Asexual reproduction. The meaning of the word budding 6 reproduction by budding is typical for

Reproduction is the process of reproduction of living organisms. There are two types of reproduction - sexual (fusion of gametes) and asexual (development from a somatic cell). Several types asexual reproduction characteristic of unicellular and multicellular organisms - plants and animals.

Definition

Asexual reproduction is the reproduction of offspring with the participation of one asexual (having no gamete) organism. The new organism receives all genetic information from one parent, therefore, in the absence of mutations, it becomes its copy.

Features of asexual reproduction are:

formation and development of a unicellular or multicellular organism through mitosis;
absence of meiosis;
rapid increase in the number of offspring.

Asexual reproduction is common to all unicellular organisms, fungi, primitive multicellular animals, many types of plants. This method of reproduction of offspring appeared much earlier than sexual reproduction. Conditionally transitional forms from asexual to sexual reproduction are:

parthenogenesis - development of an individual from the maternal gamete;
hermaphroditism - the presence of signs of both sexes in one organism.

Rice. 1. Hermaphroditism in snails.

Kinds

There are several ways to reproduce asexually. Features are described in the table “Types of asexual reproduction”.

Cloning

The phenomenon in which a person artificially receives a living organism asexually is called cloning. Rarely found in nature. One example of natural cloning is identical or homozygous twins. However, they are identical only to each other and differ from their parents.

The method of reproducing identical offspring from a parent cell is applicable even to those organisms that naturally reproduce sexually. A textbook example is Dolly the sheep. Cloning was carried out by transferring the nucleus of the somatic cell of the parent with all the genetic information into the egg of the donor.

Rice. 3. Dolly the sheep.

In fact, any method of asexual reproduction is a kind of cloning, because. a somatic rather than a germ cell is used for reproduction, and the offspring are identical to the parent.

What have we learned?

Asexual reproduction is characteristic of unicellular and multicellular organisms. Genetic diversity does not occur because the resulting offspring develop from somatic cells and are completely identical to the parent's body. There are five modes of asexual reproduction - fission, spore formation, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative reproduction. Cloning is an artificial method of asexual reproduction.

Topic quiz

Report Evaluation

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 132.

Reproduction is the ability of all organisms to reproduce their own kind, which ensures the continuity and acceptability of life. The main methods of reproduction are presented:

Asexual reproduction is based on cell division by mitosis, in which two equivalent daughter cells (two organisms) are created from each mother cell (organism). The biological role of asexual reproduction is the emergence of organisms that are identical to the parent in terms of the content of hereditary material, as well as anatomical and physiological properties (biological copies).

There are the following methods of asexual reproduction Key words: fission, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, sporulation, vegetative reproduction.

Division- a method of asexual reproduction, characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the mother individual is divided into two or more daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first repeatedly divided by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.

budding- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps).

Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the parent individual breaks up (annelids, starfish, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.

Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygous twins).

Vegetative reproduction- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specially designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is characteristic of many groups of plants, it is used in horticulture, horticulture, plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).

sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. controversy- specialized cells, in most species are formed in special organs - sporangia. In higher plants, spore formation is preceded by meiosis.

Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a collection of cells or individuals descended from common ancestor through asexual reproduction. Cloning is based on mitosis (in bacteria, simple division).

During sexual reproduction in prokaryotes, two cells exchange hereditary information as a result of the transfer of a DNA molecule from one cell to another along the cytoplasmic bridge.

budding budding

one of the methods vegetative propagation, carried out by the formation of a kidney on the maternal organism - an outgrowth, from which a new individual develops. P. is characteristic of certain marsupials, a number of basidiomycetes, and also liver mosses that reproduce the so-called. brood buds. Among animals, sponges, coelenterates, some ciliates, worms, bryozoans, pterygobranchs, and tunicates reproduce by P.. In animals, P. is external and internal. The first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother's body, and stolonial, when the kidneys are formed on the special. outgrowths - stolons (in some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal The item the new individual develops from the isolated vnutr. part of the mother's body - such are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective membranes and serve as preim. for experiencing in winter or arid conditions when the mother's body dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end - the young individuals remain connected to the mother's organism, as a result of which a colony arises. P. can be called artificially decomp. adverse effects on the mother's body, for example. burn or cut.

.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Chief editor M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

budding

A method of vegetative reproduction of organisms, when an outgrowth is formed on the mother's organism - a kidney, from which a new organism develops. Some fungi, mosses, as well as ciliates, sponges, coelenterates, worms and a number of other invertebrates reproduce by budding. Budding in animals is external, when the kidneys are formed on the mother's body, and internal, when the kidneys are isolated from the inner part of the mother's body. In the case when budding does not reach the end and young individuals are connected to the mother's organism, a colony is formed.

