Currency unit- a monetary sign established by law that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services.

National or international currency- the name of money in a country or group of countries.

Currency unit- this is customary in this country name of money(dollar, mark, ruble, yen, yuan, baht, tugrik, etc.) or the name of money used in the international monetary system (euro, SDR, etc.). All monetary units are divided into smaller parts: a ruble is equal to 100 kopecks, a dollar or euro is equal to 100 cents.

A monetary unit is a monetary sign (ruble/100 kopecks), which is used to measure and express the prices of goods (1 dollar - 100 cents).

The type of monetary system depends on the form in which money functions: as a universal equivalent commodity or as signs of value. In this regard, the following types of monetary systems are distinguished:

• metal currency system
• system of circulation of credit and paper money

Monetary systems of metallic circulation are based on metallic money (gold, silver), which perform all the functions inherent in money as a universal equivalent (measures of value, means of circulation and payment, means of storage), and banknotes circulating simultaneously with metallic money can be at any time exchanged for metallic money.

Monetary systems of paper-credit circulation are based on the dominance of paper or credit money.

Under the conditions of the existence of metallic monetary circulation, two types of monetary systems were distinguished: bimetallism and monometallism.

Bimetallism is a monetary system in which the state legally assigns the role of universal equivalent to two metals, usually gold and silver. Coins made of gold and silver function on an equal basis and are freely minted. Two prices were set on the market (in gold and in silver) for the same product. There were three types of bimetallism:

• parallel currency system, when the ratio between gold and silver coins was established spontaneously on the market
• dual currency system, when this ratio was set by the state
• a lame currency system in which gold and silver coins serve as legal tender, but not on equal terms, since the minting of silver coins was carried out in a closed manner, unlike the free minting of gold coins, in which case the silver coins became a sign of gold

The presence of two metals as a universal equivalent came into conflict with the economic essence of money as a single commodity designed to measure the value of all other goods. The development of economic relations required the stability of the monetary system, not subject to fluctuations in the value of one of the monetary metals.

Monometallism is a monetary system in which one monetary metal is the universal equivalent and the basis of monetary circulation. Along with metal money, there are other tokens of value in circulation (banknotes, treasury notes, change coins) that can be exchanged for gold. History knows silver and gold monometallism. Gold monometallism, or the gold standard, existed in the form of gold coin, gold bullion and gold exchange standards.

Under the gold coin standard, gold performs all the functions of money; both gold coins and gold tokens are in circulation; free minting of gold coins with a fixed gold content is carried out; gold coins are freely exchanged for gold tokens at face value.

Under the gold bullion standard, banknotes were exchanged only for gold bullion (not for gold coins), and with certain restrictions. The gold bullion standard was introduced during the period of partial economic stabilization (1924-1928) in some Western European countries (in particular, in England in 1925, in France in 1928). Under the gold bullion standard, gold could only be purchased by relatively wealthy fund holders (standard gold bars weighing about 12 kg were sold, for which they had to pay a large sum - 1200 British pounds or 300 thousand French francs, which prevented the dispersion of gold stock among small owners). Thus, gold was gradually forced out into wholesale circulation.

A feature of the gold exchange standard was that banknotes are exchanged for mottos, i.e. for foreign currency exchangeable for gold. The important role of the gold exchange standard was that it consolidated the currency dependence of some countries on others, which was the basis for the subsequent creation of a system of international currency treaties and currency regulation systems that ensure the relative stability of freely convertible currencies.

The mechanism for implementing the gold standard required the fulfillment of two conditions:

• first, each country had to choose gold as the main standard of currency value, keeping the currency unit consistent with a certain amount of gold
• secondly, each country had to allow the free export and import of gold.

In order for all money, including coins, notes and bank deposits, to have equal value, a country should:

• mint gold coins containing a legal amount of gold as a standard unit of value
• give orders to the treasury to buy or sell gold bullion at a fixed price
• maintain the parity of its currency by buying or selling the country's currency

Under the gold coin and gold bullion standards, exchange rates developed spontaneously depending on the supply-demand relationship in the free foreign exchange market of national and foreign currencies, and the limits of deviation of the exchange rate from the gold parity were insignificant. This was determined by the fact that in conditions of free import and export of gold from the country, with large deviations of the exchange rate from parity, it became more profitable not to exchange national currency for foreign currency, but to import (or export) gold directly from abroad, if the transportation costs insignificant (0.5 - 0.8% of the cost of transported gold). These costs (cost of transportation, packaging, insurance, and others) determined the limits of deviation of the exchange rate from parity, or the so-called “golden points”.

