DATA FOR 2019 (standard update)
Complex RS-12M / 15P158.1 / 15P158 "Topol", missile RT-2PM / 15Zh58 - SS-25 SICKLE / PL-5

Intercontinental ballistic missile(ICBM) / mobile ground missile system(PGRK). Preliminary development of the complex project has been carried out since 1975 by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT) under the leadership of Alexander Davidovich Nadiradze on the basis of ICBMs and MRSDs. Chief designer from 1987 - Boris Lagutin (until 1993). The full development of the Topol ICBM for use as part of the PGRK began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated July 19, 1976 ( ). The next Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the development of the Topol complex with solid fuel ICBMs was issued on July 19, 1977.

In 1979, testing began on the production of charges for the engines of the second and third stages of the rocket at the Pavlograd Chemical Plant ().

The first launch of an ICBM from a specially equipped silo launcher was carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site on October 27, 1982. Probably, one of the launch tasks was to check the operation of the launch systems and the missile’s exit from the TPK, followed by the launch of the main engine of the first stage. The launch was unsuccessful. Flight design tests (FDT) of the 15Zh58 ICBM began with a launch from a converted silo launcher at the Plesetsk training ground on February 8, 1983. The launch was completely successful. In total in 1983-1984. 12 launches took place under the LCI program. All launches were carried out at the Plesetsk test site. The test launch of the LCI program took place on November 20, 1984.

Serial production of the Topol missile system began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated December 28, 1984 ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The missile has been mass-produced by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant since 1985. Self-propelled launchers of the complex were produced by the Barrikady plant (Volgograd). In 1984, the construction of permanent base structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for the PGRK began. The objects were located in those divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces where the RT-2P, MR-UR-100 and UR-100N ICBMs were removed from combat duty. At the same time, the PGRK complex was deployed in the positional areas of the Pioneer MRBM ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The first division of the PGRK 15P158.1 "Topol" entered combat duty on July 23, 1985 as part of the Strategic Missile Forces regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, Mari Autonomous Okrug of the USSR (). Until the end of 1985, another PGRK floor took up combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces with RS-12M missiles, equipped with the mobile regimental command post "Barrier" (), was put on combat duty on April 28, 1987 in the area of ​​Nizhny Tagil and on May 27, 1988 the first missile regiment was put on combat duty with a modernized mobile regimental command post "Granit" (), based in Irkutsk (). The Topol ICBM complex was adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces on December 1, 1988 ().

Since 1997, there has been a gradual replacement of the RS-12M ICBMs with ICBMs and .

http://tvzvezda.ru/).

Launches of the RS-12M Topol ICBM:

