(maintaining the constancy of the internal environment)

Protective(protection of the body from foreign substances and cells)

support(liquid blood takes part in the creation of the hydraulic skeleton in the earthworm, grape snail)

	Questions for self-control
	1. What is the transport of substances in animals? 2. What is the circulatory system? 3. What are the types of circulatory systems? 4. What organs form the circulatory system? 5. What is blood? 6. Name the main function of blood.
	7. What is the importance of the transport of substances in the animal body? 8. What is the general structure of the circulatory system in animals, its types? 9. What are the functions of blood in animals?
	10. What are the similarities and differences in the structure of the circulatory system of vertebrates?

Illustrations and information for practical work No. 4.

The circulatory systems of vertebrates.

Consider an illustration of the schematic structure of the circulatory systems and determine which group of vertebrates they belong to.

Comparative characteristics of the circulatory system in different groups of animals.

Animals	Characteristic features of the circulatory system
Protozoa	Absent, the transport of substances in the body is carried out by diffusion, as well as due to the movement of the cytoplasm and the activity of contractile vacuoles
Coelenterates	Absent, transport of substances - mainly by diffusion(polyps) or using ramifications of the intestinal cavity (jellyfish)
flatworms	Absent, transport of substances - by diffusion, which is facilitated by the flattened shape of the body and with the help of intestinal branches.
Round (primary cavity) worms	Absent. The transport of substances is carried out by the fluid of the primary cavity of the body, which is constantly moving.
annelids	٭ and consists of two main vessels - dorsal(blood flows to the anterior end of the body) and abdominal(blood flows to the posterior end of the body) and capillaries٭. Blood ٭ consists of plasma and cells, may be green, yellowish and red, contains respiratory pigments. The heart is missing.
shellfish	٭ . Most have a three-chambered heart (two atria and one ventricle) and is located in pericardial sac. Hemolymph red or blue.
arthropods	The circulatory system is open . Located on the dorsal side of the body pulsating vessel - heart, which provides fast movement hemolymphs. Hemolymph that is yellowish (contains nutrient-rich cells), bluish (contains hemocyanin), or red (contains hemoglobin)
lancelets	The circulatory system is closed and consists of two main vessels - dorsal (arterial blood flows to the posterior end of the body) and abdominal (venous blood flows to the anterior end of the body) and their branches. One circle of blood circulation. The heart is missing. The blood is colorless. (no hemoglobin)
Fish	The circulatory system is closed . Two-chambered heart, contains only venous blood. One circle of blood circulation. Appears spleen٭. Cold-blooded.
Amphibians	The circulatory system is closed . Three-chambered heart٭. Two circles of blood circulation٭. Through the arterial cone, the abdominal aorta departs from the ventricle, which divides into vessels. Suitable for organs mixed blood . Cold-blooded.
reptiles	The circulatory system is closed . Three-chambered heart with incomplete partition, Crocodiles have four chambers. Two circles of blood circulation. depart from the stomach right and left aortic arch that enter the aorta. Cold-blooded.
Birds	The circulatory system is closed . Four-chambered heart٭. Two circles of blood circulation. From the left ventricle right aortic arch(left aortic arch - reduced). Complete separation of arterial blood from venous. Warm-blooded.
mammals	The circulatory system is closed. The heart is four-chambered. Two circles of blood circulation. From the left ventricle left aortic arch(the right aortic arch is missing). Arterial and venous blood do not mix. Warm-blooded.
Evolution of the circulatory system: 1) the emergence of primitive vessels in invertebrates and the development of muscle tissue in their walls, due to which the vessels can contract; 2) from open to closed circulatory system; 3) transformation of cavity fluid into blood with specialized cells and respiratory pigments; 4) the emergence and improvement of a centralized circulatory organ, which ensures the movement of blood by contractions; 5) division of blood into venous and arterial, which is provided by changes in the structure of the heart and leads to the formation of two circles of blood circulation