.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)

Synonyms:

See what "BUDING" is in other dictionaries:

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals ... ... Wikipedia

A type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring are formed from outgrowths of the mother's body (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

budding, a method of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on the body of a parent. For example, hydras (small freshwater polyps) often reproduce by budding in spring and summer. On the parent individual, a small ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

budding, budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction by means of kidneys (see kidney 1 in 2 meanings) or gradually increasing outgrowths of cells. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A method of vegetative reproduction typical of yeasts and some bacteria. It consists in the formation of a protrusion of the mother cell, which develops into a new cell (kidney). The kidney can separate from the mother cell or remain ... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 reproduction (31) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

budding- BUDDING, one of the types of asexual reproduction, found both in protozoa and in multicellular animals (sponges, coelenterates, worms and lower chordates). There are simple (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with simultaneous ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

budding- A form of vegetative reproduction is the formation of an outgrowth (kidney) on the maternal organism, from which a daughter individual develops; P. is characteristic of some fungi, liver mosses, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ciliates; ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

budding- * smudge bath * budding 1. One of the forms of vegetative (asexual) reproduction (). 2. In bacteria, yeast and plants, the process of bud formation. 3. Enveloped viruses (e.g., influenza virus, Sindbis virus) have a type of exit from the host cell, in which ... Genetics. encyclopedic Dictionary

I; cf. Biol. Asexual reproduction by the formation of kidneys (1.P .; 2 signs). Study of budding processes. Polyps reproduce by budding. * * * budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Big medical encyclopedia. volume 27 Budding - Psoriasis, N.A. Semashko. The Great Medical Encyclopedia aims to be not only a scientific reference book on all issues of medicine and related fields, but also to give the reader information with which he ...

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word budding

budding in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

budding

budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction by means of kidneys (see kidney 1 to 2 meanings) or gradually increasing outgrowths of cells.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

budding

cf. Asexual reproduction through kidneys (1 * 2) or a gradual increase in the number of cells.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

budding

a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses, and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, wing gills, tunicates). In some cases, budding leads to the formation of colonies.

budding

one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a kidney on the maternal organism, an outgrowth from which a new individual develops. Of the plants, some marsupial fungi are capable of P. (for example, yeasts, for which P. is the main method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, and liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoans (some flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa), sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterygobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother's body, and stolonial P., when the kidneys are formed on special outgrowths - stolons (some coelenterates and tunicates). At internal P. the new individual develops from the isolated internal site of a body of mother; such are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective membranes and serve primarily for survival in winter or dry conditions when the mother's organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected with the mother's organism; as a result, there are colonies consisting of many individuals (see. Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various effects on the mother's body, such as burns or cuts.

A. V. Ivanov.

Wikipedia

budding

budding- a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism. Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, tunicates, some flagellates, ciliates, sporozoa). In a number of animals, budding does not reach the end, young individuals remain connected to the mother's body. In some cases, this leads to the formation of colonies. For example, when yeast buds, a thickening forms on the cell, which gradually turns into a full-fledged daughter cell of yeast.

Examples of the use of the word budding in the literature.

Katya had to re-watch a lot of these wretched VIR dramas, both in the form of plot-thematic pictures and scenes that required her direct personal participation, and they all represented the resulting budding geniuses in the form of polar different characters of this or that fairy tale.

Of course, many geniuses were born as a result of budding, but this could only mean that they had the same set of DNA in the nuclei of their cells, but did not imply a complete coincidence of thoughts, goals or ideas.

A colony is formed by reproduction. budding one polyp.

Since, however, the cult of her perfection dominated, such automorphic curvature even tried to exalt - they say, tireless budding and spreading best expresses the nature of Proteus man.

They also reproduce in different ways - by rubbing, pollinating, budding, and sometimes, although unheard of rarely, the so-called tongue-and-groove, which, thank God, did not come to on Encia, a completely normal planet.

*View*	*Peculiarities*	*Examples*
	Formation of daughter cells from one parent cell. Division can be single (into two parts) or multiple (more than 1000 daughter cells)	Amoeba, chlamydomonas, chlorella, bacteria
sporulation	The release of spores from special organs - sporangia. Spores have a protective shell, which is destroyed under favorable conditions for development.	Mushrooms, ferns, mosses, algae
budding	Creation of offspring from the tissues of the parent body by protrusion and separation
Fragmentation	The formation of a new organism from separate segments or parts of the parent	Tapeworms, algae, coelenterates
Vegetative propagation	Natural or artificial cultivation of new individuals from the vegetative organs of plants	Geranium, violet, begonia