2-09-2015, 21:49

Rivers of Emilia-Romagna

• Arda
  River in Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna region, the right tributary of the Po. Length - about 56 km.
• Marano
  River in Italy and San Marino. Length 29.6 km. The river is part of the eastern border between Italy and San Marino, 6 km long. The source is on Mount Gelfa, on the border between San Marino and the Italian province of Pesaro and Urbino. It flows near the cities of Montegiardino and Faetano in San Marino, in the province of Rimini in Italy. It flows into the Adriatic Sea near the city of Riccione.
• Panaro
  River in Italy, right tributary of the Po. The third longest tributary of the Po. Length - 148 km, basin area - 2,292 km². Water consumption - 37 m³ / s. The food of the river is mountainous, Apennine. Beret starts at an altitude of about 1500 meters above sea level from several sources.
• By
  A river in northern Italy, the largest in the country in terms of drainage basin area (more than 70 thousand km²) and length (652 km). It flows in an easterly direction, mostly along the Padana Plain through the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto. It flows into the Adriatic Sea, forming a swampy delta.
• Renault
  River in northern Italy. The sources of the river are in the mountains of Tuscany (province of Pistoia), but most of Reno flows through the Emilia-Romagna region along the Podana Plain, after which it flows into the Adriatic Sea. The length of the river is 212 km, it is the tenth longest river in the country.
• Rubicon
  A small river on the Apennine Peninsula, flows into the Adriatic Sea, north of Rimini. Until 42 BC e. served as the border between Italy and the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. The river is widely known for the expression "to cross the Rubicon", meaning some irrevocable decision. The history of this expression dates back to the time when Julius Caesar had not yet become a dictator, but was one of the Roman military leaders (proconsul), and Rome itself was a republic. By law, the proconsul had the right to lead the army only outside Italy. However, on January 10, 49 BC. e. Caesar with his legions approached the Rubicon. The future dictator was not completely sure of the strength of his army and therefore hesitated for some time, because in case of failure, he could completely lose power. However, Caesar nevertheless crossed the river and after the civil war was proclaimed dictator. Since then, the expression "to cross the Rubicon" means to risk everything for the sake of a great goal.
• San Marino
  River in San Marino and Italy. Having its source in Italy in the Marche region in the province of Pesaro and Urbino on Mount San Paolo (864 m), it flows through the commune cities of San Marino Fiorentino, Chiesanuova and Acquaviva, for some time being the border between San Marino and Italy, and then between the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and the Marche, after which, on the territory of the Italian commune of San Leo (the Marche region), it flows into the Marecchia River near the town of Torello.
• Santerno
  A river in northern Italy, the main tributary of the Reno. The length of the river is 103 km, the sources of the river are in the Apennines at an altitude of 1222 m above sea level in Tuscany, then the river flows through the Emilia-Romagna region in a northeasterly direction along the Padan Plain, flowing into Reno.
• Senio
  River in northern Italy. Right tributary of the Reno River. Length 92 km, basin area approx. 450 km². It flows through the region of Emilia-Romagna. Source in the Tuscany-Emilian Apennines, flows into the Reno River 6 km northeast of the commune of Alfonsine. The average water flow is 10 m³/s, but can vary from 0.3 m³/s to 500 m³/s. During World War II, battles between the Allied forces and the Wehrmacht troops took place in the river area. Forcing the river was important for the allies to capture the entire territory of Italy.
• Stirone
  A small river in the region of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, the left tributary of the Taro River, flowing into it just before it flows into the Po River. The length of the river is about 55 km.
• tarot
  A river in northern Italy, 126 km long, a tributary of the Po. It flows almost entirely through the province of Parma, west of the city of Parma. It flows into the Po north of the city of Parma.
• Tiber
  A river on the Apennine Peninsula, the third longest among the rivers of Italy. The source of the river is in the Apennines, the Emilia-Romagna region, the length is 405 km, the basin area is about 18 thousand km², the average flow is about 239 m³ / s. It originates in the south of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, flows first to the west, then turns south, where it receives many mountain streams, enters the province of Perugia and here receives the tributaries of the Chiaggio from Topino, Clitunno, etc. Turning, starting from Todi, to the south east, the Tiber forms a series of rapids to the confluence of the Paglia tributary.
• trebbia
  A river in northern Italy, a right tributary of the Po. The length of the river is 105 km, the basin area is 1150 km². The river flows through the regions of Liguria and Emilia-Romagna.
• Fiumicello
  River in San Marino and Italy. It flows into the Marano River.
• Cheno
  The river in the province of Emilia-Romagna, a tributary of the Taro River, has a length of 63 km. It originates in the Ligurian Alps, on Monte Penna, 1753 m high. It flows into the Taro River near the town of Fornovo di Taro.
• Enza
  A river in northern Italy, a right tributary of the Po. The length of the river is about 100 km, the area of ​​its drainage basin is 890 km². Known since the time of the Roman Empire under the name Incia. Today it is the border between the provinces of Reggio Emilia and Parma.

Rivers of Trentino - Alto Adige

• Avizio
  A river in the Fasskaya Valley of Northern Italy, 89.4 km long, the left tributary of the Adige River. The basin area is 936.6 km².
• Adige
  A river in northern Italy with a length of 410 km with a basin area of ​​​​14,700 km². The cities of Trento and Verona are located on the Adige.
• Isaac
  The second largest river in the province of Bolzano, a tributary of the Adige. The largest tributary is the Rienza. It originates at the Brenner Pass on the Austrian-Italian border.
• brenta
  A river in Italy that begins in the province of Trento and ends in the Adriatic Sea. In the Trentino-Alto Adige region, the river gives rise to the valley of the same name. Brenta flows into the Gulf of Venice, located in the Veneto region. Length - 174 km. The basin area is 1600 km².
• Drava
  A river in southeastern Europe, a right tributary of the Danube. The length of the river is 720 km, the basin area is 40,400 km². The average water consumption is 610 m³/s. It flows through the territory of Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary (forming its southern border).
• mincho
  A river in northern Italy, a left tributary of the Po. The length of the river is 75 km, the basin area is 2,859 km². It flows along the Padana Plain in the region of Lombardy.
• rienza
  River in Italy. It originates in the Alps in the municipality of Toblach at an altitude of 2180 m. It flows in South Tyrol. The food of the river is mountainous. It flows into the Eisak River. Length - 80 km. The maximum water flow is about 60 m³/s. The area of ​​the basin is about 2143 km².