№pp	date	Launch location	Result	Description
	29.09.1981	Plesetsk		There was probably no such launch, but it is mentioned in a number of foreign sources (). The date is referred to as the start date of LCI in some sources (). The launch is mentioned in the book on the history of the Plesetsk cosmodrome, 2002 edition. Most likely this is a dart test of an early prototype/test rocket of the 15Zh58 missile
	30.10.1981	Plesetsk		Throw launch (?)
	25.08.1982	Plesetsk		Throw launch (?)
00	27.10.1982	Kapustin Yar	unsuccessful launch	Launch from a specially converted silo.
01	08.02.1983 (02/18/1983 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	The launch was carried out by the combat crew of the 6th Research University. Launch of an RT-2P missile from a specially converted silo launcher (). First launch of the 15Zh58 rocket.
02	03.05.1983 (05/05/1983 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch of an RT-2P missile from a specially converted silo launcher (). 2nd start LKI ()
03	30.06.1983 (05/31/1983 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch of an RT-2P missile from a specially converted silo launcher (). 3rd launch of LCI ()
04	10.08.1983	Plesetsk	emergency start	First launch from SPU PGRK. 4th launch of LCI. In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called an emergency - not through the fault of the control system ().
05	25.10.1983	Plesetsk	successful launch	5th launch of LCI ()
06	20.02.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	6th launch of LCI ()
07	27.03.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	7th launch of LCI ()
08	23.041984	Plesetsk	successful launch	8th launch of LCI ()
09	23.05.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	9th launch of LCI ()
10	26.07.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	10th launch of LCI ()
11	10.09.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	11th launch of LKI ()
12	02.10.1984	Plesetsk	emergency start	12th launch of LCI (). In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called an emergency - not through the fault of the control system ().
13	20.11.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	Test launch LKI ()
14	06.12.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	13th launch of LKI
15	06.12.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	14th launch of LKI
16	29.01.1985	Plesetsk	emergency start	15th launch of the LKI () program. In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called an emergency - not through the fault of the control system ().
17	21.02.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch
18	22.04.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
19	14.06.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
20	06.08.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
21	25.08.1985 (08/28/1985 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
22	04.10.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
23	24.10.1985 (10/25/1985 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
24	06.12.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
25	18.04.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
26	20.09.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
27	29.11.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
28	25.12.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
29	11.02.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
30	04/26/1987 (05/26/1987 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
31	30.06.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
32	14.07.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
33	31.07.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
34	23.12.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
35	23.12.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	Last launch of the joint testing program PGRK "Topol" (). 16th launch of LCI ().
36	29.04.1988	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM ()
37	07/05/1988 (08/05/1988 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
38	14.09.1988	Plesetsk	successful launch
39	08.10.1988 (10/20/1988 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
40	09.12.1988	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
41	07.02.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
42	21.03.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
43	15.06.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
44	20.09.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
45	10/26/1989 (10/27/1989 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
46	29.03.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
47	21.05.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
48	24.05.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch
49	31.07.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
50	08.08.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	1st launch of the test program for the 15YU75 command missile based on the 15ZH58 missile of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
51	16.08.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
52	17.10.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	2nd launch of the 15YU75 command rocket based on the 15ZH58 rocket of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
53	01.11.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	3rd launch of the 15YU75 command rocket based on the 15ZH58 rocket of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
54	25.12.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	4th launch of the 15YU75 command rocket based on the 15ZH58 rocket of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
55	25.12.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
56	07.02.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	() Combat training launch from the 2nd launcher of the 306th missile regiment ()
57	05.04.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
58	25.06.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
59	19.08.1991 (08/20/1991 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
60	02.10.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
61	25.02.1993	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
62	25.03.1993	Plesetsk	partially successful launch	LV EK-25 "Start-1" ( , )
63	23.07.1993	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
64	22.06.1994	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
65	23.09.1994	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
66	10.11.1994	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
67	28.03.1995	Plesetsk	emergency start	LV "Start" (5 stages), load - overall weight mock-up EKA-2 and the Gurwin Techsat 1A and UNAMSat A satellites were not launched into orbit ().
68	14.04.1995	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
69	10.10.1995	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
70	10.11.1995	Plesetsk	successful launch
71	17.04.1996	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
72	03.10.1996	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
73	09.11.1996 (05.11.1996 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
74	04.03.1997	Free	successful launch	The first successful launch of the Start-1.2 launch vehicle (), the Zeya satellite ().
75	03.10.1997	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
76	24.12.1997	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite Early Bird ().
77	16.09.1998	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
78	01.10.1999	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
79	11.10.2000	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
80	05.12.2000	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite EROS A ().
81	16.02.2001	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
82	20.02.2001	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite "Odin" ().
83	03.10.2001	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
84	01.11.2001 19-20 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). Presumably testing combat equipment ().
85	12.10.2002	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
86	27.03.2003 12-27 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile remained on combat duty for 18 years. According to media reports, this is the 79th launch of the Topol from the Plesetsk training ground and the 43rd combat training launch ().
87	18.02.2004 13-30 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). According to Western data, it is possible that the launch was carried out for the purpose of testing promising combat equipment (,).
88	02.11.2004	Plesetsk	successful launch
89	01.11.2005	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	According to Western data (target IP-10 is mentioned), the launch target of the test advanced combat equipment, 15Zh58E missile. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site ()
90	29.11.2005 10-44 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The purpose of the launch is to test the reliability of the rocket with a long shelf life. For the first time in the Strategic Missile Forces, the shelf life of a missile was 20 years ().
91	25.04.2006	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite EROS B ().
92	03.08.2006	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka).
93	18.10.2007 09-10 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The service life has been extended to 21 years.
94	08.12.2007 17-43 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch
95	28.08.2008	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). Probably the 15Zh58E rocket. " Experimental warhead missiles with high accuracy hit a conditional target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula, thereby demonstrating the ability to reliably hit targeted highly protected objects" ().
96	12.10.2008 11-24 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka).
97	10.04.2009 12-09 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out by the crew of the Irkutsk Strategic Missile Forces unit. The launched missile was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on combat duty at the Teikovsky missile formation (,).
98	10.12.2009	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	advanced combat equipment. The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site ().
99	28.10.2010	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launched missile was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on combat duty at the Teikovsky missile formation (Ivanovo region), and then stored at one of the arsenals of the Strategic Missile Forces ().
100	05.12.2010	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the 15Zh58E "Topol-E" rocket for testing purposes advanced combat equipment. The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site ().
101	03.09.2011	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile was produced by industry in 1988 and until March 2011 was on duty at the Novosibirsk missile formation. According to media reports, the missile was launched with a new experimental warhead ().
102	03.11.2011 10-45 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch as part of work to extend the service life of Topol missiles, launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The launch used a rocket produced by industry in 1987 and as of July 2007 the rocket was on combat duty in the Tagil formation of the Strategic Missile Forces. The launch was carried out by the space forces and personnel of the Strategic Missile Forces unit from Yoshkar-Ola. Based on the launch results, the service life of the RS-12M missiles was extended to 25 years.
103	07.06.2012 21-39 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E missile to test advanced combat equipment. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site. “The goals of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight characteristics of missiles of this class during the period of extended service life, and to test measuring instruments various types measuring systems in the interests of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, another test combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles" ().
104	19.10.2012	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). “The goals of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight characteristics of missiles of this class during the period of operation extended to 24 years and to assess the possibility of extending the service life by 25 years” ().
105	10.10.2013 17-39 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E rocket for testing purposes advanced combat equipment. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 1 ()
106	30.10.2013	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out by a rocket and a crew from the 14th division of the Strategic Missile Forces (Yoshkar-Ola). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a surprise check of the readiness of the aerospace defense and strategic missile forces.
107	27.12.2013 21-30 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E rocket for testing purposes advanced combat equipment. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 2 ()
108	04.03.2014 22-10 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Topol-E rocket. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with specified accuracy. According to Western data TEST 3 ()
-	March 2014	Kapustin Yar	launch plan 2	In addition to the launch on 03/04/2014, according to the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan, in March it was planned to conduct two more launches of ICBMs at the Sary-Shagan test site ().
109	08.05.2014	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a sudden check of the readiness of the aerospace defense and strategic missile forces ().
110	20.05.2014 21-08 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Topol-E rocket. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan test site () with specified accuracy. According to Western data TEST 4 ()
111	11.11.2014	Kapustin Yar	emergency start	According to Western data, the Topol-E missile. The shooting took place at the Sary-Shagan training ground. Presumably one of the launches with promising combat equipment. According to Western data TEST 5 ()
112	22.08.2015 18-13 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. “The purpose of the launch was to test the advanced combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan test site with specified accuracy.
113	30.10.2015	Plesetsk	successful launch	Successful launch as part of the training of the strategic forces control system.
114	17.11.2015 15-12 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch
115	24.12.2015 20-55 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for ICBMs.” The training warhead of the missile hit a simulated target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with specified accuracy.
116	09.09.2016	Plesetsk	successful launch	The purpose of the launch was to confirm the basic flight performance characteristics of the Topol intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as test promising combat equipment and means of overcoming missile defense. The set launch goals were achieved in full. The experimental warhead of the missile hit a conditional target with high accuracy at the training ground of the Kamchatka Peninsula () 0 The Topol-E missile is possibly the first launch of the State Test program of a new type of warhead developed by MIT.
117	10/12/2016	Plesetsk	successful launch	Successful launch at the Kura test site in Kamchatka as part of the program to confirm the extended service life of ICBMs (). This launch was probably carried out by a command rocket 15Yu75 ().
118	November 25, 2016	Plesetsk site No. 167	successful launch	According to Western data, the successful launch of a 15YU75 missile with a special warhead from the LC167 site of the Plesetsk training ground across the Kura battlefield in Kamchatka to test the combat readiness of the Perimeter-RC system ()
-	2016-2017			According to the Russian Ministry of Defense for 2016-2017. planned to conduct 7 launches of the Topol ICBM. The insured amount for one launch is 180 million rubles.
119	September 26, 2017	Kapustin Yar (site 107)	successful launch	Topol-E rocket. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for ICBMs.” The training warhead of the missile hit a simulated target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with specified accuracy. “During the test, experimental data were obtained on the parameters of the target environment formed by the combat equipment of promising ballistic missiles in the process of overcoming missile defense. Subsequently, this information will be used in the interests of development effective means overcoming missile defense to equip a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles with them"
120	October 26, 2017	Plesetsk	successful launch	Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka) during the exercise of strategic nuclear forces.
121	December 26, 2017	Kapustin Yar (site 107)	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. The purpose of the launch was to test promising combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. During the test, experimental data was obtained that will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense and equipping a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles with them ().
122	04.07.2018	Kapustin Yar (site 107)	accident	According to Western data, the emergency launch of the Topol-E missile at the Sary-Shagan test site - launch not confirmed from other sources ()
123	18.10.2018	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch within the framework of the program to extend the warranty period of the Topol missile ()
124	12/11/2018 (12/06/2018 according to Western data)	Kapustin Yar (site 107)	accident	The launch of the Topol-E rocket at the 107th site at the Sary-Shagan test site ended with the explosion of the first stage of the rocket in the first seconds of flight. The official version is the explosion of an anti-aircraft missile of the S-350 complex ().
125	July 26, 2019	Kapustin Yar (site 107)	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E missile at the Sary-Shagan training ground to test new combat equipment ()

Removal from service: The RS-12M Topol ICBM is planned to be withdrawn from service in 2022 (December 2016, ).

Launch and ground equipment:
silo- an experimental experimental mine launcher was used at the first stage of ICBM testing. In the mid-1980s, some Western sources speculated that the SS-25 ICBM would be deployed in silos, among other things.

PGRK - autonomous launcher APU 15U128.1- missile system 15P158.1 "Topol" with a point" - MAZ-7912 chassis - this type of SPU was part of the Topol PGRK at the initial stage of deployment of the complex's assets. The SPU was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau of the Barrikady plant (Volgograd). In part, the source notes that the 15U128.1 installation was precisely an SPU, and not an APU.