The extremely high foreign exchange rate, above which it is more profitable to import gold from one’s own country and sell it abroad, is called the export gold point. If the offered rate is lower than the marginal rate, then it is more profitable to import gold from abroad and sell it to your national bank, and this rate is called an import gold point.

As a result of the global economic crisis of 1929-1933. monetary systems based on gold monometallism gave way to systems of paper and credit money not redeemable for gold.

In the process of evolution of monetary systems, there was a constant reduction in the costs of money circulation, and cost savings were ensured. Expensive, heavy, inconvenient to store and carry for a long time, gold and silver money were replaced by light, portable tokens of value - paper money. Printing paper money and putting it into circulation certainly requires less cost than mining precious metals and processing them for monetary circulation. The emergence of the next type of money - credit, contributed to even greater cost savings. Bills of exchange, checks and other forms of credit money made it possible to save banknotes, since they could be written out for significant sums of money, eliminating the need to carry cash with them. The advent of credit cards and systems of electronic non-cash payments made it possible to quickly and independently of the territorial distance of clients service cash payments and significantly reduce the costs of ensuring cash flow.

All monetary systems based on the circulation of credit banknotes are characterized by:

• displacement of gold, both from internal and external circulation and its deposition in gold reserves
• (mainly in banks), with gold still serving as a treasure
• Bank credit operations serve as the basis for issuing cash and non-cash money
• the ratio of the proportions of cash and non-cash turnover changes towards a decrease in the share of cash
• creation and development of mechanisms for monetary regulation of money turnover by the state

Monetary systems based on paper and credit money differ significantly in administrative-command and market economies. The main, most characteristic features of the administrative-command monetary system are the following:

• concentration of money turnover (non-cash and cash) in a single state bank
• direct directive planning of cash flow and its components as part of the overall system of state planning
• centralized directive management of the monetary system
• legislative establishment of the price scale and exchange rate of the national currency
• legislative differentiation of money turnover into cash and non-cash turnover. At the same time, non-cash turnover, as a rule, serves the distribution of means of production, and cash turnover - the distribution of consumer goods and services

The main features of the monetary system characteristic of a market economy are:

• decentralization of money circulation between different banks
• division of the function of issuing non-cash and cash banknotes between different parts of the banking system. Cash issuance is carried out by central banks, non-cash money is issued by commercial banks under different forms of ownership.
• creation and development of a mechanism of state monetary regulation, which is of an economic nature
• centralized management of the monetary system through the apparatus of the central bank
• there is no legislative distinction between non-cash and cash payment transactions; they are closely related, while non-cash transactions have priority
• providing banknotes with assets of the banking system
• savings of the population are attracted by the system of commercial banks; there is no monopoly of the state bank
• system of market-based exchange rate setting based on a currency basket

Most countries use a decimal division system. Within a particular economic system, it serves as a price scale.

This list contains currencies from almost all countries, and also indicates the outdated currencies of the European Union countries, which currently use the euro currency.

Or monetary units, as they are otherwise called, for convenience, are collected in a list, divided into parts of the world and arranged alphabetically. Everything is on one page.

And by the way, some European countries did not agree to a common European currency immediately, but after some time. For example, the Slovak koruna switched to the euro only in 2008, and the country of Lithuania abandoned its litas literally in January 2015. And some countries do not change their currency to this day.

Europe

Austria – euro (until 2002 – schilling).
Albania – lek.
Andorra – euro (until 2002 – peseta).
Belarus (Belarus) – Belarusian ruble.
Belgium – euro (until 2002 – franc).
Bulgaria - Leo.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – convertible mark.
Great Britain – pound sterling.
Hungary – forint.
Germany – euro (until 2002 – mark).
Holland – cm. Netherlands.
Greece – euro (until 2002 – drachma).
Denmark - krona.
Ireland - euro (until 2002 - pound).
Iceland - krona.
Spain – euro (until 2002 – peseta).
Italy - euro (until 2002 - lira).
Cyprus – euro (until 2008 – pound).
Kosovo - euro (until 2002 - dinar, mark).
Latvia – euro (until 2013 – lat).
Lithuania – euro (until 2015 – litas).
Liechtenstein - franc.
Luxembourg - euro (until 2002 - franc).
Macedonia – dinar.
Malta – euro (until 2008 – lira).
Moldova (Moldova) – lei.
Monaco - euro (until 2002 - franc).
Netherlands - euro (until 2002 - guilder).
Norway - krona.
Poland – zloty.
Portugal – euro (until 2002 – escudo).
Russia – ruble.
Romania – lei.
San Marino – euro (until 2002 – lira).
Serbia - dinar.
Slovakia – euro (until 2008 – koruna).
Slovenia – euro (until 2007 – tolar).
Ukraine – hryvnia.
Finland – euro (until 2002 – brand).
France – euro (until 2002 – franc).
Croatia - kuna.
Montenegro – euro (until 2002 – dinar).
Czech Republic - crown.
Switzerland – franc.
Sweden - krona.
Estonia – euro (until 2010 – crown).