Rivers of Tuscany

• Arno
  River in Italy in the region of Tuscany. The length of the river is 248 km, the basin area is 8228 km². The source of the Arno is in the Apennines at Arezzo; to the city of Florence, it flows in a narrow valley, then along a hilly plain through the city of Empoli. It flows into the Ligurian Sea near the city of Pisa (at the mouth - a discharge of 110 m³ / s). Several major floods on the river are known, the flood in November 1966 is especially famous, when about 40 people became victims and significant damage was caused to Florence.
• magra
  The main river of the Italian region Lunigiana. Length 62 km, basin area approx. 1,686 km². It flows into the Mediterranean Sea (Ligurian Sea). It flows through the communes: Pontremoli, Villafranca in Lunigiana and Aulla in the province of Massa Carrara (Tuscany); Santo Stefano di Magra, Vezzano Ligure, Arcola, Sarzana and Amelia in the province of La Spezia (Liguria).
• Metauro
  A river in Italy that flows through the Marche and Tuscany regions. The river is formed by the confluence of the Meta and Auro rivers, and then flows east, then northeast and flows into the Adriatic Sea south of the city of Fano.
• Ombrone
  River in Italy in the region of Tuscany. It originates northeast of Siena. It flows through Castelnuovo Berardenga, Rapolano Terme, Asciano, Buonconvento, Murlo, Montalcino, Civitella Paganico, Cinigiano, Campagnatico, Scansano and Grosseto. Falls into the Tyrrhenian Sea.
• Serkio
  River in Italy. The third longest river in Tuscany. It originates at the top of Sillano at an altitude of over 1500 m. It flows into the Ligurian Sea. Length - 126 km. The basin area is 1565 km². On the Serchio stands the city of Lucca.
• Sieve
  River in Italy. Right tributary of the Arno. Length 62 km. It flows through the Tuscany region. Source in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. At the confluence of the Sieve in the Arno is the city of Pontassieve (14 km east of Florence).
• folia
  River in central Italy. Length 90 km. Source in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, Tuscany region. It flows mainly through the Marche region. It flows into the Adriatic Sea near the city of Pesaro.
• Cecina
  River in central Italy. Length 73 km. It flows through the Tuscany region. It is formed by the confluence of two streams, the sources of which are located on the Metaliferous Hills, near Mount Le Cornate (one in the south of the province of Pisa, the other in the north of the province of Grosseto). The river flows through the Metaliferous Hills, then through the Maremma lowlands and flows into the Ligurian Sea in the commune of Cecina.

Rivers of Sicily

• alcantara
  River in Italy. Located in the east of the island of Sicily. The length of the river is 53 km, the basin area is 573 km². The source is located on the southern slope mountain range Nebrodi, at an altitude of about 1500 meters. It flows to the east, emptying into the Ionian Sea. The valley through which the river flows also bears the name of Alcantara.
• Anapo
  A river in Italy, in the southeast of the island of Sicily. Length 40 km. Source in the mountains of Iblea, near the summit of Monte Lauro. It flows east through the province of Syracuse, flows into the Ionian Sea near the city of Syracuse. In many places, the waters of the river go deep into the earth, which is why the river got its name, from Greek its name is translated as "invisible".
• Belice
  River on the island of Sicily. Located in the west of the island. The length of the river is 77 km, the basin area is 866 km². The river flows into the Strait of Sicily. The power of the river flow varies greatly depending on the season. A reservoir was built on the river.
• Verdura
  River on the island of Sicily. The source of the river is at Lake Favara and flows into Torre Verdura. The headwaters are known as Sosio. The length of the river is 53 km, with a basin of 422 km². There are two hydroelectric dams, at Cristia and Favare. The fertile valley allows the cultivation of oranges, almonds, grapes and olive oil.
• Delia
  A river in Sicily that flows into the Mediterranean Sea at south coast islands, near the city of Mazara del Vallo.
• Gela
  River on the island of Sicily. It flows in the southern part of the island. The length of the river is 74 km. It originates in the mountains, 7 miles northwest of Piazza Armerina. The river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the eastern outskirts of the city of Gela.
• Dirillo
  River on the island of Sicily. Located in the southern part of the island. The length of the river is 54 km, the basin area is 739 km². The source is located in the Iblean mountains. The river flows into the Strait of Sicily. The power of the river flow varies greatly depending on the season.
• dittaino
  A river on the island of Sicily, a tributary of the Simeto. It flows in the central part of the island. The length of the river is 105 km. It originates in the mountains, not far from the modern cities of Ganji and Enna. The power of the river flow varies greatly depending on the season.
• Ippari
  River in Italy. It is located in the southeast of the island of Sicily. Length 23 km. The source is in the mountains of Iblea, at an altitude of about 800 above sea level. It flows to the southwest, flows into the Mediterranean Sea south of the town of Scoglitti. The power of the river flow varies greatly depending on the season. In summer, the river can almost dry up, in winter, during rains, it can overflow strongly. A reserve has been created in the lower reaches of the river.
• Irminio
  River on the island of Sicily. Located in the southeast of the island. The length of the river is 55 km, the basin area is 254.56 km². The river flows into the Strait of Sicily.
• Cassibile
  River in Italy. It is located in the southeast of the island of Sicily. Length 30 km. Source in the mountains of Iblea, near the city of Palazzolo Acreide. It flows to the southeast, flows into the Ionian Sea, 23 km south of the city of Syracuse. There are several waterfalls and canyons on the river. The canyon region is a special area: Riserva naturale orientata Cavagrande del Cassibile.
• Oreto
  River on the island of Sicily in Italy. It flows through the Conca d'Oro plain and flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea. The length of the river is about 22 kilometers. The basin includes the territories of the communes of Altofonte, Monreale and Palermo in the province of Palermo.
• Platani
  River on the island of Sicily. It originates in the Nebrodsky mountains. Located in the west of the island. The length of the river is 103 km, the basin area is 1785 km². The river flows into the Strait of Sicily, at the city of Heraclea Minoe. The fifth longest river on the island.
• Salso
  River on the island of Sicily. The length of the river is 144 km, the largest of the island's rivers, the basin area is 2122 km² (the second after the Simeto basin). The sources of the river are located in the Madonie mountain range (Sicilian Apennines) in the province of Palermo. Further Salso flows through the provinces of Caltanissetta, Enna and Agrigento in a south and southwest direction, flowing into the Mediterranean Sea in the territory of the commune of Licata.
• Tellaro
  River in Italy. It is located in the southeast of the island of Sicily. The length of the river is 45 km, the basin area is 388 km². The source is located on the slope of Mount Erbesso to the east of Jarratan, at an altitude of about 840 meters. It flows east, emptying into the Ionian Sea south of the city of Syracuse.
• Tellesimo
  A river in the southeast of the island of Sicily in Italy. It flows through the territory of the province of Ragusa. The source is located near the village of San Giacomo Bellocozzo in the Cava dei Servi gorge, in the Iblean mountains. It flows into the Tellaro River, which, in turn, flows into the Ionian Sea. The length of the river is 14 km. The basin area is 12.4 km².
• Fiumara di Modica
  River on the island of Sicily in Italy. It flows through the communes of Ragusa and Scicli in the province of Ragusa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The length of the river is about 22 kilometers.
• Fiume Grande
  One of important rivers on the island of Sicily in Italy. Length - 35 km. The basin area is 342.03 km². It flows through the communes of Caltavuturo, Campofelice di Roccella, Cerda, Collesano, Scillato, Sclafani Bagni, Termini Imerese and Valledolmo in the province of Palermo. It flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea at the ruins of the ancient city of Himera.
• Chan
  River in Italy. Located in the south of the island of Sicily. The length of the river is 37 km. Source in the mountains of Iblea. It flows into the Ionian Sea near the city of Syracuse. The power of the river flow varies greatly depending on the season. In summer, the river can almost dry up, in winter, during rains, it can overflow strongly.

