The peculiarity of the adverb in Russian is such that this part of speech does not have conjugation and does not change by gender, case and number. The spelling of adverbs depends on several factors, each of which is described in this article. In addition, there are available examples for each rule, as well as exceptions to them.

Features of spelling of adverbs

Adverb in Russian- this is an independent part of speech that does not change in numbers, gender and cases and has no conjugation. In phrases, it can adjoin other adverbs, verbs, adjectives and nouns. The spelling of adverbs depends on the way they are formed and on which syllable the stress falls in the word.

Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs

Table Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs includes rules, examples, and exceptions.

Are written together		Written separately
Adverbs formed from adverbs, pronouns or adjectives using prefixes	Absolutely, forever, why, because, in the heat of the moment, cleanly, manually, directly	Adverbs with prepositions formed from words that begin with a vowel	In the morning, openly, crazy
Adverbs formed from nouns not used in modern speech	Shattered, old, ground, early in the morning	Adverbs formed from prepositions without, before, with, under and nouns	On the run, without restraint, to the dump, with a swing Exceptions: to the ground, to the bottom, to the top, kind of, foolishly, shoulder-to-shoulder, in a row, sometimes
Adverbs with prefixes in-, on- formed from collective numerals	Three, four, seven	Adverbs formed from collective numbers and prepositions By	four, one hundred
Adverbs with the meaning of space and time	Forward, up, first	If the noun in the adverb retained the case form	On bail (on bail), under the arms (under the arm), in good conscience (in good conscience)
Adverbs where the noun cannot be questioned	Aloud, half, in the morning	Adverbs in which a qualifying word can be added between a preposition and a noun	On a gallop (on all gallops), to a dead end (to a dead end in life)
Adverbs formed with a preposition V, particles floor and noun	Exceptions: half a face, half an apple, half an egg	Adverbs made up of prepositions in, on and nouns with endings -ah(s)	In hearts, in heads, in joy Exceptions: in a hurry, in the dark, in a hurry

Hyphenated (semi-continuous) spelling of adverbs

The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:

• Formed from pronouns and full adjectives with a prefix in- (Japanese, different, your way).
• Formed from ordinal numbers with a prefix in- (in-) (secondly, thirdly, fifthly).
• Adverbs with particles something, something, something, something (somewhere, somebody, something).
• Compound adverbs formed by repeating the same word or two synonyms (little by little, a long time ago, a little bit).

The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining several (usually two) independent parts into one semantic whole. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and official. Their display on the letter has its own characteristics. We will talk about how to write such words today.

First, let's talk about what options exist. A complex noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle that lies in the distinction between these options is the selection of words in the letter. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own peculiarities. The fact is that in the language whole words and their combinations are not always clearly contrasted. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous spelling, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphenated. The hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, the firebird), or combines parts of the phrase into one whole (fantastic writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to write a particular compound noun correctly.

Consolidated spelling

Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This includes all education auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, moto-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, plumbing, airport, motorcycle race, car race, photo essay, electric motor, bike racing, macrocosm.

Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verbal part ends in -i. Examples: derzhitree, adonis, turnip, dzhimorda, hoarder, flirt, daredevil.

Hyphen

A complex noun should be written through a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns used independently, connected by vowels e or o. Examples: boy-woman, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declensed, only the second noun changes.

The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases, both nouns change in declension.

In addition, the names of political directions and parties that are constituents, as well as their supporters, should be written through a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,

Complex units of measurement

Hyphen spelling is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this compound noun is formed with a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this is the word workday, which should be written together.

Other cases of hyphenation

Let's continue to consider the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be put in the case of the names of foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.

Through a hyphen, combinations of words are written that have the meaning of nouns if these combinations include:

a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);

b) union (plant Ivan da Marya);

c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt am Main).

Foreign language elements often have their own characteristics. Their use in various rules is often negotiated separately. In our case, the hyphenated spelling of complex nouns is correct if their first component is foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life medic, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.

Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-

If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning "half"), followed by a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, then the hyphen spelling is correct. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, compound nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- it will be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns in front of you. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, half-station, half a verst from the city.

Application Highlight Features

If the word being defined is immediately followed by a single-word application, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika is a warrior, Masha is a quickie, an old mother.

If a one-word application, which can be equated in meaning with an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not put. Example: handsome son.

If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrat Mensheviks.