Asia

Abkhazia – Russian ruble.
Azerbaijan – manat.
Armenia – dram.
Afghanistan - Afghani.
Bangladesh - yes.
Bahrain – dinar.
Burma – cm. Myanmar.
Brunei - dollar.
Butane - ngultrum.
East Timor – US dollar.
Vietnam – dong.
Georgia – lari.
Israel - new shekel.
India – rupee.
Indonesia – rupiah.
Jordan – dinar.
Iraq – dinar.
Iran – rial.
Yemen - rial.
Kazakhstan – tenge.
Cambodia – riel, dollar.
Qatar – rial.
Kyrgyzstan – som.
China - yuan.
Korea - won.
Kuwait – dinar.
Laos – kip.
Lebanon – pound.
Malaysia – ringgit.
Maldives - rufiyaa.
Mongolia - tugrik.
Myanmar - kyat.
Nepal – rupee.
United Arab Emirates (UAE) – dirham.
Oman – rial.
Pakistan – rupee.
Saudi Arabia – rial.
Singapore - dollar.
Syria – pound.
Tajikistan – somoni.
Thailand – baht.
Turkmenistan – manat.
Türkiye - lira.
Uzbekistan – sum.
Philippines - pesos.
Sri Lanka – rupee.
South Ossetia – Russian ruble.
Japan - yen.

America (North and South)

Anguilla – US dollar.
Antigua and Barbuda – East Caribbean dollar.
Argentina - pesos.
Aruba - florin.
Bahamas – dollar.
Barbados – dollar.
Belize - dollar.
Bermuda – dollar.
Bolivia - Boliviano.
Brazil - real.
Venezuela - bolivar.
Virgin Islands – US dollar.
Haiti is a gourde.
Guyana - dollar.
Guadeloupe – euro.
Guatemala - quetzal.
Guiana (French) – franc.
Honduras - Lempira.
Grenada – East Caribbean dollar.
Dominica – East Caribbean dollar.
Dominican Republic – peso.
Cayman Islands – dollar.
Canada - dollar.
Colombia – peso.
Costa Rica - Colon.
Cuba - pesos.
Mexico - pesos.
Montserrat – dollar.
Nicaragua - Cordoba.
Panama – Balboa, US dollar.
Paraguay - Guarani.
Peru is the new salt.
Puerto Rico – US dollar.
Saba – US dollar.
El Salvador - US dollar (until 2001 - colon).
Saint Pierre and Miquelon - euro (until 2002 - franc).
St. Vincent and the Grenadines – East Caribbean dollar.
St. Kitts and Nevis - East Caribbean dollar.
Saint Lucia – East Caribbean dollar.
Sint Maarten - guilder.
Sint Eustatius – US dollar.
United States of America (USA) – dollar.
Suriname - Suriname.
Turks and Caicos – US dollar.
Trinidad and Tobago – dollar.
Uruguay - pesos.
Falkland Islands – pound.
Chile - pesos.
Ecuador – sucre, US dollar.
Jamaica - dollar.