Rivers of Piedmont

• Agony
  River in northwestern Italy. Left tributary of the Po. Length 140 km, basin area 995 km². It flows through Piedmont (province of Novara) and Lombardy (province of Pavia). Source between lakes Orta and Lago Maggiore. Not far from Novara, the river is crossed by the Canale Cavour. It flows mostly along the Padan Plain, flows into the Po River in Lombardy, not far from the border with Piedmont.
• Belbo
  River in northwestern Italy. Right tributary of the Tanaro River. Length 86 km, basin area 516 km ². The source of the river is in the Langhe hills on the border between Piedmont and Liguria, in the commune of Montezemolo. The river flows through the territory of the Piedmont region (provinces of Cuneo, Asti and Alessandria). It flows into the Tanaro River in the commune of Alessandria.
• Dora Baltea
  Left tributary of the Po in Italy. Dora-Baltea (length 160 km, basin area 4320 km²) begins on the eastern slope of Mont Blanc (Brenvat glacier), flows through the Aosta valley in an easterly direction, turns southeast at Saint-Vincent and flows from Ivrea along the plain, becoming navigable. It flows into the Po near Kreshentino. Dora Baltea is connected by numerous canals to the Sesia River.
• Dora Riparia
  River in Italy and France. Left tributary of the Po. Length 125 km, basin area 1,231 km². It flows mainly through the territory of the Piedmont region. The source is in the Cotes Alps, on the territory of France near the border with Italy, not far from the Montgenevre pass. In the initial section, the river is called Piccola Dora.
• curone
  River in Lombardy, right tributary of the Po. Length - 50 km. The sources of the river are located at an altitude of about 1500 m above sea level on Monte Garave on the border of the provinces of Alessandria (Piedmont) and Pavia (Lombardy), along which it flows in the Val Curone valley, flowing into the Po River in the territory of the Korana commune.
• Sesia
  River in northwestern Italy. Left tributary of the Po. Length 138 km, basin area 2920 km². Water consumption - 76 m³ / s. It flows through Piedmont and Lombardy. The source is the glaciers of the Monte Rosa mountain range in the Pennine Alps, near the border of Italy and Switzerland. It flows along the Valsesia valley (Italian), to the city of Borgosesia through the highlands, many tributaries flow into it. Further, the relief takes on a flat character, the Sesia flows along the Padana Plain. On the border between Piedmont and Lombardy, near the town of Casale Monferrato, the Sesia flows into the Po River.
• Tanaro
  River in Italy, right tributary of the Po. The second largest river in the Piedmont region and the 6th longest river in Italy. It originates in the Ligurian Alps and flows into the Po. Named after the Galician god of time - "Taranusa". The food of the river is mountainous, mixed, partly Alpine, partly Apennine. Length - 276 km, basin area - 8,234 km². The water discharge at the mouth is 131.76 m³/s, the average is 123 m³/s.
• Ticino
  River in Switzerland and Italy, left tributary of the Po. The length is 248 km, the basin area is about 7.2 thousand km². The average water flow is about 350 m³/s at Ponte della Becca and 69 m/s at Magadino. It originates in the Saint Gotthard massif in Switzerland. It flows into and out of Lago Maggiore. It flows into the Po a few kilometers from Pavia. In Switzerland, there is a hydroelectric power station on the river. In Italy it is mainly used for irrigation.

Marche rivers

• azo
  River in central Italy. The length is 63 kilometers. The source is in the Umbro-Markan Apennines, Marche region. It flows in the south of the Marche region. It flows into the Adriatic Sea south of the city of Porto San Giorgio.
• Nera
  River in Central Italy, the largest tributary of the Tiber. It flows into the Tiber on the left side. Length - 115 km. At the mouth of a tributary of the Velino River, a waterfall forms on the Nera. Tributaries: Korno, Velino and Virgi.
• potenza
  River in central Italy. Length 95 km. Source in the Umbro-Markan Apennines, Marche region. It flows through the Marche region. It flows into the Adriatic Sea near the city of Porto Recanati.
• tenna
  River in central Italy. Length 70 km. Source in the Umbro-Markan Apennines (Priora), Marche region. It flows through the Marche region. It flows into the Adriatic Sea north of the city of Porto San Giorgio.
• Tronto
  River in Italy. It originates in the mountainous region of della Laga Monti on the border of Lazio and Abruzzo at an altitude of about 2400 m. The river is fed by mountains. It flows into the Adriatic Sea, near San Benedetto del Tronto.
• Esino
  River in central Italy. Length 85 km, basin area 1,203 km². Source in the Umbro-Marque Apennines, province of Macerata, Marche region. It flows through the Marche region. It flows into the Adriatic Sea north of the city of Falconara Marittimo.