The length of the APU with TPK is 22.3 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Chassis length - 17.3 m
APU width - 3.85 m
Minimum turning radius - 27 m
Power reserve - 400 km

SPU 15U128.1 on a MAZ-7912 chassis with a TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

SPU 15U128.1 on a MAZ-7912 chassis without TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

Serial APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, complex 15P158.1 (http://military.tomsk.ru/forum).

PGRK - SPU 15U168- missile system 15P158 "Topol" - MAZ-7917 chassis. According to information from a number of historians, the SPU can launch from any point on the patrol route without prior geodetic reference and marking of the starting position (probably not true). The SPU was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau of the Barrikady plant (Volgograd) under the leadership of V.M. Sobolev and V.A. Shurygin. The MAZ-7917 chassis was developed at the Minsk Automobile Plant under the leadership of V.P. Chvyalev ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The SPU is equipped with an autonomous power supply, a navigation system, radio and official communications equipment, a set of spare parts, a set of fastening and covering the unit on a railway platform.

Calculation - 3 people
Engine - diesel with a power of 710 hp.
Length of SPU with TPK - 22303 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
SPU length without TPK - 19520 mm ()
Chassis length - 18.4 m
TPK length - 22.3 m ()
TPK diameter - 2 m ()
The width of the APU in the stowed position is 3.85 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Height with TPK - 4350 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Height without TPK - 3000 mm ()
Ground clearance with full load - 475 mm ()
Total weight of the launcher - 105.1 t (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Minimum turning radius - 26 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Power reserve - 400 km
Maximum speed ():
- 40 km/h (roads of 1-2 categories)
- 25 km/h (roads 3-4 categories)

APU 15U168 on a MAZ-7917 chassis with a TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

APU 15U168 on a MAZ-7917 chassis without TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

TPK missiles 15Zh58 / RS-12M (official photo from documents on the SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).

APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis of the Topol complex after a missile launch at the Plesetsk test site, 2000s (http://militaryphotos.net).

APU 15U168 of the 15P158 “Topol” complex of the Novosibirsk division of the Strategic Missile Forces, 12/09/2011 (photo - Alexander Kryazhev, http://visualrian.ru/).

APU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, publication 12.12.2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).

SPU 15U168 of complex 15P158 "Topol", Military Historical Artillery Museum, St. Petersburg, 05/09/2012 (photo - A.V. Karpenko, http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/).

http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex in the pre-launch position (http://www.nationaldefense.ru).

SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. On the starboard side of the SPU there are some missing required elements designs. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

The aft part of the SPU 15P168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).

For the first time, control system cables were cut off using pyroelectric devices ( ist. - Strategic missiles). TPK is covered with a special fire-resistant intumescent coating SGK-1.

Unit 15U135 "Krona" - a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying out combat duty PGRK in a stationary equipped position. The rocket could be launched directly from the structure, which was equipped with a sliding roof.

Rocket RT-2PM / 15Zh58:
Design- a three-stage solid-fuel rocket with a sequential arrangement of stages. For the first time in the USSR, the stage bodies are made of organoplastic using the method of continuous winding of the “cocoon” type. All stages are equipped with transition compartments.

The first stage of the rocket is equipped with 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers and 4 lattice aerodynamic rudders combined with gas-jet rudders.

Launch of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M Topol ICBM from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2010. (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).

The spent first stage of the Topol ICBM after launch from the Plesetsk test site in northern Russia, photo no later than 2013 (http://www.edu.severodvinsk.ru/).

One of the launches of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M "Topol" ICBM from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2012, published 01/15/2013 (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).

Rocket composition:
- starting pad

1st stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a fixed nozzle with gas-jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).

2nd stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle.

Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In the front part of the solid propellant rocket engine there are engine thrust cut-off windows, which were opened using extended detonating charges (EDC).

Warhead launch stage

http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Rocket 15Zh58 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Control system: autonomous inertial rocket control system using an on-board computer. The system was developed by NPO Automation and Instrumentation (chief designer Vladimir Lapygin). Firing accuracy has been increased through the use of new, more sensitive accelerometers and an on-board computer that implements direct guidance methods, which carried out calculations in this moment time of the warhead's flight path to the point of impact. ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The aiming system was developed by the design bureau of the Arsenal plant (Kiev), the chief designer is Seraphim Parnyakov. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.

One of the main components of the missile aiming system is the automatic gyrocompass (AGC) SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 Topol complex. On the starboard side of the SPU there are some required structural elements missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

The heading and pitch control was carried out at the 1st stage by gas-jet rudders synchronized with aerodynamic rudders, at the second and third stages - by gas injection into the supercritical region of the nozzle. Range control was carried out by cutting off the thrust of the third stage engine.

Engines: development of production and production of charges for solid propellant rocket engines of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the rocket began at the Pavlograd chemical plant in 1979 ().

Starting pad

Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO Soyuz (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with gas-jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).

The rocket engines underwent fire tests at NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of the Research Institute "Geodesy") ().

The first stage of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M rocket. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (official photo from documents on the SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).

Probably, the preparation of the engine of the 1st stage of the 15Zh58 Topol ICBM for experimental testing for the purpose of experimental combustion under the joint program of MIT, FCDT Soyuz, Moscow State University and the Lockheed Martin company (USA) at NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of the Research Institute "Geodesy") ().

Nozzle block of the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 “Topol” complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

- 2nd stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. The thrust vector was controlled by gas injection into the supercritical region of the nozzle. Injection is provided by a special gas generator ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The second stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

- 3rd stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In the front part of the solid propellant rocket engine there are 8 engine thrust cut-off windows, which were opened using extended detonating charges (EDC). The thrust vector was controlled by gas injection into the supercritical region of the nozzle. For the first time, part of the engine charge is made of metal-free fuel - the combustion products of this part of the charge are discharged through filters to special injection valves through devices in the nozzle flange ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The third stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

- warhead launch stage - 4 x solid propellant rocket motor

The launch stage of the 15Zh58 missile warhead of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Performance characteristics of the missile:
Length:
- full - 21.5 m
- without warhead - 18.5 m
- first stage - 8.1 m
- second stage - 4.6 m
- third stage - 3.9 m
- head part - 2.1 m
Diameter:
- first stage housing - 1.8 m
- second stage housing - 1.55 m
- third stage housing - 1.34 m
- TPK (transport and launch container) - 2.0 m

The area of ​​the combat patrol area is 125,000 sq. km

Warhead types:

The basic option is a thermonuclear warhead with a power of 550 kt (,). The charge was developed by VNIIEF under the leadership of Samvel Kocharyants. The warhead is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense.
Warhead mass - 1000 km

One of the launches of the Topol-E ICBM from the Kapustin Yar test site at the Sary-Shagan test site, 2013 or earlier (TV footage).

Launch of the Topol-E ICBM from the Kapustin Yar test site, 05/20/2014 (Zvezda TV channel).

Projections of the Topol and Topol-E missiles (15Zh58 and 15Zh58E) - SS-25 SICKLE (, 2015).

- "Start-1"- satellite launch vehicle. The development of the launch vehicle began in 1989. The first launch took place on March 25, 1993.
Design - 5-stage launch vehicle.
Payload mass for low orbit - 500 kg

Presumably the photo shows the launch of the Start-1 launch vehicle on March 25, 1993 (http://www.bmstu.ru/).

Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (http://www.iz-article.ru/).

Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (Yu. Solomonov. Nuclear vertical. M., Intervestnik, 2009).