Africa

Algeria - dinar.
Angola - Kwanzaa.
Benin – CFA franc.
Botswana - Pula.
Burkina Faso – CFA franc.
Burundi – franc.
Gabon – CFA franc.
Gambia - Dalasi.
Ghana – cedi.
Guinea – franc.
Guinea-Bissau – CFA franc.
Democratic Republic of the Congo – franc.
Djibouti – franc.
Egypt – pound.
Zambia - Kwacha.
Zimbabwe – US dollar.
Cape Verde - escudo.
Cameroon – CFA franc.
Kenya – shilling.
Congo – CFA franc.
Côte d'Ivoire – CFA franc.
Lesotho – Loti.
Liberia - dollar.
Libya - dinar.
Mauritius – rupee.
Mauritania - ouguiya.
Madagascar - Ariary.
Malawi - Kwacha.
Mali – CFA franc.
Morocco – dirham.
Mozambique is metical.
Namibia - dollar.
Niger – CFA franc.
Nigeria – naira.
Reunion – euro.
Rwanda – franc.
Sao Tome and Principe are good.
Swaziland - Lilangeni.
Seychelles – Rupee.
Senegal – CFA franc.
Somalia – shilling.
Sudan – pound.
Sierra Leone - Leone.
Tanzania – shilling.
Togo – CFA franc.
Tunisia - dinar.
Uganda – shilling.
Central African Republic – CFA franc.
Chad – CFA franc.
Equatorial Guinea – CFA franc.
Eritrea - Nakfa.
Ethiopia - Birr.
South Africa – rand.
South Sudan – pound.

Australia and Oceania

Australia - dollar.
Vanuatu - Vatu.
Kiribati – Australian dollar.
Marshall Islands – US dollar.
Micronesia – US dollar.
Nauru – Australian dollar.
New Zealand - dollar.
Palau – US dollar.
Papua New Guinea - kina.
Samoa - tala.
Solomon Islands – dollar.
Tonga - pa'anga.
Tuvalu - Australian dollar.
Fiji - dollar.

The monetary system is a form of organization of monetary circulation in the country, developed historically and enshrined in national legislation.

The modern monetary system includes the following elements: monetary unit, price scale, types of money, emission system, state or credit apparatus.

The national currency system forms an integral part of the monetary system, although it is relatively independent.

Currency unit- is a monetary sign established by law, which serves to measure and express the prices of all goods. A monetary unit is usually divided into small multiples. In most countries, the decimal division system is established: 1: 10: 100 (1 US dollar is equal to 100 cents; 1 ruble is 100 kopecks, etc.).

Official price scale lost its economic meaning with the development of state-monopoly capitalism and the cessation of the exchange of credit money for gold. As a result of the Jamaican currency reform of 1976-1978. the official price of gold and the gold content of monetary units were abolished.

Types of money, which are legal tender, are mainly bank notes, as well as paper money (treasury notes) and small change. If in industrialized countries, as a rule, government paper money in the narrow sense of the word (treasury bills) is not issued, then in some developing countries they are common.

The characteristic features of modern monetary systems of industrialized capitalist states include:

abolition of official gold content, security and exchange of banknotes for gold;

transition to credit money that is not redeemable for gold, which is degenerated into paper money;

the release of money into circulation not only through bank lending to the economy, but also to a large extent to cover state expenses (issue collateral is mainly government securities);

the predominance of non-cash circulation in money circulation;

strengthening state monopolistic regulation of monetary circulation.

The official monetary unit (currency) of the Russian Federation is the ruble. The law prohibits the issuance of other monetary units and monetary surrogates, and emphasizes the responsibility of persons who violate the unity of monetary circulation.

The official ratio between the ruble and gold or other precious metals (the official price scale) is not established.

Types of money that have legal tender force are represented by bank notes (banknotes) and metal coins, samples of which are approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Banknotes and metal coins are unconditional obligations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and are backed by its assets. They are required to be accepted at their face value throughout Russia for all types of payments, as well as for crediting to accounts, deposits, letters of credit and for transfers.

The exclusive right to issue (issue) cash, organize and withdraw it from circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation belongs to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Monetary system – historically established and legally established structure of monetary circulation in the country.

Depending on the type of money, there are two types of monetary systems: 1) metal handling system , which is based on real money (gold and silver), performing all 5 functions, and circulating banknotes are freely exchanged for real money (gold and silver).

2) paper credit circulation system , in which real money is replaced by signs of value, and paper or credit money is in circulation.

When handling metal Depending on the metal, which is accepted as the universal equivalent in a given country, and the base of monetary circulation, bimetallism and monometallism are distinguished. Bimetallism - This is a monetary system in which the state legally assigns the role of universal equivalent to two precious metals (usually gold and silver), providing for the free minting of coins from both metals and their unofficial circulation. There were three types of bimetallism: a parallel currency system, when the ratio between gold and silver coins was established spontaneously on the market; a dual currency system, when the ratio between gold and silver coins was established by the state depending on the demand for metals, on the economic and political situation in the country and the world; a system of "limping" currency, in which gold and silver coins served as legal tender, but not on equal terms, since the minting of silver coins was carried out in a closed manner, in contrast to the free minting of gold coins. This is actually a dual currency system limping on the silver leg, i.e. gold has a freer circulation than silver money.