Rivers of Lombardy

• Adda
  A river in northern Italy, a left tributary of the Po. The length is 313 km, the basin area is almost 8 thousand km². It originates from Lake Cancano in the Rhaetian Alps on the southern slope of the Worms chain to the west of the Ortler Range, near the Tyrolean border; forms a 754 m high waterfall over a distance of 15 km.
• Brembo
  River in Lombardy. The length is 74 km, the basin area is about 935 km². The average water flow is about 30 m³/s. The source of the river is in the Alps. It flows through the territory of the provinces of Bergamo, after which it flows into the Adda River, a tributary of the Po. It is a left tributary of the Adda River.
• Kerio
  River in Lombardy. The length is 32 km, the basin area is about 161 km². The average water flow is about 1.5 m³/s. It originates in the mountain lake Torrezzo. It flows through the provinces of Bergamo.
• chiese
  A river in Italy, a left tributary of the Ollio. Length - 160 km (18th among Italian rivers). The source of Chiese is located in the Adamello mountain range in the Trentino-Alto Adige region. It flows through Val di Fumo and Val di Daone, where it is the source of water for the artificial lakes of Bissina and Boazzo.
• Lambro
  A river in northern Italy, a left tributary of the Po. Length 130 km, basin area 1,950 km2. It flows through the territory of Lombardy. The source of the river in the mountains of San Primo (San Primo) in the province of Como, near Lake Como. After the town of Magrello, it flows through the Vallassina Valley and through the communes of Asso, Ponte Lambro and Erba, flowing into Lake Pusiano. In this section it is called Lambrone.
• Measure
  River in Switzerland and Italy. Originates in the Alps in Switzerland. It flows in a southwesterly direction and flows into Lake Como. Length - 50 km. The height of the source is 3053 m.
• Olona
  River in Lombardy. The length of the river is 131 km. Three of the six sources of the river are located at the village of Rasa di Varese (province of Varese) on the slopes of Monte Martica. The other three sources are located near the village of Valganna. The water from them is used to make beer at the famous local brewery Poretti, which is now part of Carlsberg.
• Olho
  River in northern Italy. Left tributary of the Po. Length 280 km, basin area 6,649 km². It flows through the Lombardy region (provinces of Brescia, Bergamo, Cremona and Mantua). It is formed by the confluence of two streams, the sources of which are located in the Ortler mountain range.
• Serio
  River in Lombardy, Italy. Length - 124 km. The sources of the river are located on the slopes of Monte Torena at an altitude of 2583 m, then the Serio flows through the provinces of Bergamo and Cremona, after which it flows into the Adda River, a tributary of the Po. Most of the river's course lies in the Val Seriana valley.
• Terdoppio
  River in Lombardy. Length - 86 km. The source of the river is located on the slope of one of the hills of Novara, near the city of Serano it is divided into two branches: one flows into the Ticino River, the other flows into the Po River.
• Spoel
  River in Italy and Switzerland. The length of the Spöl River is 28 km. The valley of the river is called Val da Speul. The source of the Spöl river is located near the Alpe Vago at the Forcola di Livigno pass on the Italian-Swiss border. Spöl flows through Livigno, Switzerland national park and flows into the river Inn near the village of Zernets in the Lower Engadine.