Russian compound surnames

Compound surnames should be written through a hyphen, which were formed by adding two personal names, that is, when complex nouns are formed when they are combined. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and others.

Personal surnames and given names combined with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Ants Hanger, Vanka Kain, Ilya Muromets.

Foreign compound surnames

It is necessary to put a dash between the parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign compound surnames, in which the first part St. or Saint-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating social status, family relations, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursunzade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.

However, it should be clarified that hyphenated compound names, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word "don" means "master", it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.

It should also be taken into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign-language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.

It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. Particles and articles in them are written together, so that their spelling can be separate in the respective languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandole, Laharpe, La Fontaine. The spelling of compound nouns, which are proper names of foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have considered the main ones, it remains to tell only about the last.

It must be taken into account that the names of different categories are not connected by hyphens to each other, like the Russian surname, name and patronymic. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.

We now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.

Geographical names consisting of two nouns

They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenetz-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun followed by an adjective. Examples: Goose-Crystal,

Other cases of hyphenated place names

Through a hyphen, you should also write combinations consisting of a particle or an article with a significant part of speech. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, City of La Carolina, City of Le Creusot.

The names of settlements are written through a hyphen if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, mouth- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., except for those cases when a continuous spelling has been fixed on geographical maps or in reference publications. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, But: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.

If geographical names that are compound are formed from the names of parts of a particular geographical object with or without a connecting vowel, then a dash is also put in this case. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. Exception - Czechoslovakia.

Separate spelling of geographical names

However, geographical names in some cases should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if the noun follows the numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, Belaya Tserkov, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana.

You also need to write separately nouns if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy settlement.

Names of cities with the second part - city or - city

The names of cities are written together if they are the second component -city or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.

Variants of spelling

It should be noted that there are fluctuations in the spelling of some compound words that have appeared in the language recently. Examples: parking place and parking place, ton-kilometer and ton-kilometer, tonnage-day and tonnage-day. These orthographic variants are explained by the presence of connecting vowels in them ( tons-about-mileage, cars-about-place). Thus, they are affected by general spelling rules. It is preferable to write them together.

So, we have considered the continuous and hyphenated spelling of compound nouns. Of course, we have analyzed only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so you can improve in it for a long time. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write correctly complex nouns.

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Possible difficulties	good advice
In some cases, words with a prefix are written with a hyphen, and in some - together. Swim like a dog. Take more.	The prefix is ​​not the only condition for writing an adverb with a hyphen. It is necessary that the adverb ends in -mu (him), -ki, -i. If these conditions are absent in the adverb, it is usually written together. In Georgian (in ... ki). In a bearish way (in ... s). Little by little (we write together, there are no conditions for a hyphen).
Words with to and the final part -th (-th) in some cases are written with a hyphen, and in others - separately. Made it the old way. Followed the old trail.	Do not confuse adverbs in -mu (-mu) and adjectives. Did (how?) the old way (adverb). Walked along (what?) old (adjective) trail (here the preposition on refers to the noun: on the trail).
You can make a mistake in writing words with the prefix something, for example: some...where, some...at...whom.	Do not confuse adverbs with something and pronouns with something. Pronouns are written according to a special rule (see Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of indefinite and negative pronouns).
It is difficult to understand when words are written together and when words are written separately: in ... breadth, in ... depth, in ... distance, in ... top, in ... bottom, on ... top, along ... bottom, along ... top, along ... sides, in ... front, ... back, ... century, in ... century, etc.	Distinguish between adverbs with the meaning of time or space and the nouns from which these adverbs are formed. Please note that the presence of a dependent word indicates that we have a noun in front of us, which must be written separately with a preposition. Went upstairs (There is no dependent word, this is an adverb, it is written together). He climbed to the top of the hill (There is a dependent word for hill, written separately). Remember: words to the side, to the side, to the depth, to the depth, to the width, to the height, to the length are always written separately.
Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether a given word is a noun or has already become a derivative preposition: during ... the day, during ... discussions, in the course of ... the river.	This problem usually arises in relation to the following prepositions: during, in continuation, due to, despite. If the forms in during, in continuation have a temporary meaning, they are considered prepositions, at the end E is written. If these forms do not have a temporary meaning, they are considered nouns, the corresponding case ending is written at the end. Photos will be developed during the day. But: In the course of this river, fast and powerful, it is not easy to keep the boat. If the form due to has the meaning of the cause, it is considered a preposition and is written together. If this form has a different meaning, it is considered a noun and is written separately with the appropriate case ending. Due to an administrator error, there were failures in the management of the pipeline. But: A mistake crept into the investigation into the Maleev case. If the form despite has the meaning of concession (close in meaning to the union though), it is considered a preposition and despite is written together. If a similar form is used in the meaning of "without looking", it is considered a gerund and is written separately. Despite the squalid environment, the service at the hotel was tolerable. But: Despite the faces of the neighbors, he continued to chew his sandwich.
A rule from reference materials is sometimes difficult to apply in practice.	Indeed, the rule on distinguishing between unions and homonymous forms covers only the most typical cases. We hope, however, that the training tests will be enough to master this topic.
You can make a mistake in writing words with the stem gender-, for example: half ... the seventh morning; half ... the metropolitan loaf.	In cases half past six in the morning; half past nine in the evening, the basis of the floor is written with the word together. Word Eleventh floor written with a hyphen. Combinations in which there is an adjective between the base half and the second part of the compound word are written separately. floor of the capital loaf; half a bay leaf.
There is a problem of distinguishing between complex adjectives and phrases adverb + adjective, for example: a lot ... promising (project) and deadly ... dangerous (risk).	In the first case, we have a complex adjective, the first part of which is formed from an adverb and which denotes a whole concept (written together). In the second case - a phrase that has not merged into a compound word (written separately). Unfortunately, there is no general spelling rule that works effectively in each specific case to solve this problem. However, it can be noted that adverbs that do not merge with an adjective usually answer the questions how? how? in what degree? More often than others, the following words act in this role: Vital. Originally Russian. Just the opposite.
It is difficult to remember the spelling of compound adjectives that are traditionally hyphenated.	See reference materials. Remember the spelling of adjectives: World ... historical, well-known; folk…democratic, folk…liberation, folk…poetic.