Monometalism- this is a monetary system in which one monetary metal (gold or silver) serves as a universal equivalent and at the same time in circulation there are other signs of value (banknotes, treasury notes, change coins) exchangeable for this monetary metal (gold or silver).

Paper money system provided for the dominant position of banknotes issued by the country's issuing center.

Monetary systems of metallic circulation are based on metallic money (gold, silver), which perform all the functions inherent in money as a universal equivalent (measure of value, means of circulation and payment, means of storage), and banknotes circulating simultaneously with metallic money are m/ b at any time exchanged for metallic money.

Elements of the monetary system are those its constituent parts on which the organization of the circulation of monetary resources is based:

Currency unit	Price scale	Types of money	Emission system
A currency established by law. In Russia it is the ruble. The introduction of other monetary units on the territory of the Russian Federation and the issuance of monetary surrogates are prohibited	Establishing the content of the price of a monetary unit through the weight content of gold. The official ratio between the ruble and gold or other precious metals is not established	Banknotes and coins are unconditional obligations of the Bank of Russia and are backed by all its assets. Banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia are required to be accepted at face value for all types of payments, for crediting to accounts, deposits and for transfer throughout the Russian Federation	The issue of cash, the organization of its circulation and withdrawal from circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation are carried out exclusively by the Bank of Russia. Banknotes (bank notes) and coins of the Bank of Russia are the only legal means of payment on the territory of the Russian Federation. Their counterfeiting and illegal production are prosecuted by law.

Types of banknotes. At present, no country has a metal circulation system. The main types of banknotes are: credit bank notes (banknotes), as well as government paper money (treasury notes) and small change, which are legal tender in the country. Banknotes (bank notes) are a type of banknotes, legal tender, issued for circulation by central banks.

The emission system is a legally established procedure for the issuance and circulation of credit and paper banknotes that are not redeemable for gold.

Abaz,

Iranian silver coin, widespread in the 16th-17th centuries. in countries Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia. Got its name from the Shah of Iran Abbas I(1587-1628), during which its production began.

Altyn,

old Russian monetary unit. The term comes from the Tatar word alty - six, because initially the altyn was equal to 6 money.

Balboa,

monetary unit of Panama. Named in honor of the conquistador, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

Bolivar,

currency unit Venezuela, and previously Uruguay. Named after the Latin American independence fighter Simon Bolivar.

Geller,

the name of various European coins, as well as modern small change coins of the Czech Republic. German word Heller or Haller- the name originally minted in the city Halle, presumably already in the middle of the 12th century.

Guinea,

British gold coin, which began production in 1663 from gold mined in an African colony Guinea, hence the name of the coin.

Dime,

Russian name for a coin of 10 kopecks since 1701. Name ten-kopeck piece goes back to the Old Russian monetary unit. Designation of denomination by word ten-kopeck piece(Sometimes hryvnia) was placed on coins from the beginning of their issue under Peter I (1689-1725). Under Paul I (1796-1801), the denomination “10” began to be used on coins.

Hryvnia,

weight, monetary weight and monetary accounting unit of Ancient Rus' and other Slavic countries, the name of the modern monetary unit of Ukraine. The name comes from an ornament made of gold or silver in the form of a hoop, which was worn around the neck ( on the back of the neck) and were used as primitive money.

Penny,

a type of coin widespread in Europe, a modern small change Poland and Austria. The name is a Slavic variant of the German name for the coin.

Groshen,

the name of the German coin, comes from the Latin denarius grossus – thick (large) denarius.

Gulden,

the name of German and Dutch coins and the modern currency of the Netherlands. Dutch word gulden literally means gold.

Denarius,

An ancient Roman silver coin that served as the basis for the creation of various types of coins in Europe and the Middle East. The name comes from the value of coins of 10 asses (in Latin denarius – ten).

Dinar (denar),

the name of monetary units and coins of change in many countries of the world, mainly Arab East. The name goes back to Roman.

Dirham (dirham),

the name of coins and monetary units, mainly in Arab countries. The name goes back to Greek.