Launch of the Start launch vehicle.

Infrastructure and auxiliary facilities of the complex:
As of 1999, 4-5 missile regiments were based simultaneously in one positional area of ​​the PGRK. The regiment includes three missile divisions - i.e. 9 SPU, a mobile command post and a stationary command post at the place of permanent deployment of the regiment. ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The complex includes:
- self-propelled ICBM launchers;
- combat control vehicle (MCV);
- communication machine;
- combat duty support vehicles;

The combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis was intended for recreation of personnel on combat duty.

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, publication 12/12/2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15B148 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

- a vehicle for driver training on the MAZ-7917 chassis.

A vehicle for driver training on the MAZ-7917 chassis (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

Tropospheric radio communication station 15B78 from the support equipment of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

The set of arsenal equipment of the complex includes a transport trolley for the TPK, probably developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau (Volgograd) and produced at the Barrikady plant.

Having covered 11 thousand kilometers, the missile fired from Plesetsk accurately hit the target

On April 20, 2004 at 21.30 Moscow time there was historical event in the life of the Strategic Missile Forces “defeated in their rights” in the 90s. For the first time in 15 years, an intercontinental ballistic missile was test launched from the Plesetsk cosmodrome into the Hawaiian Islands to a maximum range of more than 11 thousand kilometers. Up to this point, all launches were “home” launches. The missile that flew to distant lands was a mobile-based 15Zh65 Topol-M.

Evolution of ICBMs

Since the late 60s, Soviet and American designers of national nuclear missile shields have taken different paths. The Americans calmed down by creating Minuteman solid-fuel ballistic missiles in 1970 and burying them in the ground. That is, the missiles were placed in the silos once and for all. And to this day it is they, put into service back in 1970, that represent the ground segment of the US nuclear forces.

Soviet rocket scientists constantly not only modernized existing liquid-fuel rockets, but also created new types. This applied not only to the design, but also to their basing. At first, ICBMs were openly located at the launch pads of the Kapustin Yar test site. Then ICBMs began to be placed in mines. And it was also not the best option in terms of missile survivability. Quite soon, the coordinates of the mines were marked on US strategic maps and entered into the computers of missiles aimed at the USSR.

And in the early 70s, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering made a revolution in rocketry. And if the name of S.P. Korolev, who made a huge contribution to the creation of rocket technology for space purposes, is well known to everyone, then few people know about Alexander Davidovich Nadiradze (1914 - 1987), long time former general designer of MIT (formerly it was called NII-1 of the Ministry of Defense Industry). It was thanks to him that a unique class of missiles appeared in the country.

Rockets are flying across the country

In the mid-70s, the Temp-2S (SS-16) mobile ground-based missile systems developed by MIT began to arrive at the Strategic Missile Forces. These ICBMs, mounted on a MAZ chassis, had an impressive range of 10,500 km and a powerful warhead of 1.6 Mt. Temp-2S had two fundamental advantages that Soviet launch systems did not have before.

Firstly, they constantly moved, changing their location. Therefore, they were inaccessible to preemptive enemy missile attacks. American land-based ICBMs still do not have this advantage.

Secondly, the missiles used were solid fuel. They are simpler and safer to operate than ICBMs. liquid fuel. They have increased reliability and reduced preparation time for launch.

The last “Soviet” product of MIT, created in conditions of economic and organizational stability, was the Topol mobile strategic missile system with a three-stage solid-fuel rocket 15Zh58. It was put into service in 1988.

Based on the Topol, a more advanced RT-2PM2 Topol-M complex was created. It is unique both in its tactical and technical capabilities and in the conditions in which the development took place. The RT-2PM2 entered service in 2000, becoming the first ICBM in history to be created under “inhuman conditions.” The complex began to be developed in the late 80s, when funding in the industry sharply decreased, and was put to testing when the industry was practically in ruins. The situation was aggravated by the collapse of the USSR. For example, the most important participant in the project - the Dnepropetrovsk Yuzhnoye Design Bureau - dropped out of the game in the early 90s.

"Topol-M" has two modifications - mine-based and mobile. It turned out to be easier to install the rocket into the silo - this stage of design and subsequent testing was completed in 1997. Three years later, the mobile launcher was ready. And its official operation in parts of the Strategic Missile Forces began in 2005, a year after the rocket flew to the Hawaiian Islands.

Tests of the missile demonstrated its highest reliability, exceeding the results of tests of other types of missiles. From December 1994 to November 2014, 16 test launches were carried out, both from silo installations and from mobile ones. Only one of them was unsuccessful. In this case, the rocket did not explode, but deviated from the target in flight and was eliminated.

Tricky modernization

The designers had to show maximum ingenuity to get around the slingshots placed by the START-2 Treaty. MIT did not have the right to create a new rocket; Topol-M was declared as a modernization of Topol. The upgraded ICBM should not differ from the original one in any of the following ways:

Number of steps;

Type of fuel for each stage;

Starting weight (no more than 10 percent deviation);

Rocket length (no more than 10 percent deviation);

Diameter of the first stage (no more than 5 percent deviation);

Throwing weight (no more than 5 percent deviation).

In this connection, the tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol-M complex could not undergo significant changes relative to the Topol complex. And the designers concentrated their main efforts on creating a missile with unique capabilities to overcome enemy missile defenses.

At the same time, by using the latest technologies in the rocket, the designers managed to significantly increase its energy capabilities. Thus, the bodies of all three stages are made by winding a “cocoon” from a composite material. This made the rocket lighter and made it possible to throw a larger payload of warheads.

This also had a beneficial effect on flight dynamics. The operating time of the main engines of three stages is 3 minutes. Due to the rapid increase in speed, the vulnerability of the missile in the active part of the trajectory is reduced. An effective control system for several auxiliary engines and rudders ensures maneuver in flight, making the trajectory unpredictable for the enemy.

The fight against missile defense

The Topol-M is equipped with a new type of maneuvering warhead with a yield of 550 kt. At the stage of factory testing, it was capable of overcoming US missile defense with a probability of up to 60% - 65%. Now this figure has been increased to 80%.

The new warhead is more resistant to damaging factors nuclear explosion and to the effects of weapons based on new physical principles. It should be noted that it was completely simulated on a supercomputer and, for the first time in domestic practice, was created without testing components and parts during full-scale explosions.

The missile is equipped with a set of missile defense breakthrough means, which include passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. False targets are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation: optical, radar, infrared. They simulate the characteristics of the warhead on the downward portion of the flight path so reliably that they are able to withstand super-resolution radar stations. Means for distorting the characteristics of a warhead include radio-absorbing coatings, infrared radiation simulators, and radio jammers.

The launcher weighing 120 tons is placed on an eight-axle chassis with high cross-country ability of wheeled tractors from the Minsk plant. The missile is housed in a fiberglass transport and launch container. The launch is of the mortar type: with the engine turned off, the rocket is pushed out of the container by powder gases to a height of several meters. In the air it is deflected using a powder accelerator. And after this, the main engine is turned on to avoid damage to the launcher by the gas jet of the first stage main engine.

The number of Topol-M complexes on combat duty in the RSVN annually increases by 5-6 units. Now there are 60 mine-based complexes and 18 mobile ones. At the same time, the army has already received a new, more advanced Yars complex, the missile of which is equipped with three warheads with individual guidance. It managed to further reduce the time of the active part of the trajectory, increase shooting accuracy and the likelihood of overcoming missile defense.