• Aventino
  A river flowing in the southern part of the Abruzzo region. The length of the river is about 45 km. The beginning of the river is located on Mount Porrara. The source of the Aventino is the Cotiao River, which originates in the city of Palena, in the province of Chieti.
• Aterno Pescara
  River in Italy. It flows in the upper reaches through the city of L'Aquila, main city Abruzzo region, and the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Amiternum. It flows into the Adriatic Sea near the city of Pescara. Navigable only at the mouth. Due to the drought in the summer of 2007, there were violations of the water supply of the city of Pescara. It has the largest catchment area of ​​any river flowing into the Adriatic Sea south of Reno.
• Leary
  River in Central Italy. The length of the river is 120 km, the catchment area is 4140 km². The sources of the river are in the mountains of Monti Simbruini in Abruzzo at an altitude of over 1000 m. The river flows through the regions of Abruzzo and Lazio, flows into the Garigliano River.
• Sangro
  River on the Apennine Peninsula. It originates in the eastern part of central Italy in the Monti della Meta massif in the national park of Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise at an altitude of 1441 m. The river is fed by mountains. It flows into the Adriatic Sea.
• Trigno
  River in southern Italy. Length 85 km. Source in the Neapolitan Apennines, province of Isernia, region of Molise. It flows through the territory of Molise and Abruzzi, forming the border between the regions for most of its length. It flows into the Adriatic Sea, the mouth is located between the cities of Vasto and Termoli.
• Carapelle
  River in southern Italy. It flows to the northeast through the regions of Campania and Apulia. Source in the Neapolitan Apennines near the town of Anzano di Puglia. (province of Irpinia, region of Campania). It flows into the Gulf of Manfredonia.
• Ofanto
  River in southeastern Italy. Length 170 km, basin area 2,780 km². The source is in the Southern Apennines, in the commune of Torella dei Lombardi. It flows through the regions of Campania, Basilicata and Apulia. It flows into the Adriatic Sea near the city of Barletta.
• Agri
  River in southern Italy. Length 136 km, basin area 1,770 km². Source in the Lucanian Apennines. It flows through the region of Basilicata (provinces of Potenza and Matera). It flows into the Gulf of Taranto, Ionian Sea, near the city of Policoro.
• Basento
  River in southern Italy. The length is 149 km, the basin area is 1,537 km2. It originates in the Lucanian Apennines, Mount Arioso (Arioso), south of the city of Potenza. It flows through the territory of the Basilicata region to the east, flows into the Gulf of Taranto (Ionian Sea) near the city of Metaponto. The cities of Potenza, Tricarico, Ferrandina, Metaponto are located in the Basento river valley.
• Sinny
  River in southern Italy. The length is 94 km, the basin area is 1,292 km². Source in the Lucanian Apennines (commune of Lauria). It flows through the region of Basilicata. In the upper reaches the river is mountainous, in the lower reaches it is flat.
• Busento
  A river in southern Italy, a left tributary of the Crati River. Length approx. 90 km. It flows through the region of Calabria. Source in the mountains of the Calabrian Apennines. The city of Cosenza is located at the confluence of the Busento with the Crati River.
• Savuto
  River in southern Italy. Length 48 km. It flows through the region of Calabria. Source in the mountains of La Sila, in the commune of Aprilano. It flows into the Gulf of Sant'Eufemia, Tyrrhenian Sea, commune of Nocera Terinese.
• Volturno
  River in southern Italy. Length 175 km, basin area 5550 km². It flows through the regions of Molise and Campania. Source in the Abruzzian Apennines, in the province of Isernia. It flows in a southeast direction, near Caiazzo, its main tributary Calore flows into the Volturno and the river turns southwest. In the commune of Castel Volturno, it flows into the Gulf of Gaeta of the Tyrrhenian Sea, north of Naples.
• Garigliano
  River in Italy. Length - 148 km, begins in the Apennines in the valley of Lake Futsin, flows into the Gulf of Gaeta.
• Sele
  River in southern Italy. The length is 64 km, the area of ​​the basin is 3,223 km², the water discharge near the mouth is 69 m²/s. It flows through the Campania region (provinces of Avellino and Salerno). The source is in the Neapolitan Apennines, on Mount Paphlagone, near Mount Cervialto. It empties into the Gulf of Salerno north of ancient city Paestum.
• Tanagro
  River in southern Italy. Length 92 km, basin area 1,835 km². It flows through the territory of the Campania region (province of Salerno). Source in the Lucanian Apennines (commune of Casalbuono). The main tributary of the river Sele, flows into it near Contursi Terme.
• Aniene
  River on the Apennine Peninsula. It originates in Trevi nel Lazio at an altitude of 1075 meters above sea level. The food of the river is mountainous. It flows into the Tiber River in Rome, being at the confluence of the natural border between the municipalities II (Parioli) and IV (Monte Sacro). Length - 99 km. The area of ​​the basin is about 1415 km². The average water flow is about 35 m³/s.
• Bevera
  A river in France and Italy, a right tributary of the Roya. It flows through the French department of Alpes-Maritimes and the Italian province of Imperia. The length of the river is 38 km, the basin area is 81.5 km², the average discharge in Sospel is 1.03 m³/s. The river begins in the Alpes-Maritimes in the commune of Mouline at an altitude of 1980 meters. In the upper and middle reaches, the current speed is high, the character is stormy. In total, the river falls 1810 meters in 38 km, the average slope is 47.6 m / km. The general direction of the current is southeast. It forms a deep valley, the French part of which is part of the Mercantour National Park.
• Roya
  A river in France and Italy, flows into the Ligurian Sea in the city of Ventimiglia. It flows through the French department of Alpes-Maritimes and the Italian province of Imperia. The length of the river is 60 km, the area of ​​the basin is 660 km², the average discharge at the mouth is 15 m³/s. The largest tributary is the Bevera (right).
• Biferno
  River in southern Italy. Length 84 km. It flows through the region of Molise. The source is in the Matese mountains, in the Neapolitan Apennines (Bojano commune). For several kilometers from the source, many tributaries flow into the river, flowing down from the Matese mountains. It flows through the province of Campobasso, forming Lake Guardialfiera, and flows into the Adriatic Sea between the communes of Campomarino and Termoli.
• Coghinas
  River in Italy, on the island of Sardinia. Length 116 km, basin area 2551 km². A major river in Sardinia, the third largest river on the island after Tirso and Flumendos. It flows in a southwesterly direction, crossing the island, and flows into the Gulf of Asinara, near the city of Valledoria.
• Tirso
  River in Italy, on the island of Sardinia. The length is 152 km, the basin area is 3,375 km². largest river Sardinia. The source is on the Budduso plateau, on the slopes of Mount Punta Pyanedda. It flows in a southwesterly direction, crossing the island, and flows into the Gulf of Oristano, near the city of Oristano, located on the river.
• flumendosa
  A river in Italy, in the south of the island of Sardinia. Length 127 km, basin area 1,775 km² (the second river in Sardinia after the Tirso). The source is in the mountains of Gennargentu, at the foot of Mount Armidda. It flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea, near the cities of Muravera and Villapatzu.
• Cedrino
  River in Italy, on the island of Sardinia. Length 76 km. Source in the mountains of Gennargentu. It flows in a northeast direction, flows into the Gulf of Orosei (Tyrrhenian Sea) near the city of Orosei. A dam was built on the river, there is an artificial reservoir, the water from which is used for irrigation.
• socha
  River in Slovenia and Italy. Of the 138 kilometers of the river, 96 kilometers pass through Slovenia, and 43 kilometers through Italy. Soča originates near the top of Triglav, flows into the Adriatic Sea. In the upper and middle reaches, it flows through the Julian Alps, forming a deep valley with steep slopes and beautiful views. Rapid. It is very popular with water tourists. Soča is called the "Emerald Beauty" in Slovenia because of the unusual, emerald hue of the water.
• Allia
  A small river in the Italian region of Lazio, the left tributary of the Tiber. It originates in the mountains near the location of the ancient Roman city of Crustumerium, flows near the city of Monterotondo and flows into the Tiber about 10 km above Rome.
• Vipava
  A river in Slovenia and Italy, a left tributary of the Sochi River. The length of the river is 49 km, of which 44 km are in Slovenia, 5 km in Italy. It flows along the right edge of the Vipava valley near the Kras plateau. It flows into the Socha River in Italy. The area of ​​the river basin is about 600 km².
• Aril
  A river in Verona (Northern Italy) a tributary of Lake Lago di Garda. The length of the river is 175 meters, the discharge is 14 m³ every second. The river is fed from powerful underground sources. Throughout the river in the resort town of Cassone near Malcesine there are several water mills and one oil mill. In addition, 3 bridges cross the river.
• bacchiglione
  River in Italy. It originates in the Alps. The food of the river is mountainous, mixed - partly Alpine, partly Apennine. It flows through a number of northern Italian cities, including Vicenza and Padua. It flows into the Adriatic Sea near Chioggia.
• Piave
  River in northern Italy. Length 220 km, basin area 4,127 km². Source in the Carnic Alps, the slopes of Mount Peralba, near the border with Austria. It flows through the Veneto region. In the upper reaches, the river is mountainous, flows through a deep valley, in the lower reaches it is flat. It flows into the Gulf of Venice of the Adriatic Sea near Cortellazzo, northeast of the city of Venice.
• Tagliamento
  River in Italy. The twelfth longest river in Italy. It originates in the Alps and flows into the Adriatic Sea. Length - 172 km, basin area - 2,916 km². The average water flow is about 70 m³/s. The height of the source is 1195 m. In the middle and lower part of its course, the border between the provinces of Udine and Pordenone passes along it.

Italy is a European country that is proud of its cultural and historical sights, as well as picturesque natural sites. An integral part of Italian nature are its rivers. We will talk about them in today's article.

Rivers in Italy

A significant part of the country's territory is represented by mountainous terrain. This fact had a strong influence on the length and fullness of the Italian rivers. However, the small depth and short length of water bodies does not affect their beauty and picturesqueness. We will talk about the 10 longest rivers in the country below.

By

This river is the longest in Italy. Its length is 652 km. The Po originates in the north of the country, on one of the massifs of the Cot Alps. The course of the river runs in an easterly direction, affecting areas such as Venice, Lombardy and Turin. On the banks of the Po there are world-famous cities - Turin, Piacenza, Cremona, etc. Its completion is the Adriatic Sea, here the Po flows into a large marshy delta. The river is famous for a record number of tributaries: both on the left and on the right side. Left tributaries originate in the southern Alps. These include the rivers Lambro, Pol, Olona, ​​Ticino, Agony, Dora Riparia, Adda, Mincio, Dora Baltea and Ollo. The sources of the right tributaries are in the Tuscan-Emilian Alennines and the Maritime Alps. These rivers are less full-flowing. The right tributaries of the Po are the Enza, Nure, Panaro, Varaita, Taro, Tanaro, Curone, Secchia, Trebbia, Maira, Parma, Scrivia.