Dollar,

monetary unit of the USA and many other countries of the world. The name comes from. Since the weight of the first American dollars was equal to the Spanish one, the symbol “$” is used to denote the dollar, as well as to denote the peso.

Dong,

the name of a certain type of coin in Southeast Asia, as well as the monetary unit of modern Vietnam. The name goes back to the inscriptions on the first coins Thong bun - full-fledged walking coin.

Drachma,

the name of coins in Greece since ancient times, as well as the name of the modern monetary unit of Greece. Derived from the Greek word drachma - a handful of and goes back to the times when in Greece metal rods served as money - a handful of 6 pieces made up a drachma.

Efimok,

Russian name . Originated as an abbreviation for the full name of the coin Joachimsthaler, only unlike Western Europe, the final part of the word was discarded. Perhaps the name was not formed directly in Russia, but was borrowed from the Poles.

Zloty,

monetary unit of Poland. In Polish zloty - gold.

Karbovanets,

Ukrainian name. The term originated in the 17th century, when Russia began minting ruble coins with notches ( carbs) on edges.

Quetzal(s),

Guatemalan currency, named after the legendary long-tailed tropical bird of the same name quetzal.

clip,

name any non-round coins. Derived from the Swedish word klippe - cut with scissors.

Kopek,

Russian name for a small change coin minted from the 16th century to the present. The name is due to the fact that the main plot of the front side of the coins was the image horseman with a spear.

1 kopeck, 2007.

Kreutzer,

type name German and Austrian coins minted since the 13th century. The name comes from the German word kreuz – cross, the main motif of the image of the first issues of this coin.

Crown,

the name of many medieval coins and modern monetary units. The name comes from the one depicted on the coin royal crown.

Kuna,

monetary unit in Ancient Rus' and among some other Slavs, as well as the modern monetary unit of Croatia. The name comes from the fact that this unit was approximately equivalent in cost marten skin- one of the most common commercial items of that time. Word kuna almost until the 13th century it was preserved in Slavic languages ​​in the meaning money.

monetary unit of Albania. There is a theory that the name lek comes from an abbreviation of the name of Alexander the Great, depicted on the first coins.

Mite,

the name of a small coin in Greece. Today 100 mite = 1 . The name goes back to the ancient Greek word mite, plural hours from leptos - easy.

Livre,

monetary unit in France in the 9th-18th centuries. The name comes from the Latin word Libra – lb..

Lyra,

coin and monetary unit of Italy and some other countries. The name comes from the Latin word Libra – lb..

Luidor,

French gold coin, the name comes from the portrait of the king depicted on the obverse Louis (Louis) XIII. French Louis d'or, literally - Golden Louis.

Brand,

weight, currency and monetary unit in many countries Western Europe and Scandinavia. German word Mark literally means sign.

Milreis,

Portuguese coin, and later the currency of Brazil until 1942, in denominations of 1000 reals (Portuguese mil- thousand, reis– plural from real).

Napoleondor,

name of the French 20 franc gold coin minted Napoleon I and later by Napoleon III, with a portrait of the emperor on the obverse. French Napoleon d'or, literally - Golden Napoleon.

Noble,

the name of a high-grade British gold coin, the issue of which began in 1344 under King Edward III. In English noble - noble.

Obol,

the name of small currency and coins minted in Greece until the mid-19th century. The name goes back to the ancient Greek word obolos - spit. Spits have been used along with other small objects as primitive money since ancient times.

Penge,

currency unit Hungary in 1025-1946. Hungarian word pengo literally means specie.

A penny,

the name of a small English coin and a modern small change of Great Britain and some other countries. The name comes from the corresponding German.

British penny with portrait of George V, 1927.

Penny,

plural form of the English word penny(). At the same time the word penny used when denoting multiple denominations, for example two pence - two penny coin, in contrast to the expression two pennies, which is used to represent two 1 penny coins.

Peseta,

the name of the coin and modern currency of Spain. Spanish word peseta literally means small.

Pesos,

the name of a number of coins of Spain and its colonies. Spanish word peso literally means weight or coin, the name was originally used in the form peso de á ocho - coin worth eight (reals).

Piastre,

Name Spanish and Latin American, which was found in everyday life and various trade documents. The name apparently comes from the phrase piastra d'argento - silver tile.

Pfennig,

the name of a German small change coin minted since the 10th century. The name comes from the Latin word pondus - weight.