Also watch the video, if something is not clear, you need to repeat the material, or the right rule was not found.

Hyphen in adverbs

Most adverbs in Russian are written together. In some cases, separate spelling is preserved, see: Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs and adverbial expressions. There is a special group of adverbs that are written with a hyphen.

Knew (in) English; said (in) simple; put on (up collar) inside out.

Adverbs are written with a hyphen under the following conditions:

1) according to - ... th / ... him,	In my opinion; in Russian; like a wolf. But: little by little(no condition); in my opinion(no adverb here).
2) in - ... s / ... them,	Firstly; Thirdly.
3) something - ..., ... - anything;	Somewhere; somehow; ever; somewhere.
4) The adverb consists of two parts that completely or partially repeat each other.	Barely; little by little.

He knew English - condition 1 applies (in ... KI).

He simply said - there are no conditions for writing with a hyphen, it is written together, like most adverbs.

Put on top-down - condition 4 applies (the adverb consists of two parts that partially repeat each other).

Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs and adverbial expressions

Adverbs were formed in the language later than other independent parts of speech, so they usually come from nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns.

To find out whether the adverb will be written together, it is necessary to determine from which part of speech the given adverb is formed.

Looks (into) the distance; walked (alone) alone; worried (in) empty; (c) the end is exhausted.

If the adverb is not formed from a noun, then it is written together.

If an adverb is formed from a noun, then it is written together in the following cases:

back to back(from adjective). in two(from the numeral). From outside(from adverb). Remember some exceptions: one, two, three; in the open, in general; on the world, on the back.

1) if the adverb is formed from an obsolete word: to smithereens (no noun " rattles»); too much (no noun) "mind"); after (no noun) "catching up"); 2) if it is an adverb of place and time: 3) if the adverb is formed from a combination of a noun with a preposition and a case question cannot be posed to the former noun: smoke inhalingly (you can’t ask: smoke into what?); cloak overhand (you can’t ask: cloak in what?)

Looks into the distance - the adverb of the place, is written together.

Walked alone - from obsolete noun loner(in meaning " alone, unaccompanied”), is written together.

Worried in vain - the adverb is formed from the adjective empty, is written fluently.

Completely exhausted - this is an adverb, because you can’t ask a case question (you can’t say: tired of what?) is written fluently.

In modern Russian there are many adverbs and adverbial expressions that are written together or separately according to tradition. Their spelling should be memorized.