Performance characteristics of the Topol-M, Yars and Minuteman-3 complexes

Number of steps: 3 - 3 - 3
Engine type: Solid propellant rocket motor - Solid propellant rocket motor - Solid propellant rocket motor
Location: mobile, mine - mobile, mine - mine

Length: 22.5 m - 22.5 m - 18.2 m
Diameter: 1.86 m - 1.86 m - 1.67 m
Weight: 46500 kg - 47200 kg - 35400 kg

Throwing weight: 1200 kg - 1250 kg - 1150 kg
Charge power: 550 kt - 4x150-300 kt or 10x150 kt - 3x0.3 Mt

Range: 11,000 km - 12,000 km - 13,000 km
Maximum deviation from target: 200 m - 150 m - 280 m
Time of the active part of the trajectory: 3 min - 2.5 - n/a
Trajectory: flat - flat - high

Year of adoption: 2000 - 2009 - 1970.

	Mobile ground-based missile system 15P158 “Topol” with intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58.
	Customer index: complex	15P158
	Customer index: rockets	15Zh58
	INF Treaty designation	RS-12M
	Designation DIA	SS-25
	NATO designation	Sickle
	Rocket manufacturer:	Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant
	Complex developer:	MIT, OKB A.D. Nadiradze.
	Launcher manufacturer:	Factory "Barricades", Volgograd, RSFSR.

The RS-12M is designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges.

The RS-12M is a mobile ground-based intercontinental strategic missile, which significantly increases its survivability in combat conditions.

One of the most successful modern Russian complexes was considered to be the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. It became the first mobile complex equipped with an intercontinental-range missile to be put into service after almost two decades unsuccessful attempts, undertaken by various design organizations.

2.

Development

Development of a strategic mobile complex " Poplar»( RS-12M) with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on ICBMs 15Zh58 on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead weighing 1 ton) was launched July 19, 1977 year at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of the chief designer Alexandra Nadiradze V 1975 year. After death A. Nadiradze(was director and chief designer of MIT 1961-1987 gg., died in 1987 year), work continued under the leadership Boris Lagutin(general designer of MIT 1987-1993 gg.). The mobile launcher on a wheeled chassis was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau at the Volgograd Barikady plant.

3 - 8. Self-propelled launcher (15U168) 9. Self-propelled launcher (15U128.1)

RT-2PM missile

Rocket 15Zh58 made according to a scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new, more advanced mixed fuel of increased density, with a specific impulse increased by several units compared to the fillers of previously created engines, was used in all sustainer stages.

10. 11.

Installed on all three stages Solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main stage Solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.

12. First stage

13. Second stage

14. Third stage

15. Tail compartment

16. Combat stage of the RS-12M rocket

The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was a very complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ– detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.

An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. Inertial system control has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.

The head part is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides a circular probable deflection ( KVO) 400 m (this is what our sources say; in the West, the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar» equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option further development not received.

The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Just like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.

The entire life of the rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) carried out in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.

Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.

Launcher and equipment

17..

During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), placed in a transport and launch container ( TPK).

The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the direction of Valerian Soboleva And Victor Shurygin.

A seven-axle vehicle was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher. MAZ-7912 (15U128.1), later – MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel formula 14x12 (Barricades plant in Volgograd). This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket ship Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex Poplar"had good mobility and cross-country ability.

Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukova(later the association was headed by Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Victor Protasova. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.

Some sources reported that the launch could have been carried out from any point on the patrol route, but according to more precise information: “ Upon receipt of the order to launch ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to occupy the nearest route point suitable for launch and deploy APU» .

note– the closest suitable one, which means predetermined and having certain coordinates, plus previously prepared in engineering and plotted on the route map. For this purpose, periodically in accordance with plans NS And ZBU Reconnaissance of field positions and patrol routes is carried out, during which a list of works is determined, where what should be cut down, leveled, added or strengthened. This is practically what is called from any point. [Ed.]

In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And IBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).

Start RS-12M could have been produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP. For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.

Initially the roof was retractable, andon the locking device, which did not allow cables with loads -concrete counterweights -at the end (like a weight on a chain on a walker) the fall was installedsquibs.At the start command (in the mode cyclogram« Start"), a command was issued to activate the squibs, and then the loads pulled the cables with their weight and the roof moved apart.

In harsh winter conditions such a scheme proved to be negative (it was impossible to determine the exact mass of the counterweight due to snowfall; the average reading led to either jamming or falling off the guides; in addition, without shooting it is not possible to determine the condition of the squib). Therefore, the squibs were replaced with older and more reliable ones (compared to Pioneer electromechanical drives have been improved. [Ed.]

Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.

To enable starting PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. To do this, in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD), located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work for lifting the boom from TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e. the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the travel motor ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in a “hot state”, duplicate the starting system HD air cylinders, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability.

Launch type – artillery: after installation TPK into a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first one is triggered first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to “rest” against the ground for greater stability, and then a second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the first stage propulsion engine is launched.

Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and " Granite"(regimental unit).

For the Topol complex, a mobile command post of the regiment was developed ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:

Unit 15В168- combat control vehicle

Unit 15В179– communication machine 1

Unit 15B75– communication machine 2

Each of these units was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on a chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15В148, then (with 1989 d.) unit 15В231.

One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, BPU.

APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive launch commands using the “ Perimeter» across 3 ranges.

18.		19.
20.		21.
22.		23.
24.		25. SPU takes the field combat training starting position (PUBSP)
26. Loading equipment onto platforms to send av arsenal.		27. SPU exit from the structure 15U135 (Krona).
28. Missile division on the march.		29. SPU at the field position.
32. Example of the location of structures at the starting position		31.
30.		32. 1. Starting position Novosibirsk-2
32. 2. Starting position Novosibirsk-2		32. 3. Starting position Novosibirsk-2

Testing and deployment

33. 34. 35. 36. 37

On October 27, 1982, as part of the first stage of LKI-1, the first and only launch of the 15Zh58 rocket took place from the Kapustin Yar test site.

IN February 1983 year PGRK " Poplar» entered flight tests. The first flight test of the rocket at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) Plesetsk was carried out February 8, 1983(here it should be clarified - according to other sources, this launch took place 18th of Febuary) This and two subsequent launches were made from converted stationary missile silos RT-2P. One of the launches was unsuccessful. The series of tests continued until December 23, 1987 In total, more than 70 launches of this rocket were carried out.

IN 1984 year, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for mobile missile systems began. Poplar» in positional areas removed from duty ICBM RT-2P And UR-100 located in silo OS. Later, the arrangement of position areas removed from service under the treaty was carried out RIAC medium-range complexes.

The development of the elements of the complex proceeded in stages, and apparently the greatest difficulties were associated with the combat control system.

The first series of tests was successfully completed by the middle 1985 (during April 1985 15 test launches took place).

It was decided in order to gain operating experience of the new complex RT-2PM (15P158) in military units, deploy it in one of the units.This was done and July 23, 1985 G. in the area of ​​Yoshkar-Ola, a complex consisting of 9 launchers was first put on combat duty in the 779th missile regiment of the PGRK (commander - Lieutenant Colonel V.V. Dremov). And in November 1985, the regiment went out for combat duty to field positions for the first time.

At the same time, the development of the combat control system obviously continued.

WITH 1985 In 2009, serial production of missiles was located at the plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and the mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".