The main purpose of the river is to irrigate the fruitful lands of the country. During heavy rainfall, it bursts its banks and causes damage to nearby valleys. To protect the land from spilling water, special barrier structures are provided. Some left tributaries of the Po are equipped with cascades of hydroelectric power stations. On the waters of the river is the movement of navigable transport. You can take a trip on boats, steamboats and other vessels from the mouth of the river to the cities of Pavia and Piacenza.

Adige

The second longest river in Italy is the Adige. Its length is 410 km. It originates in one of the northern Alpine regions, located near the Italian border with Austria and Switzerland. On the banks of the Adige are the cities of Verona and Trento, as well as famous sights - the Scaliger bridge, the Castelvecchio castle, the Reschensee lake and the Ponte Pietra bridge. The final point of the river's flow is the Adriatic Sea, where it forms a common delta with the Po River. The named water artery of the country has 2 large tributaries: Avisio and Isarco. There are several hydroelectric power stations on the Adige. Due to the violent current, the river is popular with lovers of extreme sensations, in particular, kayakers. Locals love to come to the banks of the Adige before sunset, and admire the beauty of its waters in the last rays of the sun hiding behind the horizon.

Tiber

The named Italian river has a length of 404 km. The source of the Tiber is in the southern part of the Tuscan-Emilian Alennines. Its waters flow through the regions of Lazio and Umbria, Rome was founded on the left bank of the Tiber. It was in its waters that the basket with the founders of the current capital of the country, Romulus and Remus, was lowered. The end of the river is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Tiber has several tributaries: Clitunno, Nera, Aniene, Topino, Chiaggio, etc. There are 26 bridges across the Tiber. The most famous are the Bridge of the Holy Angel, the Sixtus and the Milvian Bridge. There is also a tiny island on the river, on which the Basilica of St. Bartholomew.

Adda

This Italian waterway is a left tributary of the Po River. The Adda is 313 km long. Its source is Lake Cancano, located in the Rhaetian Alps. Further, the waters of the river cross the Lombard Prealps and the Lombard lowland. Here, 124 km of Adda are navigable. In the territory of the city of Retino, the river flows into the Po. The tributaries of the Adda include Serio, Lambro and Brembo. Hydroelectric power stations are located in some parts of the river.

Ticino

This facility flows through Italy and Switzerland. The total length of Ticino is 248 km. Italy has 157 km of water flow. The source of the natural attraction is located in Switzerland - on the Saint Gotthard massif. In the region of Lombardy, in the vicinity of the city of Pavia, the Ticino flows into the Po. On the banks of the river are the Swiss cities of Airolo, Bellinzona, Locarno, and the Italian cities of Stresa, Pavia and Vigevano. The largest tributary of the Ticino is the Arno River. In Switzerland on the waters natural object located hydroelectric power station, in Italy, its waters are used to irrigate fields.

Tanaro

The right tributary of the Po has a length of 276 km. The source of the river is located in the Ligurian Alps. The end of the Tanaro path is the Po River in the vicinity of the commune of Bassignana. The largest tributaries of the river are the Stura di Demonte, Bormida and Belbo. Ticino is known for its floods. The most serious natural disaster occurred in 1994, when the waters of the river caused significant damage to the city of Alessandria.

Arno

This famous Italian river originates in the Apennine mountains, flows through the territory of the Tuscany region, and ends its journey in the Ligurian Sea in the vicinity of Pisa. The most famous tributary of the Arno is the Sieve, adjoining it on the right side. The river owes its fame to Florence, which stands on the banks of the Arno. In 1966, a flood occurred here, as a result of which significant damage was recorded to the city. After this incident, dams were erected in Florence, which made it possible to control the "changeable mood" of Arno.

Piave

This northern Italian river is 220 km long. Its beginning is located on the slopes of Mount Peralba, which belongs to the territory of the Carnic Alps. The end of the "route" Piave is the Adriatic Sea in the Cortelazzo area. There are several hydroelectric power stations on the river, its waters are used to irrigate fields. The following cities stand on the Piave: San Dona di Piave, Belluno and Pieve di Cadore.

Renault

Another northern river of the country has a length of 211 km. Its beginning is in the highlands of Tuscany, in the province of Pistoia. Reno flows through the Podana Plain, and ends its journey in the Adriatic Sea. On its banks stands the famous Italian city of Bologna. The main tributary of the Reno is the Santerno. The lower part of the river is used for water transport.

Olho

The left tributary of the Po, the Ollio, completes our list of Italian rivers. Its length is 191 km. The water artery is formed by 2 streams, the sources of which are in the Southern Alps. The river flows through Lake Iseo, through the Camonica Valley and the Padan Plain. In the province of Mantua, the Ollo flows into the Po. The main tributaries of the river are the Mella, Kerio, Chiese, Dezzo and Allione. Olho's waters are used for field irrigation and hydropower needs.

Despite its picturesqueness and history, the rivers of Italy are not in demand by tourists. Most of the waterways flowing in large Italian cities have an unattractive Brown color water and a shallow depth that does not allow for walks on comfortable boats. At the same time, lovers of extreme sports can enjoy their holidays in the northern regions of the country, where a large number of fast-flowing small rivers.

The Tiber (lat. Tiberis; Tevere) has been a hallmark of Rome since the time of the Great Empire.

The winding body of water circles the famous hills of the Italian capital, lovingly shaping the silhouette (Trastevere). The brilliant mirror of the river is everywhere surrounded by monuments of ancient and medieval architecture. Dozens of bridges connect the left and right banks of the Tiber, endowing Roman landscapes with unsurpassed romance.

The Tiber originates in the mountain slopes of the Apennines in the Emilia-Romagna region (Emilia-Romagna). Full-flowing mountain river on its way to Rome it crosses Umbria and Lazio. The Nera and Aniene rivers flow into the reservoir. On the eve of Rome, the river is framed by concrete fortifications, throughout the capital, the channel turns into the Fossa Traiani canal. The final point of the waters of the Tiber is the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno).

The total length of the Tiber is 406 km, which makes it the third longest in Italy. The river basin is 17 thousand 375 km 2. For Rome, the reservoir is the main source of water supply. The Italians often call the Tiber by the Latin name "flavus", which means "white". This nickname came from the yellowish-whitish color of the river waters.

Name

Dear reader, to find an answer to any question about holidays in Italy, use. I answer all questions in the comments under the relevant articles at least once a day. Your guide in Italy Artur Yakutsevich.

There are several assumptions about the origin of the name "Tiber". According to one of them, "Tiber" has pre-Latin roots, coming from the proper name "Tibur" - the ancient name of the city of Tivoli (Tivoli), located 30 km from Rome. Also found are references to the name of the river in the writings of the Etruscans, in the original - "Tiferios", which, when switching to Italian, could be transformed into "Tiber".

Not without legends in the biography of the famous river. King Tiberinus (lat. Tiberinus), who lived in the 900s BC, was drowned in the Albula River (lat. Albula), which later became known as Tiberis (lat. Tiberis). The deceased king was turned by the god Jupiter into the guardian of turbulent waters, Volturnus (lat. Volturnus). It is believed that it was thanks to this ancient myth that rivers, seas and oceans began to be depicted in sculpture as powerful men.

Story

The Tiber was exactly the river in which, according to legend, they tried to drown the babies Romulus (lat. Romulus) and Rem (lat. Remus), the founders of Rome.

Historians believe that Rome was founded around 753 BC. on the banks of the Tiber, 25 km from the coast of Ostia (lat. Ostia Antica). In ancient times, the riverbed was the boundary between the Etruscans, located in the west, the Sabines in the east and the Latins in the south.

The river played an important role for the Romans, who built their economy through the movement of merchant ships. Traders delivered provisions, building materials and other goods to the capital. During the Punic Wars in the 3rd century BC. the port at Osti was of key importance for naval battles. Thus, Rome also acquired a strategic dominant in military operations.

Later, an extensive pier was built along the coast in the area (lat. Campus Martius). And during the arrangement central system the water supply of the capital of the Great Cloaca (lat. Cloaca Maxima) Tiber has become its important component. Thanks to underground tunnels and pipes, pure water delivered to the city center.

Over time, the river became shallow, the capital's port and maritime trade migrated to the neighboring Rome (Fiumicino). In the 17-18 centuries, the pontificate made a lot of efforts to clear the bed of the reservoir in the territory of Rome. The work done improved the ecology of the river, however, little has changed in terms of transport, since river transportation has lost its former significance.

• The Tiber originates from 2 mountain springs located at an altitude of 1268 m above sea level. In 1930, Benito Mussolini erected an ancient marble column at the source of the river. The obelisk was engraved with Latin words meaning: "Here is born a river / sacred to the fate of Rome."
• One of distinguishing features rivers are regular floods. So, the field of Mars often went 2 meters under water. Since 1876, the Romans have been in relative safety, since the city authorities have rebuilt high stone fences on both banks of the Tiber.
• Another interesting fact associated with the name of the river: the stable expression "to cross the Tiber" means to convert to the Catholic faith. By analogy, "to cross the Thames" means to immerse yourself in Anglicism. In times of conflict between religions, such idioms were of great importance.
• At the time, the public execution of criminals was carried out by drowning in the Tiber. Under the emperor Tiberius (lat. Tiberius), the convicts were taken to the Gemonian terrace (Scale Gemonie), and then pushed into deep waters. Such an unenviable fate was awarded not only to ordinary robbers, but also to the first Christian pontiffs.
• The Romans like to invigorate themselves with a dip in cold water. On January 1, brave, if not desperate, residents of the capital, under the roaring hooting of the crowd, jump from the Ponte Cavour bridge into the Tiber!
• The embankment is an ideal place for morning and evening jogging and cycling.

Bridges

On the territory of Rome, the left and right banks of the Tiber are connected by 26 bridges. Along with the new ones, several old buildings have successfully survived to this day.

• Milvian Bridge (Ponte Molle) was created in the 1st century BC to extend the Via Flaminia (Via Flaminia) and connect Rome with Ariminum (modern Rimini (Rimini)). In the 4th century AD, a grandiose battle took place at the Milvian Bridge between the emperors Maxentius (lat. Maxentius) and Constantine I the Great (lat. Constantinus). It was a battle not so much for power as for the dominant religion. The defeated Maxentius drowned in the Tiber, and Constantine became one step closer to the status of the sole emperor of Rome. Thus began the era of Christianity. Today, not far from the Milvian Bridge is the Olympic Stadium (Stadio Olimpico), which hosts home football matches of Roma and Lazio clubs.
• Sixt Bridge (Ponte Sisto)- pedestrian crossing between the right bank of the Tiber and the Trastevere area. The medieval stone bridge dedicated to the name of Pope Sixtus IV looks very picturesque against the backdrop of the old embankment. On the left bank, just behind the bridge is Piazza Trulissa. - a popular meeting place for residents of the capital and guests of Trastevere. From July to August, the Tiber embankment at the Sixtus Bridge fills with tents with light snacks, cocktails and live music. Everyone is invited to ask the price of a stall trade and immerse yourself in a cozy evening atmosphere.
• To the south of (Vaticano) on the river is a small island - (Isola Tiberina). From a bird's eye view, it looks like a fishing boat. Around 1000, the Basilica of St. Bartholomew (Basilica di San Bartolomeo all'Isola) was founded on the island, in which the tomb of San Bartolomeo is located. If you cross the Tiber through the island, then on the right bank you can find one of the amazing Roman sights - (Bocca della Verita).
• Bridge of the Holy Angel (Ponte Sant'Angelo) dates back to the 2nd century AD. It is designed exclusively for walking. In ancient times, the bridge bore the name of Emperor Hadrian, as it was built at his command. The crossing leads to the mausoleum of Hadrian, which in the Middle Ages received a second name -. The remains of Christian pontiffs and many ancient artifacts are kept in the huge stone cylinder of the castle. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the bridge, lined with marble, was decorated with statues of Saints Peter and Paul. And in the 17th century (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) added 10 statues of angels to the decor.

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Translated from ancient Greek "Italy" means "country of calves". So the Hellenes called only the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula and the large and small islands adjacent to it, fat herds grazed here already in those days.
Conventionally, ancient Italy consisted of three parts:

• South- Calabria, Apulia, Bruttius and Lucania.
• Medium- Latium, Etruria, Umbria, Campania, Samnium and Picenum.
• Northern- Cisalpine Gaul, Liguria and Venice.

Rome by the 1st century BC. e. subjugated the entire peninsula, Romanized it, and the established Italian people began to speak Latin. Legend calls the exact date of the formation of the city of Rome - April 21, 753 BC. e. Under the concept " Ancient Rome" means the entire state and the then civilization, which lasted more than 1200 years, when the Western Roman Empire fell in 476. At the dawn of its existence, Rome was a modest policy, but then:

• subjugated all the Apennines by 265;
• by the middle of the 2nd century BC. e. became the strongest power in the Mediterranean;
• for the I-II centuries AD. e. Rome turned into a colossal empire, absorbing all the richness of the cultures of conquered even more ancient civilizations.

The origin of ancient Roman civilization

The geographical position of ancient Rome largely predetermined the history of its civilization. The Apennine Peninsula became the center of settlement of the future boundless empire. Rome was founded at the mouth of the Tiber River, it was from here that the formation of the Roman state began. when several local settlements, whose inhabitants migrated at the end of the second millennium BC. e. to the Apennines from Central Europe, merged together. These include the Indo-European tribes of the Sabines and Latins. These and other tribes that flooded the Apennines were collectively called "Italics". There was quite a lot in common in their languages, way of life and beliefs. The settlers spoke Latin among themselves, they called the area along the Tiber bed Latium. Thanks to this, various peoples rather quickly "melted" into a single ethnic group, which we call the "ancient Romans".
Long after the arrival of the Apennine tribes were mainly engaged in cattle breeding, which was facilitated by natural conditions. Fertile valleys were located near the sea and along the banks of the rivers, for example, the famous Campania, where Vesuvius smokes. As soon as people learned how to make iron tools, intensively arable farming began to develop. True, the lack of land was immediately discovered. The Romans solved this problem simply - they unleashed constant wars, first on the territory of Italy itself, and then rushed beyond the Apennines. The conquered lands inside Italy were called colonies by the Romans, and remote acquisitions were called provinces. This predetermined the development social order and the way of life of the ancient Romans in line with the solution of military tasks. For every Roman military service seemed honorable. To take a public office, a citizen had to make 10 equestrian or 20 foot trips.

Early Roman state and society

At the beginning of the first millennium BC. e. not only Italics came to the north-west of Italy, but also the Etruscans, whose homeland was the territory where Turkey is now located. Hellenes created their numerous colonies in Sicily and the south of the Apennine Peninsula. Their influence on the formation of the civilization of the Romans was incomparable. But the attributes of royal power, religious rites and rituals, the use of facing in the architecture of temples, the Romans borrowed from Etruscans. The last to be dug under Rome was also a system of sewers with stone-lined walls that converged to the main canal.
In an agrarian state, such as ancient Rome was, each of its citizens could cultivate a free piece of land.
At some point in time, seven kings successively ruled Rome, elected by the people and approved by the council of elders - the senate. Their descendants became patricians - the Roman tribal nobility, and commoners were called plebeians. Both of them had external insignia that reinforced political inequality. During the period of royal rule in Rome, the craft separated from Agriculture. Excavations have shown the development at that time of metal processing, weaving, spinning, and pottery. All this created good ground for the activation of internal exchange. Market days were appointed, on which the surrounding villagers could come to trade in the city. The minting of coins began: asses from copper and denarius from silver. Divided by that time into classes, Roman society was drawn into the struggle between the plebeians and the patricians. As is typical of any growing state, Rome periodically experienced crises and periods of prosperity.

Growth of the Roman Empire

culture ancient greece had a decisive influence on the young ancient Roman state. Take at least mythology: in fact, the Romans simply copied all their gods from the Greeks, giving them only their names. So, Zeus turned into Jupiter, Zeus into Hera, Ares into Mars, Aphrodite into Venus, Hermes into Mercury, etc. But at the same time in 280-270 BC. e. a struggle began with the Greeks and South Italians during the wars of conquest. In a short historical period, the Roman Republic subjugated the central and southern Italy. But in Sicily, she had to face a powerful Punic power, as a result from 265 BC e. a chain of Punic wars began, stretching for 120 years. Gradually, during these wars, all the lands belonging to Carthage, except for Africa, fell under the possession of Rome, along with war elephants and a fleet. Having successfully carried out three Punic wars, the Roman Republic turned into the most powerful state in the entire western Mediterranean.

Having achieved external power, the state faced a crisis of competent management of new territories. Some Roman generals claimed full power in Rome, trying to imitate the Greek tyrants. The first in 82 BC. e. seized power Lucius Cornelius Sulla, turning into a full-fledged dictator. He ruled for only 3 years and renounced power himself, but there were a lot of dissatisfied with his reign. But the republic was no longer able to return to the previous model of governance, therefore since then began a long time of incessant civil wars. Slave riots periodically broke out on the territory of the empire, for example, the well-known uprising of Spartacus, lasting 3 years. Only the best Roman commanders were able to cope with the rebellious slaves: Mark Lucullus, Mark Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey. The latter, much later, defeated the Pontic king and the Armenians in the East and himself began the struggle for sole power in the republic. Pompey was opposed by the commander beloved in the troops, who managed to capture Gaul and the first to invade the British Isles - he was Gaius Julius Caesar. Caesar won, who became in 49 BC. e. ruler of Rome with unlimited rights, that is, a dictator. He removed all dangerous political opponents, became close with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, subjugating her country along the way. But after 5 years, Caesar fell from the knife of the conspirators, and civil wars continued again. The next contenders were two former assistants to Caesar - Gaius Octavian and Mark Antony. The latter was supported by Cleopatra. But Octavian defeated the fleet of Cleopatra and Antony, forcing them to commit suicide soon after. Octavian finally annexed Egypt to Rome, turning into an all-powerful ruler huge state spread over almost everything mediterranean sea. He began to call himself Augustus and proclaimed himself the first emperor.
His The Roman Empire reached its peak during the reign of Trajan from 98 to 117. It became maximum in size after the annexation of the eastern part of the Parthian kingdom. True, after the death of this emperor, the Parthians returned their lands. Trajan was replaced by Adrian, during whose reign not only the Parthians, but also the eastern and northern barbarian tribes began to attack the empire. From that moment on, the empire was forced to go on the defensive, starting to build powerful defensive fortifications along the borders everywhere.

The Roman Empire gradually assimilated the culture and traditions of the eastern countries it captured. For example, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian, they began to call him "dominus", which means "master", and complex rituals in the oriental style appeared at the imperial court.
During the reign of Diocletian, the previously united Roman Empire broke up into a western one with its capital in Rome and an eastern one with its capital in Constantinople. Each part was headed by its ruler - "August", whose first deputy was "Caesar". Tired of ruling, August transferred all power to Caesar, and retired himself. This system of transferring power lasted two centuries.

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