APART recklessly stupidly unrestrained without knowledge bluntly carelessly without permission uselessly without restraint incessantly whitewashed tightly out of spite firmly dry right through at attention utterly by heart inside out on the face race recklessly on the run to the side Aweigh in sight on house rearing up to envy at the end of on all fours on the fly back down galloping on the run condescendingly rashly from a young age awake in appearance from the raid running on the move hard boiled back to back blindly wasted scattered twice triple four times short of skin-tight in girth All in all by oneself to avoid openly point blank do in secret (secretly) stand to the death go to death abroad Abroad under the arm take under the arm from under the arm

Spelling of prepositions

Many prepositions in Russian are derivatives. The spelling of some of them should be memorized.

Lemonade (in) place of tea; got out (from) under the fence; won, (not) despite the fatigue.

1. Prepositions due to, from under, over, over are written with a hyphen.

Looked around the corner.

Got it out from under the pillow.

2. Derivative prepositions, which include a non-derivative preposition and a noun, are usually written in two words:

in the course of, in continuation, in the form of, in connection with, to the extent, throughout, for the reason, for the purposes of, on the part of and so on.

Absent due to illness.

3. The following prepositions are written together:

in view of (in the meaning of "for the reason"), like (in the meaning of "like"), instead of, as a result of, like, about (in the meaning of "about"), despite (regardless of) on.

absent due to illness;

something like an arch;

felt boots instead of boots;

made a mistake due to inattention;

something like a winter coat;

talk about work

made it on time despite the traffic jams.

4. In prepositions during, in continuation, in contrast, due to the end, E is written. Combinations with the first two prepositions always have the meaning of time and answer the question how long?

Waited for (continued) weeks.

The combination with the preposition due has a causal meaning.

Due to insufficient funding, the facility was closed.

Lemonade instead of tea.

Get out from under the fence.

He won despite being tired.

Spelling unions

Many unions in Russian are derivatives, i.e. they are derived from other parts of speech, including combinations:

pronoun + particle (what + would = to), preposition + pronoun (from + what = why).

At the same time, conjunctions are written, as a rule, together, and pronouns with particles and prepositions are written separately. There is a problem with spelling.

The (same) word, but it would not be so to say. I don't know what he could do for her. And then you (same) pass into the house. In order to sleep, he took sleeping pills.

Find out what part of speech they are that (same) that (would) in the analyzed proposal. The following table will help you do this.

If you have a union it can be replaced by another union close in meaning.	If you have a pronoun + particle in front of you, then the particle can be rearranged to another place or not used.
ALSO can be replaced by ALSO, AND. He ALSO went there. (You can replace: he also went there; and he went there.)	SAME can be replaced by THAT; THE SAME; SAME AS I. He did the SAME thing that I did. (You can replace: he did what I did.) The SAME proof is also used in another paper. (It can be replaced: that proof is also used in another work.)
ALSO can be replaced by ALSO, I. I was surprised, he ALSO. (You can replace: I was surprised, he was too; I was surprised, and he was surprised.)	SAME can be replaced with SO; SIMILAR; AS WELL AS. I was just as surprised as you. (You can replace: I was surprised just like you; I was surprised just like you.)
TO can be replaced by TO. For anything to work, you have to work hard.(You can replace: You have to work hard to get something.)	WHAT would be replaced by WHAT. What else to do today?(You can replace: what else to do today?

If you have a pronoun in front of you - an adverb, then it can be replaced by adverbs that are close in meaning.	If you have a preposition + pronoun in front of you, then the corresponding adjectives and nouns can be used instead of the pronoun.
WHY can be replaced with WHY. WHY are you sad? (You can replace: why are you sad?)	WHAT does the decision depend on? (You can replace: on what circumstances does the decision depend?)
WHY can be replaced with WHY. WHY is it so hot? (You can replace: why is it so hot?)	WHY did they go down to the sea? (You can replace: they went down the stairs to the sea.)
BECAUSE can be replaced by BECAUSE. I was late BECAUSE I was busy (You can replace: I was late because I was busy.) BECAUSE can be replaced with BECAUSE. He came back BECAUSE he forgot the key. (You can replace: he returned because he forgot the key.)	BECAUSE. ON THAT shore people fled. (You can replace: people ran along the far shore.) FROM THAT. A man walked away from THAT tree. (You can replace: a man walked away from a tall tree.)
SO can be replaced with BECAUSE. I forgot my key, SO I couldn't open the lock. (You can replace: I forgot the key, so I could not open the lock.)	THAT'S WHY. A trolley bus will pass through THIS bridge. (Can be replaced: a trolleybus will pass over the new bridge.)
WHY can be replaced with WHY. WHY did you stay? (You can replace: why did you stay?)	FOR WHAT. Why was he hiding in the forest? (You can replace: he was hiding behind a tree in the forest.)
THEN can be replaced with AFTER. I left, THEN came back. (You can replace: I left, then returned.)	THEN. BEHIND THAT turn the forest began. (You can replace: the forest began around the next turn).

If you have a union, then it can be replaced by unions that are close in meaning.	If you have a preposition + pronoun in front of you, then instead of a pronoun, the corresponding adjectives can be used with a preposition.
ZATO can be replaced by BUT. The story is short but interesting. (You can replace: the story is short, but interesting.)	FOR THAT. He hid behind THAT tree. (You can replace: he hid behind a large tree.)
BECAUSE, AND can be replaced by THIS. He is a musician, BECAUSE he is talented th. (You can replace: he is a musician, and talented at the same time.) They persuaded me, AND very diligently. (You can replace: I was persuaded, while very diligently.)	The house has a swimming pool.(You can replace: an expensive house has a pool.)

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of the introductory word So and its homonymous form.

The SAME word, but it would not be so to say - can be replaced by the SAME word. This is a pronoun with a particle, it is written separately.

I do not know WHAT he could do for her - can be replaced by WHAT. This is a pronoun with a particle, it is written separately.

And you ALSO go into the house - you can replace it with ALSO. This is a union, it is written together.

TO fall asleep, he took sleeping pills - can be replaced with IN ORDER TO. This is a union, it is written together.

Spelling of compound nouns

Compound nouns are nouns that include several stems: airplane, freeze frame, sofa bed, airport terminal, etc.

Hyphenated and continuous spellings are used to form complex words.

The choice of spelling for words, the first part of which is a stem borrowed from another language

(Vice) Speaker; (rock)poetry; (board) engineer.

You should remember the spelling of the highlighted borrowed part.

HYPHENED
vice (deputy prime minister) leib (life medic) chief (chief quartermaster) press (press conference) rock (rock music) non-commissioned officer (non-commissioned officer) headquarters (headquarters) staff (headquarters captain) ex (ex-president)	air (air mail) auto (highway) aero (air terminal) agro (agricultural technology) bio (biomass) board (flight mechanic) hydro (hydro station) geo (geopathogenic) zoo (zoo) cinema (filming) counter* (counterstrike) moto (motocross) photo (photo artist) * other than word rear admiral , which is written with a hyphen.

Vice Speaker; rock poetry; flight engineer.

Choice of spelling in other cases

(Freeze; (round) gate; (technical) inspection; (State) Duma.

Typical cases of CONTINUOUS spelling of compound nouns	Typical cases of HYPHENIC spelling of compound nouns
A noun is written together if it is formed with connecting vowels (-O- / -E-): pedometer; chimney; rockfall. Note! The names of the cardinal points are written with a hyphen, despite the connecting vowels: northwest; southeast; southwest.	A noun is written with a hyphen if it is formed without the help of connecting vowels: sofa bed; raincoat tent; social democracy; emergency brake. Note! The names of cities are written together, despite the absence of connecting vowels: Belgorod; Leningrad. The following words are also written together without connecting vowels: time reckoning; pastime; madness. Words are written together with the second part of the meter: ammeter; voltmeter.
A noun is written together if it is compound abbreviated: those help; state Committee; children nursery.	A noun is written with a hyphen if it denotes a unit of measurement: kilowatt-hour; volt-ampere; ton-kilometre.
A noun is written together if it has a verb stem ending in AND: rip off head; burn color; hold muzzle. Exception: tumbleweed	A noun is written with a hyphen if it means a plant: Ivan da Marya; coltsfoot.
	Nouns with an estimated value are written through a hyphen: cheers-patriots; good boy.

In many cases, the spelling of compound nouns needs to be memorized.

Freeze frame - the noun is formed without the help of a connecting vowel. Written with a hyphen.

Circulation - the noun is formed with the help of the connecting vowel -О-. It is written fluently.

Inspection is a compound word. It is written fluently.

State Duma is a compound word. It is written fluently.

Spelling of nouns with the abbreviated stem POL-

Half ... an apple; half ... the road; half ... Moscow; half ... forest.

Find out what letter the noun begins with after the stem POL-.