In parallel, in 1985 based on the second and third stages of the rocket 15Zh58 a medium-range mobile soil complex was developed " Speed" The first and only launch of the 15Zh66 rocket of the Speed ​​complex took place on March 1, 1985. The maximum firing range of this complex was greater than that of the Temp-S front-line complex and shorter than that of the Pioneer complex. Such a range, with powerful combat equipment, made it possible to squeeze into the launch weight of the missile, which ensured acceptable total weight and dimensions of the self-propelled launcher. Acceptable for “riding” across countries of Eastern Europe. Thus, the question of flight time for London, Rome, Bonn was removed. For political reasons, the adoption of this complex for service did not take place.

The first regiment, equipped with a mobile regimental command post (PKP "Barrier"), was put on combat duty only April 28, 1987(near Nizhny Tagil).

Part of PGRK " Poplar"was deployed in newly created position areas. After signing in 1987 of the INF Treaty, for basing the complexes " Poplar"Some positional areas of the dismantled medium-range PGRK began to be re-equipped" Pioneer».

Test launches of missiles, as previously mentioned, have been completed December 23, 1987 g., however, the complete testing of the mobile complex, and not just the missile, ended only in December 1988 g., therefore the final decision on the adoption of the Topol complex for service dates back to December 1, 1988 g., i.e. more than three years after the start of trial operation.

May 27, 1988 The first missile regiment with a modernized mobile regimental command post (PKP Granit, near Irkutsk) was put on combat duty.

At the time of signing the Agreement START-1 V 1991 The city of the USSR had 288 missile systems " Poplar" After signing START-1 the deployment of these complexes continued.

Missile divisions " Poplars"were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy.

As of the end 1996 the city of the Strategic Missile Forces had 360 PGRK " Poplar».

One missile test launch is carried out annually " Poplar» from the Plesetsk training ground. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.

November 29, 2005 a combat training launch of an ICBM was carried out RS-12M « Poplar» mobile based from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. A training missile warhead hit a simulated target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched.

Reduction

According to the agreement on START-2(signed in January 1993 by George Bush and Boris Yeltsin) 360 units of the missile system " Poplar" before 2007 years were shortened. This was not prevented by the delay in ratification and the subsequent virtual abandonment of the treaty.

After the collapse of the USSR, part of " Poplars"remained on the territory of Belarus. August 13, 1993 year, the withdrawal of the Strategic Missile Forces group began Poplar" from Belarus, November 27, 1996 year it was completed.

As of July 2006 years, 243 missile systems were still on combat duty " Poplar» (Teykovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yurya, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo.

Interesting fact is that the complex " Poplar“- the first Soviet strategic missile system, the name of which was declassified in the Soviet press, in an article refuting the American side’s accusations that Russia was allegedly testing a new missile system in violation of the existing arms reduction treaty.

In order to use the released missiles of the complex " Poplar"To launch satellites, a launch complex for a space launch vehicle was developed" Start" From 1993 to 2006 Only 7 launches took place. There were two versions of launch vehicles:

« Start» – four stages (launch and three propulsion) + RB-4 upper stage (high-altitude stage). Moreover, the first stage (launch) of the complex is similar to the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket. The second and third (flight) are the second stage of the 15Zh58. The fourth (flight) is the third stage of 15Zh58.

« Start-1» – three stages + accelerating block.

The space complex did not receive development and the program was frozen...

Still at the end 1980s years, on a competitive basis, the development of a universal ICBM dual-based - mine and mobile installation. At MIT, which traditionally dealt with soil complexes, they began to develop a mobile complex, and at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) - a mine complex. But in 1991 year, all work was completely transferred to the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering. Headed the design Boris Lagutin, and after his retirement 1997 year - academician Yuri Solomonov, appointed general designer of MIT.

But that is another story...

Composition of the complex

PGRK 15P158.1 “Topol”– APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, in this configuration the Topol complex was deployed as part of the Strategic Missile Forces at the initial stage.

PGRK 15P158 “Topol”– APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis, standard equipment of the Topol complex.

The complex also includes:

– 15В148 / 15В231 combat duty support vehicles (MOBD) of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis for resting personnel on combat duty;

– 15B78 tropospheric radio communication station from the support equipment of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis;

– combat control vehicle (MCV);

– 15U135 unit “Krona” - a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying out combat duty PGRK in a stationary equipped position;

– a driver training vehicle on the MAZ-7917 chassis.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol complex

Time to prepare for launch, min	2
Thermonuclear charge power, Mt	0,55
Firing accuracy (FA), m	900/200*
Area of ​​the combat patrol area, km 2	125000
Launcher	7-axle chassis MAZ-7310
Guaranteed shelf life of the missile in the TPK, years	10 (extended to 15)
Launcher type	mobile, group launcher with mortar launch
Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)
Firing range, km	10500
Number of steps	3 + dilution stage combat blocks.
Engine	Solid propellant rocket engine
Start type	ground from TPK due to PAD
Length:
– full, m	21,5
– without HS, m	18,5
– first stage, m	8,1
– second stage, m	4,6
– third stage, m	3,9
– head part, m	2,1
Diameter:
– first stage housings, m	1,8
– second stage housings, m	1,55
– third stage housings, m	1,34
– TPK (transport and launch container), m	2,0
Starting weight, T	45,1
Weight of the loaded first stage of the rocket, T	27,8
Head part	monobloc detachable
Weight of the head part, kg	1000
Control system	autonomous, inertial with on-board computer
Autonomous launcher (APU)
Number of missiles on launcher	1
Base – wheeled	MAZ-7912, MAZ-7917
Wheel formula	14x12
Weight:
– launcher without TPK, T	52,94
Overall dimensions (without TPK/with TPK):
- length, m	19,520/22,303
- width, m	3,850/4,5
- height, m	3,0/4,5
Engine	diesel V-58-7 (12V)
Power, hp	710
Fuel reserve, l	825
Speed, km/h	40
Power reserve, km	400
Time to transfer to combat position, minutes	2
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD)
Weight, kg	43500
dimensions:
- length, m	15,935
- width, m	3,23
- height, m	4,415
Power, hp	525
Power reserve, km	850
Speed, km/h	40
Combat escort vehicle (BMS)
Weight, kg	103800
dimensions:
- length, m	23,03
- width, m	3,385
- height, m	4,35
Power, hp	710
Power reserve, km	400
Speed, km/h	40
Permanent structure for ground mobile launchers
Type	garage with sliding roof
Purpose	for storing one SPU
Built, units	408
Dimensions:
- length, m	30,4
- width, m	8,1
- height, m	7,2
Composition of connections and parts
Missile division	3-5 missile regiments (CP and 9 SPU in each).
Regimental command post	stationary and mobile "Barrier" or "Granite" (based on MAZ-543M).
Division composition:
– preparation and launch group, PC.	3
– combat control and communications group

* – according to Russian/foreign sources

List of launches

1.