Ruble,

monetary unit of Russia and Belarus, Russian name for the monetary hryvnia, parts (stubs) of silver bars. Hence the name - from the verb chop.

Russian ruble, 2014.

1 ruble, 1999.
200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin.

1 ruble, 1993.
100th anniversary of the birth of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Centime,

the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of a part. Name from Latin centum - one hundred.

Santimo,

Sentimo,

the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a number of Spanish-speaking countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Centavo,

the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a series Luso-speaking countries The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Sucre,

monetary unit of Ecuador, named after Antonio José de Sucre, a fighter for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America.

Thaler,

the name of this coin, perhaps the most common in Europe, comes from the word Joachimsthaler(Joahimstaler), i.e. coin minted in the city of Joachimsthal in the Czech Republic. This name then spread to all coins of a similar type, regardless of the place and date of their minting.

Farthing,

English and Irish a small change equal to ¼ penny. Existed before the introduction of the decimal monetary system. The name comes from the Old English word feorthung - quarter.

Filler,

change coin of Hungary, Hungarian version of the name of the coin.

Florin,

high-grade Italian gold coin, first minted in 1252 in Florence. The name comes from the Italian word flos - lily. The lily was the symbol of the city of Florence.

Forint,

the Hungarian name for the Italian coin and the monetary unit of Hungary since 1946.

Franc,

gold and silver French coin, the monetary unit of modern France and some other countries of the world. The name of the coins comes from the Latin inscriptions on the first coins Francorum rex - King of the Franks

GBP),

British currency. The name comes from the semantic meaning of a monetary unit equal in value to a pound of coins in sterling denomination ()

£1 2009.

Cent,

the name of a small change coin equal to 1/100 of the national currency (usually) in a number of countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

1 US cent, 2010.

1 US cent, 2010.
Obverse - Abraham Lincoln, Reverse - shield symbolizing the united state.

Centesimo,

Chervonets,

the name that was originally given in Russia to foreign high-grade coins (made from red gold). Then Russia began issuing its own gold coins and the name chervonets passed on to them.

Shekel,

monetary unit in ancient Judea and modern Israel. The name comes from the Semitic word saqal - weigh.

Shilling,

the name of the coin and monetary unit of a number of countries. Known in Europe since the Middle Ages. The name comes from the name of an ancient Roman coin solid.

antique French gold coin. The name of the coin comes from the French word ecu-shield.

Escudo,

the name of Spanish and Portuguese gold coins, as well as the modern monetary unit of Portugal and some other countries. The name comes from the Spanish word escudo - shield.

Each state has its own payment currency. All currencies of the countries of the world can be exchanged for global or reserve currencies, which include the euro and dollar. They are used to carry out financial transactions between state-owned banks of different countries. However, many countries are trying to reconsider the role of the dollar as a reserve currency. But not every monetary unit of the world can take this place.

In addition, all currencies are completely different both in appearance and in relation to freely convertible currencies. It is also worth noting that many means of payment of states have the same name. For example, not only the USA has its own dollar, but also Australia, Singapore, Canada, Jamaica and some other countries. To distinguish them, the symbols of monetary units of the countries of the world are used.

Monetary units of Australia and Oceania

One of the most famous currencies is the Australian dollar. Before it came into circulation, the Australian pound was used as a means of payment in Australia. To make banknotes, they do not use paper, but thin plastic. In all exchange offices around the world, the Australian dollar bill is denoted by the sign $ AUD.

This currency is also used in the Cocos Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Christmas Island and Norfolk. In these parts, a currency unit that is no less popular in countries around the world is used - the New Zealand dollar. It is designated by three capital letters NZD. Here it is simply called kiwi, in honor of the national bird and one of the main symbols of New Zealand. The banknote has been made from thin specialized plastic since 1999. Banknotes are issued that are considered small, their face value is five, ten, twenty dollars. Fifty and one hundred are more popular.

The currency is also used in circulation in countries such as Niue, the Cook and Pitcairn Islands, and Tokelau.

Currency used in Europe

It will not be news to anyone that one of the most popular monetary units in various countries of the world is the euro. It serves as the official currency of eighteen countries that are members of the European Union. In addition, this payment unit is considered national in nine other states.

Initially, such a currency as the euro had only non-cash circulation. This was between June 1999 and January 2002. At the beginning of the year, banknotes in denominations of five, ten and twenty euros were released. Twenty are published in the greatest number. But no less popular are fifty, one hundred, two hundred and five hundred euros. Small change coins were also minted. In terms of its total exchange value for other currencies, the euro is ahead of the US dollar.