Spelling compound adjectives

Spelling of adjectives formed from compound nouns

(Southeastern; (Vice) Prime Minister.

Compound adjectives derived from compound nouns retain the fused or hyphenated spellings that those nouns had, see: Spelling of compound nouns.

If adjectives are formed from hyphenated nouns, they are also written with a hyphen:

northeastern(derived from northeast);

non-commissioned officer (derived from non-commissioned officer).

If adjectives are formed from nouns with continuous spelling, they are also written together:

oilfield (derived from oilfield);

Belgorod (derived from Belgorod).

Southeast - derived from the word southeast, written with a hyphen.

Vice Prime Minister - formed from the word vice premier, written with a hyphen.

Spelling of adjectives whose first part ends in O (E)

(Dizzy) spinning; (social) political.

Written with a hyphen	It is written together
An adjective is written with a hyphen if it denotes a shade of color, taste: Navy blue; red-brown; bitter salty.	An adjective is written together if it is formed from a subordinate phrase (with a main and a dependent word): dark-browed (dark eyebrows); iron foundry (cast iron); house-building (build houses). Exceptions: Geographical names are written through a hyphen, even if they are formed from a subordinating phrase. the East European Plain(but Eastern European peoples); South China Sea (but South Chinese customs).
An adjective is written with a hyphen if it is formed from a coordinative combination (with the unions “and”, “not only .., but also”): Russian-German (Russian and German); convex-concave (convex and concave);
An adjective is written with a hyphen if its first stem ends in -iko: historical and archival; chemical-technological.	An adjective can be written together if its first part is formed from an adverb, and the compound word began to denote a single, integral concept (for example, it became a term or a set expression in a book language): evergreen; instant coffee; highly educated person.

Note! There is a problem of distinguishing between cases of type: promising (project) and deadly (risk). In the first case, we have a complex adjective, the first part of which is formed from an adverb and which denotes a whole concept (written together). In the second case - a phrase that has not merged into a compound word (written separately). Unfortunately, there is no general spelling rule that works effectively in each specific case to solve this problem. However, it can be noted that adverbs that do not merge with an adjective usually answer the questions how? how? in what degree? More often than others, the following words act in this role: absolutely, vitally, truly, primordially, especially, genuinely, directly, sharply, deadly, strictly. Vital. Originally Russian. Just the opposite. When in doubt about spelling, you should refer to the spelling dictionary. You should remember the spelling of the following words and phrases: world-historical, world famous; people's democratic, people's liberation, people's poetry.

Dizzy - formed from the subordinating phrase to turn one's head, it is written together.

Socio-political - formed from a coordinating combination of public and political, written with a hyphen.

Written together:

1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example: plumbing, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft carrier, rally, motorcycle race.

2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -city or -city, for example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.

3. Declinable compound nouns with the verbal first part ending in -i, for example: adonis, holding a tree, holding a muzzle, spinning, spinning, hoarders.

Written with a hyphen:

1. Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns connected without the help of connecting vowels o and e, for example:

a) firebird, boy-woman, diesel engine, cafe-restaurant, prime minister;

b) a hut-reading room, purchase and sale, a good boy, a saw-fish, the Moscow River (both nouns change when declining).

2. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, social democrat.

3. Complex units of measurement, whether formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer.

The word workday is spelled together.

4. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: northeast, etc., northeast, etc.

5. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include:

a) a verb in a personal form, for example: do not touch me (plant), love-not-love (flower);

b) union, for example: ivan-da-marya (plant);

c) a preposition, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt am Main.

6. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy.

7. Foreign compound surnames with the first part of Saint- and Saint-, for example: Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Saint-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are written in the same way with an initial or final component denoting kinship, social status, etc., for example: Ibn-Fadlan, Kyor-ogly.

Note 1. Compound names with the first part don- are written with a hyphen only in cases where the second, main part of the name is not used separately in the Russian literary language, for example: Don Juan, Don Quixote. But if the word don is used in the sense of "master", it is written separately, for example: don Pedro.

Note 2. Articles and particles that make up foreign surnames are written separately, without a hyphen, for example: von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega, Baudouin de Courtenay, von der Goltz. Articles and particles, without which surnames of this type are not used, are written with a hyphen, for example: Van Dyck.

In the Russian transmission of some foreign-language surnames, articles and particles are written together, although in the corresponding languages ​​they are written separately, for example: La Fontaine.

Note 3. The names of different categories are not connected by hyphens, for example, the Roman Gaius Julius Caesar, like the corresponding Russian name, patronymic and surname.

Note 4. Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written separately with the latter, for example: Ilya Muromets, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest.

8. Geographical names consisting of:

a) from two nouns for example: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kamenetz-Podolsk.

b) from a noun and a subsequent adjective, for example: Mogilev-Podolsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Moscow-Tovarnaya;

c) from a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech, for example: Le Creusot (city), La Carolina (city), De-Kastri (bay).

Note. Geographical names are written separately:

a) consisting of an adjective followed by a noun or a numeral followed by a noun, for example: Belaya Tserkov.

b) which are combinations of first and last name, first name and patronymic, for example: Lev Tolstoy village, Erofey Pavlovich station.

9. Names of settlements, which include as the first part: ust-, sol-, top-, etc., as well as some names of settlements with the first part of new-, old-, upper-, lower- and etc., except for those whose continuous spelling is fixed in reference publications, on geographical maps, etc., for example: Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, Nizhne-Gniloe, but: Novosibirsk , Maloarkhangelsk, Starobelsk, Novoalekseevka, Verkhnekolymsk, Nizhnedevitsk.

10. Compound geographical names formed both with the help of a connecting vowel and without it from the names of parts of a given geographical object, for example: Austria-Hungary, Alsace-Lataryngia but: Czechoslovakia.

11. Foreign phrases that are proper names, names of inanimate objects, for example: Amu-Darya, Alma-Ata, Pas de Calais.

Note. This rule does not apply to composite foreign-language names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, etc., transmitted in Russian letters, which are written separately if they are quoted in the text, for example: "Standard Oil", "Corriero della Roma".

12. Half- (half) followed by the genitive case of the noun, if the noun begins with a vowel or consonant l, for example: half a turn,

half an apple, half a lemon, but: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; through a hyphen, combinations of half- followed by a proper name are also written, for example: half-Moscow, half-Europe. Words that begin with semi- are always written together, for example: half a verst from the city, a half-station, a semicircle.

13. Words, the first component of which is the foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life-, headquarters, vice-, ex-, for example: chief master, non-commissioned officer, life physician.

Rear-admiral is also written with a hyphen (here counter- has a different meaning, in which it is written together).

14. A defined word with a one-word application immediately following it, for example: old mother, Masha the frisky, Anika the warrior.

Note 1. Between the word being defined and the one-word application in front of it, which can be equated in meaning with an adjective, a hyphen is not written, for example: handsome son.

Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:

a) in combination with a common noun followed by a proper name, for example: the city of Moscow, the Volga River, the frisky Masha;

b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes a generic, and the second specific concept, for example: a finch bird, a magnolia flower;

c) after the words citizen, comrade, lord, etc. in combination with a noun, for example: citizen judge, comrade colonel, mister ambassador.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of a word, for example: o-in (society), dr (doctor), t-in (partnership), library (library).

16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when two compound nouns are combined with the same second part, if this common part is omitted in the first of the nouns, for example: ball and roller bearings (instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives (instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north- and south-east.

The Russian language uses many complex nouns, the spelling of which can be questionable. The rules governing the spelling of this part of speech together or with a hyphen are as follows:

The following groups of nouns are written through a hyphen:

1. Formed from two independent nouns, denoting one concept and not connected with the help of vowels “o” or “e”, for example:

• firebird, miracle stove, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, etc. (with declension, only the second word changes);
• hut-reading room, purchase and sale, fish-saw, Moscow-river (when declining, both words change);

2. Denoting the name of political parties and consisting of two names, for example, and also naming adherents of these parties:

• social democracy, radical revolutionary, etc.

3. Naming complex units of measurement, and such nouns are written with a hyphen, even if there are connecting vowels “o” or “e” in the composition, for example:

• child-day, man-hours, ton-kilometer, BUT: workday

4. Calling the intermediate cardinal directions. This rule applies to both Russian-language names and foreign ones, for example:

• Northeast, northeast;

5. Formed from phrases that name an object in real life(i.e., those phrases that have become stable and have received the status of a noun). This group includes the following:

• Having in their composition the personal form of the verb: do not touch me (flower);
• Incorporating the union: Ivan da Marya (flower)
• Incorporating a pretext: Rostov-on-Don, Stone-on-Obi;

6. Being essentially compound surnames formed from two others, For example:

• Rimsky-Korsakov, Mamin-Sibiryak;

7. Being foreign-language surnames with the first part "Sen-", "Sent-". For example:

• Saint-Exupery, Saint-Just.

Oriental surnames reflecting family relationships are also written in the same way. For example:

• Ibn-Khottab (son of Khottab), Kyor-ogly (daughter of Kyor), etc.

Note 1. Proper names that include “don-” are written with a hyphen only if their second component is not used independently in Russian (Don Juan, Don Quixote), then the word “don” is capitalized . However, if this word is used in the sense of "master", and the next after it can be used independently, then the hyphen is not put and "don" is written with a small letter (don Pedro, don Gustavo), etc.

Note 2. All articles and particles characteristic of foreign names and surnames are written separately, with a small letter and without a hyphen:

• von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, etc., BUT: Van Dyck (written with a hyphen, since a surname of this type is not used without an article).

It happens that it is in Russian that the surname and articles are written together, although in the corresponding foreign language version the spelling will be separate: Fonvizin, La Fontaine.

Note 3. If names of different categories are used in the full name of a person, then no signs are placed between them, and they are all capitalized:

• Erich Maria Remarque, Gaius Julius Caesar, Gabriel Garcia Marquez (this corresponds to the Russian version of the name, patronymic and surname).

Note 4. Personal names and surnames, next to which nicknames are used, are written separately with nicknames:

• Ilya Muromets, Vladimir the Red Sun, Yaroslav the Wise, Ants the Hanger (in this case, both personal names and nicknames are capitalized;

8. Naming geographical objects. This includes the following subgroups:

• Consisting of two nouns: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone;
• Consisting of a noun and an adjective: Gus-Khrustalny;
• Representing a combination of an article or a particle with a significant part of speech: Le Creusot (city), De-Kastri (bay).

Note. The following subgroups of geographical names are written separately:

• Consisting of an adjective and a noun in a position after the adjective (or from a numeral and a noun in a position after the numeral): Belaya Tserkov, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Seven Brothers, etc.
• Consisting of a personal name and patronymic or first and last name: Erofey Pavlovich, the village of Lev Tolstoy, etc.

9. Denoting the names of settlements with the first part "ust-", "top-", "sol-", etc., as well as "old-", "new-", "upper-", "lower-", but they are not always written with a hyphen. For example:

• Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, NO: Novosibirsk, Novorossiysk, Maloarkhangelsk, etc.

10. Denoting compound geographical names. Moreover, they can be written with a hyphen, regardless of whether there are connecting main "o" or "e" or not:

• Austria-Hungary, BUT: Czechoslovakia.

11. Calling foreign names proper or inanimate objects:

• Amu Darya, Alma-Ata, Grand Hotel, etc.

12. Having in their composition the word “floor” (= “half”) and a noun in the genitive case, if it begins with an uppercase letter, vowel or “l”, for example:

• Half of Moscow, half a lemon, half an orange, BUT: half a cheesecake, half a penny, half a river.

Nouns that begin with "semi" are always written together: half-station.

13. Denoting ranks, the first part of which includes foreign prefixes "unter-", "ober-", "headquarters-", "vice-", "life-", "ex-":

• vice-chancellor, staff captain, non-commissioned officer, ex-champion, etc.

14. Representing a defined word with the application following it:

• old mother, Anika the warrior, etc.

Note 1. If the application can be replaced by an agreed definition, then the hyphen is not put: handsome son (handsome son).

Note 2. If the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then there is no hyphen between it and the appendix either: the Social Democrats are Mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is not put if there are combinations:

• common noun + proper: the city of Novosibirsk, the Ob River;
• generic concept + specific concept: hummingbird bird, beetle insect, birch tree;
• the word "citizen", "master", "comrade", etc. + noun: citizen chief, mister policeman, etc.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns:

• island (island), state (state), number (number), etc.

16. if two (or more) compound nouns are used in the text, the second part of which is the same, and the first nouns are deliberately omitted:

• auto and motorcycle equipment; steam, electric and diesel locomotives.

Written together:

1. Nouns formed with the connecting vowels "o" or "e", as well as all nouns, the first parts of which are: aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example:

• photo studio, macrocosm, weather station, shrew, plumbing, reinforced concrete, etc.

2. Names of cities with the second part "city" ("city"):

• Leningrad, Novgorod, Kaliningrad, etc.

3. Declinable compound nouns with the first part formed from the verb:

• daredevil, adonis, wryneck, etc.