Most of the launches were carried out in the Kura test site area.

date	Rocket	Polygon	Note
29.09.1981	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
30.10.1981	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
25.08.1982	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
27.10.1982	15Zh58	Kapustin Yar	LKI-1(stage 1) – First and only launch 15Zh58 from the Kapustin Yar training ground
18.02.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-1(stage 2)
05.05.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-2
31.05.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-3
10.08.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-4
25.10.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-5
20.02.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-6
27.03.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-7
23.04.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-8
23.05.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-9
26.07.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-10
10.09.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-11
02.10.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-12
20.11.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
06.12.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-13
06.12.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-14
29.01.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-15
21.02.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
22.04.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 79th rp (military unit 19970)
14.06.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 107th rp
06.08.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
28.08.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
04.10.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 308th rp (military unit 29438)
25.10.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
06.12.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
18.04.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.09.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
29.11.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
25.12.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
11.02.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
26.05.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
30.06.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
14.07.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
31.07.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.12.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.12.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-16 – End of LCI
29.04.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.08.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
14.09.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.10.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.12.1988	–	–	PGRK 15P158 “Topol” adopted
09.12.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
07.02.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
21.03.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
15.06.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.09.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
26.10.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
29.03.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
21.05.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
24.05.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
31.07.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
16.08.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
01.11.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
25.12.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
07.02.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.04.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
25.06.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 189 rp (military unit 11466)
20.08.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 479 rp 35 rd
02.10.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 346 rp 32 rd
25.02.1993	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.07.1993	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – Command post exercise
22.06.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
23.09.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
10.11.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
14.04.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.10.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.11.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
17.04.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.11.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.1997	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
16.09.1998	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.10.1999	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
11.10.2000	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
16.02.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.11.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
12.10.2002	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
27.03.2003	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – 235th rp (military unit 12465)
18.02.2004	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – 307th rp (military unit 29532) Exercise "Safety-2004"
02.11.2004	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.11.2005	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. First launch of 15Zh58E with testing ground "Kapustin Yar"
29.11.2005	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.08.2006	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
18.10.2007	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
08.12.2007	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment.
28.08.2008	15Zh58E	Plesetsk	Testing a promising combat equipment. First launch of 15Zh58E from Plesetsk
12.10.2008	15Zh58E	Plesetsk	Testing a promising combat equipment. Exercise "Stability-2008"
10.04.2009	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.12.2009	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
28.10.2010	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – extension of service life complex up to 23 years
05.12.2010	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
03.09.2011	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.11.2011	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
07.06.2012	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
19.10.2012	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.10.2013	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
30.10.2013	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
27.12.2013	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
04.03.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
08.05.2014	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
20.05.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
11.11.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment.
22.08.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
30.10.2015	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
17.11.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment
24.12.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment

* – unsuccessful launches are marked in red.

The safety of all life on earth is ensured by balance nuclear weapons eternal enemies of the USA and Russia. On the scales of these scales lie the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile on one side and the Trident II missile on the other.

Can someone tell me why such a weapon is needed? We must destroy it and fight with conventional means. But war is very bad. This is the loss of territory, resources, and most importantly, the death of people, most of them civilians. And the presence of such weapons has a deterrent character. The enemy will think a hundred times whether he should attack our country when “Polars” begin to grow on his territory in response. It gives a chance, a huge chance, to prevent war without starting hostilities.

History of creation

After the end of World War II Soviet Union and the United States of America carried out large-scale developments in the field of nuclear weapons and means of delivering warheads to the target. Developments were carried out with varying degrees of success. The Americans were the first to create atomic weapons and were even able to test them against Japan. The USSR soon caught up with its opponents and conducted its own tests of this type of weapon.

In the middle of the 20th century, the Cuban missile crisis flared up, and again thermonuclear weapons were at the forefront. Although the Soviet Union was inferior to the United States in terms of the number of warheads, the Americans still did not dare to start a third world war, sparing their territories. The USSR had delivery systems that made it possible to strike American territory, and this cooled down the hotheads. The remoteness of the continent no longer plays into the hands of the United States.

In 1985, a new deterrent appears. The first missile regiment, equipped with Topol launchers, went on combat duty. At the end of the same decade, work began on a new ICBM for the silo and mobile complexes. The following were involved in the development:

1. Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (the design team already had experience in creating a moving soil complex);
2. Yuzhnoye design bureau in Dnepropetrovsk (the main developer of silo-based missiles).

This tandem was supposed to produce a unified complex

But this was not destined to come true, as the country collapsed. As a result, many enterprises involved in the creation of the new complex ended up on the territory of different states. For example, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau began to belong to Ukraine.

By decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 1993, all developments on this installation were preserved and formed the basis for a deep modernization of the existing RT-2PM complex. The task was set to create the Topol-M complex. Having carried out profound improvements in characteristics and almost completely redesigned the rocket, the designers did not go beyond the framework of existing international treaties. They left a large foundation for future modernization, thereby maintaining the Strategic Missile Forces in an effective and combat-ready form.

During modernization, great attention was paid to breaking through the promising missile defense of a potential enemy.

"Topol-M" was supposed to be able to deliver a retaliatory or retaliatory missile strike on enemy territory.

This meant the ability to launch missiles when nuclear attack in our country has already taken place and the damaging factors from it are raging around us. Or enemy missiles are in the air. Then another problem arises that the complex must solve successfully. This is overcoming a nuclear shield over targets. Also, such installations should have greater autonomy.

Democracy was raging in the country. Scientific institutes, technical laboratories collapsed, factories of the military-industrial complex went “for free” into private hands. Big-headed people fled to the west to have a decent salary and the opportunity to provide for their families. But, despite all the difficulties, the patriots of their Motherland worked on its defensive power.

A year later it was produced trial run silo-based missiles. By the end of 1998, the first modernized mine complexes began testing duty near Tatishchvo. At the beginning of the 21st century, the mine-based complex was put into service. After this, work on the mobile complex accelerated. Six years after the mine complex was accepted, the first Topol-M mobile division entered combat duty.

This missile became the first mass-produced, universal, land-based intercontinental missile. Even unification was carried out with the sea-based Bulava missile system.

Description of the complex

The Topol-M rocket incorporates all the innovations in rocket science and all the best in the scientific and technical sector of our country’s development. According to many experts, everything that relates to this project, can be distinguished by one term “For the first time”.

Almost all the differences from the first model are inherent in the process of delivering the warhead to the target.

They hide in a system of stable flight and penetration through the countermeasures of a potential enemy. The active phase of the rocket's flight has been reduced due to improvements in the propulsion engines. And the control devices make its trajectory difficult to determine for enemy detection means. The guidance system has also been improved; it has become insensitive to powerful electromagnetic pulses.

The rocket has three stages. All of them are solid fuel, created from composite materials according to the Cocoon project. Control is carried out by tilting the nozzles of the main engine. The body is coated with a special coating with a high content of rare elements. The control circuit cables are covered with a special protective casing and shielded from all types of radiation.

The control system of the Topol-M complex is created on the basis of a high-power digital on-board computer and a gyro-stabilized platform with command gyroscopic devices. An element base has been installed that increases survivability in conditions of a nuclear explosion.

Warhead detachable, designed as a monoblock type, contains a thermonuclear charge with a power of 550 kt in TNT equivalent.

Can be equipped with a block-type split warhead. The number of blocks varies from 3 to 7. Each block has a personal guidance system.

The missile defense system installed on this instance consists of:

1. active and passive decoys. Moreover, they are practically indistinguishable from the original in all tracking ranges along the entire flight path. In the atmospheric portion of the trajectory, they can confidently overcome high-resolution radars. It consists of 15 to 20 targets of the “Waveship” class;
2. means of distorting characteristics. They consist of a combination of various coatings and active noise generators, dipole reflectors and aerosols. Affect enemy detection means;
3. trajectory correction engines. They create a chaotic movement of the warhead towards the target, making it difficult to target countermeasures systems.