This currency is considered official in countries such as Estonia, France, Finland, Slovakia and Slovenia, Portugal, Malta and the Netherlands, Cyprus and Greece, Italy and Spain, as well as Latvia and Lithuania, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria and Ireland.

The euro is also the national currency in countries that are not members of the European Union. Namely on the Åland Islands, Andorra, Vatican City, San Marino and several other states.

Asian money

The names of monetary units of countries around the world can often coincide, but at the same time they are completely different currencies. Thus, almost all Asian countries have their own national banknotes. Most of them are little known and do not have a high cost. However, many people have probably heard about such a currency as the Chinese yuan.

The monetary unit is denoted by three letters CNY. If you are planning a trip to China, then you will certainly need this information. There are ten jiao in one Chinese yuan. At the same time, they can be divided into 10 fen. For easier understanding, it is worth giving an example. So the amount of 5.16 yuan would be pronounced five yuan, one jiao and six fen.

Jiao are issued in the form of coins in denominations of one and five jiao. Fen currency in denominations of one, two and five are also minted in coins. There is also one yuan in this form. Banknotes are yuan in denominations of one hundred, fifty, twenty and smaller, but very popular one, five, ten.

Trips to the exotic Asian country of Thailand are gaining popularity every year. Before your trip, you should study the currency of this state. The Thai baht is used here. The currency is designated as THB. One baht consists of one hundred satangs. The banknote became official in April 1928. Over the entire existence of the banknote, sixteen series have been issued. This account does not include thirteen commemorative banknotes that were published dedicated to holiday dates. All modern banknotes have the image of the king. The face value of the banknote is indicated in Arabic numerals, but there is also a standard value designation in the upper right corner.

African currency

Some currencies of countries around the world are so popular that you can see them as national currencies in the most unexpected places. So, for example, the euro is used in circulation in such African states as Mayotte and Reunion.

However, it is worth talking about the currency of one of the most popular tourist countries in Africa, Egypt. Here the Egyptian pound is used as the national currency in circulation. The monetary unit is designated by three letters of the Latin alphabet EGP, but on price tags in stores across the country the most common designation is L. E. One pound consists of one hundred piastres.

The nominal value of banknotes is indicated in Arabic numerals on one side and traditional ones on the other. Such banknotes are issued in values ​​of twenty-five and fifty piastres. In addition, there are one, ten and five pounds in circulation. It is impossible to do without banknotes of twenty, fifty, hundred pounds. Two hundred is not used very often because it is a very large denomination.

But the following coins can be found: twenty-five piastres and fifty. There is also a one pound coin. It is worth noting that banknotes of one pound, twenty-five and fifty piastres are gradually leaving the country's monetary circulation.

Banknotes of North and Central America

The most popular currency in this part of the world is the American dollar. It has the well-known symbol USD. This currency is one of the reserve ones. One dollar is made up of one hundred cents.

All banknotes that began their publication in 1861 are still involved in money circulation. Banknotes are issued in denominations of one, two, five, ten, twenty, fifty and one hundred dollars. The latest banknote is the largest to date. But it was not always so.

Previously, until 1945, banknotes in denominations of five hundred, one thousand, five thousand and even ten thousand dollars were issued. They are still valid today, but have almost been withdrawn from circulation. You can only find them in the collections of numismatists. And the estimated value of the banknote is much higher than the nominal value. For example, the price of a five thousand banknote can reach ten thousand dollars. But according to banknote turnover tracking data, there are only one hundred and thirty banknotes left in the ten thousand range. For this reason, its price has not been disclosed.

Coins are issued in denominations of one dollar and one, five, ten, twenty-five and fifty cents.

South American currency

Before traveling to an unfamiliar country, it is worth studying photos of monetary units of countries around the world. The currencies of South American countries will not be an exception. Thus, the Brazilian real can be called a new currency. It was published only in 1994. Coins in circulation include one real and one, five, ten, twenty-five and fifty centavos.

1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and one hundred reals - these are the denominations of Brazilian banknotes.

You can study the complete list of different currencies of the countries of the world on any official website of financial organizations that are engaged in the purchase, sale or exchange of currencies. It is also worth taking care in advance about the money that you are going to take with you to another country. It is best if it is dollars or euros. You can exchange them for national currency in any country in the world.