A rocket launch is similar to a mortar shot - vertically upward. This provides additional security for complex technical system management.

After the rocket exits the TPU, the first stage engine starts. The warhead itself is moving along the descending branch of the trajectory.

Classification

1. The installation received the designation RT-2MP2.
2. The missile was given the designation 15Zh65.
3. The mobile complex was given the name 15P165. The complex includes 9 ICBMs on the launcher.
4. The stationary complex was given the name 15P065. The complex includes 10 ICBMs in silos.
5. By international treaties the complex passes as RS-12M2.
6. The NATO designation for the SS-27 is “Sikle-B”, which means “Sickle”.

Possibility of accommodation

The complex can be either stationary or mobile based. Partial unification with the Bulava was carried out.

Mine launchers are used for placement. A silo is a vertical well with supporting structures with fastenings placed in it, as well as devices for servicing and launching a rocket.

On top it is covered with an armor plate, which can slide to the side or rise on a hinge, depending on the design features. Ensures compliance with specified climatic and temperature conditions. Supports the rocket constant readiness to launch. Currently, converted silo launchers from Stiletto and Voevoda are used for stationary complexes. In the silos, the missiles are placed in a metal transport and launch container.

One complex includes 10 missiles and a command module with a high degree of protection. The process of loading a rocket into the silo takes more than 8 hours. The combat duty period of one missile is up to 15 years.

To accommodate the Topol-M complex, the MZKT-79221 self-propelled chassis was used. This is a special multi-axle heavy-duty chassis, developed by Minsk designers in 1997.

Serial production started in 2000.

The wheelbase provides good maneuverability, overcoming various obstacles and moving along various types soil. The rocket is housed in a fiberglass TPU, which performs all functions to ensure launch readiness. The dimensions of the mobile installation allow launching from almost any place:

• length – 22 meters;
• width – 3.4 meters;
• weight 120 tons.

The complex includes 9 mobile units, escort and security vehicles, and a control vehicle. Since 2013, the complex began to receive engineering camouflage vehicles. They hide traces of the complexes that entered the database. They also create clearly visible traces leading to false positions.

The area of ​​responsibility along the patrol route of one complex is 25 thousand square kilometers.

Performance characteristics

The mobility of the complex is ensured by installing a powerful turbodiesel engine on the chassis. The tractor uses pneumatic tires measuring 1600*600-685, allowing it to move off-road. Additionally, a pressure regulation system is installed.

Rocket	15Zh65
Damage radius, km	12000
Launch weight, t	46,5
Flight speed, km/s	Up to 7
Length of the missile with warhead, m	22,6
Length of the rocket without warhead, m	17,5
Case diameter max, m	1,81
Rocket weight in TPU, t	76
Warhead weight, t	1,2
Diameter of probable deviation, m	150-200
Fuel	Solid mixture
Warhead	Fusion charge
Warhead power, t (TNT equivalent)	550
Tractor	MZKT-79221
engine	YaMZ-847.10
Engine power, hp	Engine power, hp
Load capacity, t	80
Weight, t	44
Length, m	22,7
Width, m	22,7
Width, m	3,4
Height, m	3,3
Ground clearance, mm	475
Turning radius, m	18
Fordability, m	1,1
Cruising range, km	500
Speed ​​max, km/h	45
Tank volume, l	875

The missile guidance system ensures that targets are hit with a small error. And given the power of the warhead, this deviation can be ignored.

Bottom line

The characteristics of the Topol-M missile allow us to say with confidence that the enemy will be defeated in any conditions of warfare.

Our country's Strategic Missile Forces will always maintain parity, armed with such a strategic complex. And overseas “friends” will look back a hundred times before taking a rash aggressive step towards starting an armed conflict.

In addition to the Topol, the one finishing its tests will soon come into service the newest complex ICBMs with multiple warheads.

The characteristics of this weapon are secret; the appearance of some data is possible only after the complex is on combat duty.

Video

July 23, 2010 marks 25 years since the day when ground mobile vehicles were put on combat duty intercontinental missiles"Poplar".

RT-2PM "Topol" (index of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (GRAU) - 15Zh58, START code RS-12M, according to NATO classification - "Sickle", SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM, the first Soviet mobile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).

The development of a project for a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After Nadiradze's death, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin.

The mobile complex was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a missile that was achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.

The conditions for modernization were strictly limited by the provisions of the SALT-2 Treaty, which determined a modest improvement in the basic combat characteristics of the missile. The first test launch of the missile, designated RT-2PM, took place at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983. The launch was carried out from a converted RT-2P stationary missile silo.

By the end of autumn 1983, an experimental series of new missiles was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. The combat units of the entire combat missile system (BMK) were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed and a decision was made to begin mass production of the complexes. However, the full testing of the mobile complex, called “Topol”, ended only in December 1988.

Without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program, in order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, on July 23, 1985, near the city of Yoshkar-Ola, the first regiment of mobile Topols was deployed at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles.

The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ".

The first stage of the rocket consists of a solid propellant rocket motor (solid propellant rocket motor) and a tail section. The mass of the fully equipped stage is 27.8 tons. Its length is 8.1 m and its diameter is 1.8 m. The first stage propulsion solid propellant rocket engine has one fixed, centrally located nozzle. The tail section is cylindrical in shape, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic control surfaces and stabilizers are located.

The rocket flight control in the first stage operation area is carried out using rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders.

The second stage consists of a conical-shaped connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The case diameter is 1.55 m.

The third stage includes connecting and transition sections of a conical shape and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. Case diameter - 1.34 m.

The head of the rocket consists of one warhead (nuclear) and a compartment with a propulsion system and control system.

The Topol control system is of an inertial type, built using an on-board computer, microcircuits with a high degree of integration, a new set of command instruments with float sensitive elements. The computer complex of the control system allows for the implementation of autonomous combat use of a self-propelled launcher.

The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile, as well as solving other problems.

During operation, the RT-2PM missile is located in a transport and launch container located on a mobile launcher. The container is 22.3 m long and 2.0 m in diameter.

The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ vehicle and is equipped with units and systems that ensure transportation, maintenance of combat readiness at the established level, preparation and launch of the rocket.

A missile can be launched both when the launcher is located in a stationary shelter with a retractable roof, and from unequipped positions, if the terrain allows it. To launch a rocket, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The rocket is launched after the container is lifted into a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in the transport and launch container ("mortar launch").

After shooting off the protective cap of the container, the rocket is ejected from it by powder starting engines several meters upward, where the first-stage propulsion engine is turned on.

The maximum firing range is 10,500 km. Rocket length - 21.5 m. Launch weight 45.1 tons. Weight of the warhead - 1 ton. Nuclear warhead power - 0.55 Mt. Firing accuracy (maximum deviation) - 0.9 km. The combat patrol area of ​​the complex is 125 thousand square meters. km.

The mass of the launcher with the missile is about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex has good mobility and maneuverability.

Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.

The missile system also includes a mobile combat control command post on a four-axle MAZ-543M chassis. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Granit" and "Barrier" were used, armed with a missile that had a radio transmitter instead of a combat load. After the rocket was launched, he duplicated the launch commands for launchers located at remote positions.

Serial production of the RT-2PM missile began in 1985 at a plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and its mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd Barrikady plant.

On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces). In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type had been deployed.

The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. Some of the Topols that remained on the territory of Belarus after the collapse of the USSR were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.

Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.

On the basis of the Topol ICBM, a conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources