The hurricane now raging in Europe has received the courageous name "Kirill". At the same time, he turned out to be bloodthirsty and claimed the lives of several dozen Europeans, on this moment the number of his victims - 31 people.љ

As known from background information, names have been given to hurricanes since 1953. Moreover, until 1979, the names of the elements were assigned exclusively to women. "Now they bear" the names of both sexes.

Specialists of the hurricane committees of the World Meteorological Organization make them almost "animate".љ In different oceans, where cyclones are mainly formed, which then turn into hurricanes, different tables of names operate.

So, for the Atlantic Ocean, a table of male and female names is provided: љ their number љ21 - one name љ for each letter of the Latin alphabet (names are mostly Greek), with the exception of five (names starting with the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z are not used ). Every 6 years the list is updated and hurricanes get new names.

"Names should be short and easy to pronounce. Cultural characteristics of the countries of the region should be taken into account. Different committees have different approaches to choosing names. For example, in the Pacific region, tropical cyclones are given names of zodiac signs or colors. You can suggest given name as the name of a cyclone or hurricane," the World Meteorological Organization said in an interview.

Those hurricanes that have caused the most damage to the population of the Earth receive a name for themselves forever. And no other element is called by that name. For example, Hurricane Katrina will forever be deleted from the lists of meteorologists.

Prior to the first naming system for hurricanes, hurricanes were given their names randomly and randomly. Sometimes the hurricane was named after the saint on whose day the disaster occurred. So, for example, the hurricane Santa Anna, which reached the city of Puerto Rico on July 26, 1825, received its name, on St. Anna. The name could be given according to the area that suffered the most from the elements. Sometimes the name was determined by the very form of development of the hurricane. So, for example, the hurricane "Pin" got its name in 1935, the shape of the trajectory of which resembled the mentioned object.

An original method of naming hurricanes, invented by Australian meteorologist Clement Rugg, is known: he named typhoons after members of parliament who refused to vote for weather research loans.

In the northwestern part Pacific Ocean the names of animals, flowers, trees and even products are reserved for typhoons: Nakri, Yufung, Kanmuri, Kopu. The Japanese refused to give female names to the deadly typhoons, because they consider women there to be gentle and quiet creatures. And the tropical cyclones of the northern Indian Ocean remain nameless.

Hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, typhoons, cyclones- These are natural phenomena of the same order, similar in their characteristics. Hurricane-like storms in the Atlantic Ocean are called hurricanes, in the Pacific typhoons, in the Indian Ocean cyclones.

Hurricane- this is a wind that twists into several spirals at high speed.

If someone gets into the epicenter of a hurricane, they will first feel strong winds, then heavy rain. When the epicenter of the hurricane shifts, calm weather and clear skies will follow. After some time, heavy rain will again pour and a strong wind will blow. Only the wind will blow in the opposite direction.

Storm- a very strong wind, as well as a lot of excitement at sea.

Tornado (tornado)- an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a thundercloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. This is a wind of great strength. Tornadoes occur most frequently in North America, up to 200 annually. Tornadoes destroy houses and engineering structures. The speed of movement of a tornado can be 100 km / h.

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"Katrina", "Harvey", "Nina", "Camilla". These are all the names of not random people, but the names of some of the most destructive hurricanes in history.

Hurricane Harvey, which formed on August 17, 2017, has already been named one of the most destructive in US history. Now in the States they are evaluating its consequences and comparing it with the deadly Katrina of 2005.

We propose to figure out where the names of natural disasters come from.

Why do they need names?

In the world long time there is a practice of naming hurricanes, storms and other natural disasters - primarily to avoid confusion, especially when several elements rage in the same area.

Without it, nameless storms and hurricanes would greatly complicate the lives of meteorologists, rescuers and others, since names facilitate communication and therefore increase safety.

The aftermath of Hurricane Wilma Photo from open sources

The names of hurricanes and storms help avoid misunderstandings in weather forecasting and storm warnings.

Background

Initially, naming was haphazard and random. Sometimes the hurricane was named after the saint on whose feast day the disaster occurred. For example, in July 1825 in Puerto Rico, the hurricane received the name "Santa Anna", since it reached the island on the day of St. Anna.

In addition, the name can be given according to the area that suffered the most, as well as the form of the development of the hurricane: this is how the Pin 4 hurricane got its name in 1935.

Also known is a somewhat original method of naming hurricanes, invented in 1887 by the Australian meteorologist Clement Rugg: he once decided to name typhoons after members of parliament who refused to vote for loans for meteorological research.

The tradition of naming typhoons and hurricanes female names spread during World War II.

Photos from open sources

Air Force and US Navy meteorologists, observing the elements in the Pacific Northwest, began to call them after their wives and girlfriends to avoid confusion. After the war, the US National Weather Service compiled an alphabetical list of female names. His main idea was to use short, simple and easy to remember names.

The first system in the names of hurricanes appeared by 1950, in 1953 it was decided to return to female names. Subsequently, the naming procedure was streamlined. So, the first hurricane of the year began to be called a female name, starting with the first letter of the alphabet, the second - with the second, and so on. For typhoons, there was a list of 84 female names.

Photos from open sources

In 1979, the World Meteorological Organization expanded the list by adding also male names.

There are 6 alphabetical listings for Atlantic Basin hurricanes, each with 21 names. They are used for six years in a row, and then repeated.

If there are more than 21 hurricanes in a year, then the Greek alphabet will be used.

An important detail: if the hurricane is especially destructive, the name given to it is crossed off the list. So, "Katrina" has already been crossed out, now the same possibility is being considered in relation to "Harvey".

In the Pacific Northwest, typhoons are named after animals, flowers, trees, and foods.

Most destructive

Throughout history, the world's population has faced powerful and devastating natural disasters more than once. Some of them went down in history because of the massive destruction and casualties.

Hurricane Fifi in September 1974 caused enormous damage. Then the winds reached speeds of 200 km / h, powerful showers destroyed many settlements, crops, banana plantations, as well as about 80% of industrial enterprises.

In total, more than 10 thousand people died because of the hurricane, another 600 thousand lost their homes.

Hurricane Mitch, which passed through the countries Central America in 1998, destroyed entire cities and villages.

Hurricane Mitch Photo from open sources

It raged in four countries - Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. As a result, 11 thousand people died, another 10 thousand went missing, thousands lost their homes. In addition, almost 80% of crops were destroyed.

At the end of August 2005, the most destructive hurricane Katrina in the history of the country happened in the United States: about 1.3 thousand people died as a result of the elements. Damage from the hurricane amounted to $125 billion.

Hurricane Katrina Photo from open sources

In May 2008, Tropical Cyclone Nargiz hit Myanmar. It caused a catastrophic flood that killed 138,000 people and affected another 2.4 million people.

Hurricane Matthew killed hundreds of people along the Caribbean coast and in the eastern United States, leaving thousands homeless.

The next hurricanes to hit these areas will be named Nicole and Otto. Who gives them these names?

Why do hurricanes have "human" names?

It turns out that for the last 100 years, hurricanes have been given names. According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), hurricanes are given "human" names to spread information about them faster and avoid confusion among meteorologists, researchers, first responders, ship captains, the media and residents of disaster areas.

Why are these names chosen and not others?

About 100 years ago, storms were given arbitrary names. But one day a hurricane raging in the Atlantic Ocean destroyed a ship owned by Antje. That hurricane was nicknamed “Antje”. Then, in the middle of the 20th century, hurricanes began to be given female names.

The meteorologists decided to move to a more organized and efficient system. They systematized the choice of name according to the military phonetic alphabet.

Thus, if the first hurricane happened in the year, then it was called with the letter "A", the second - with the letter "B", and so on. By the end of the 20th century, male names were added to the list.

Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic:

Speaking of Matthew, this is the 13th cyclone that passed through the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic region in 2016. Lists of names in this region are formed five years in advance, so in 2022 the list of 2016 will be valid again. In each year, 21 names are recorded for each letter of the alphabet, except for Q, U, X, Y and Z.

The names of storms that caused severe damage are removed from the list and replaced with other names. For example, such was Hurricane Katrina in 2005 or Sandy in 2012. We won't see them on the list anymore.

Events

Undoubtedly, everyone paid attention to what simple and sometimes gentle names researchers around the world call hurricanes.

It would seem that all the names are random. Take at least originated over the Atlantic Ocean Hurricane Earl(you can translate as Hurricane "Count"), which raged last year over the Bahamas, the islands of Puerto Rico and along the East coast of the United States.

Or Tropical Storm Fiona, which, as they say, "walked" shoulder to shoulder next to Hurricane Earl.

However, the system itself, by which hurricanes and storms are given specific names, has a long and rather complicated history.

"What's in a name?!"

As reported in US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), once hurricanes were given the names of saints.

Moreover, the saint was not chosen by chance, but depending on the day on which this or that hurricane formed.

For example, it appeared Hurricane Saint Anna, which arose on July 26, 1825, the day of St. Anne.

You may ask, how did scientists act if hurricanes were born, for example, on the same day, but in different years? In this case, the "younger" hurricane was assigned serial number besides the name of the saint.

Eg, Hurricane San Felipe struck Puerto Rico on September 13th, 1876, Saint Philip's day. Another hurricane that hit the same area also started on September 13th. But already in 1928. A later hurricane was named Hurricane San Felipe II.

A little later, the system for naming hurricanes changed, and scientists began to use the location of the hurricane to designate it, that is, the width and longitude.

However, according to NOAA, this method of naming did not catch on due to the fact that it was far from always possible to accurately and unambiguously determine the coordinates of the place of origin of one or another hurricane.

The inconsistent and contradictory radio reports coming in on this topic sometimes required a long and thorough study and screening.

So the hurricane may end up "dying" nameless while scientists calculate its coordinates to give the natural disaster a name using this method!

Therefore, the United States of America abandoned such a system in 1951 in favor of a seemingly very simple and effective alphabetical naming convention proposed by the military.

True, this method used not the usual, but the phonetic alphabet. It was then that they were born Hurricanes Able, Baker and Charlie, whose names had one pattern - the first letters of the hurricanes corresponded to the letters of the English alphabet A, B, C.

However, as it turned out, hurricanes arose more often than new ideas came to the head of scientists, and the number of tornadoes in a fairly short period of time clearly exceeded the number of letters and sounds in English language!

To avoid confusion, forecasters began using names of people in 1953.. Each name had to be approved by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center. (NOAA's National Hurricane Center).

Initially, all hurricanes were assigned female names. The name of the very first hurricane that was named using this technique is Hurricane Maria.

It's destructive a natural phenomenon received such a beautiful female name in honor of the heroine of the novel "Storm", which was written by the American novelist and scholar George Rippey Stewart in 1941.

As told to the magazine "Little secrets of life" (Life "s Little Mysteries) representative of the National Hurricane Center Dennis Feltgen, "in 1979, someone had the wise idea to use male names for hurricanes and since then they have been used along with female"

"You call him like me!"

Nowadays, hurricane names are chosen in Geneva, at the headquarters World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

This specialized intergovernmental agency is responsible for monitoring six weather regions in the world, including the United States of America, which forms the fourth region.

It includes North America, South America and the Caribbean region.

Especially for Atlantic tropical storms, The National Hurricane Center has created six hurricane name lists., which was discussed and approved by the WMO by voting at a special meeting of the international committee.

These lists contain French, Spanish, German, and English names because, according to NOAA, "The elements also strike at other nations, and hurricanes are monitored, studied and recorded in many countries".

These six lists of names are in constant rotation and new lists are regularly approved.

For example, in 2010, a list of names was approved, which, according to forecasts, will be used only in 2016.

Initially, the lists of hurricane names included names from A to Z (for example, among the hurricanes that raged in 1958, you can find such names - Udele, Virgy, Wilna, Xrae, Yurith and Zorna (Udele, Virgy, Wilna, Xrae, Yurith and Zorna)).

According to Feltgen, the letters Q, U, X and Z are not used in the current lists due to the fact that there are simply not enough names that begin with these letters.

However, sometimes changes are also made to the currently used lists. If the storm or hurricane was particularly destructive (for example, as Hurricane Katrina 2005), the WMO determines by special vote whether the name should be used to designate hurricanes in the future.

If one or another name is excluded from the list, it is decided to use another name starting with the same letter of the alphabet. This name is also carefully selected and approved by popular vote.

The names that are used in these lists can be arbitrarily unusual, or, on the contrary, well-known and familiar to everyone.

For example, the names planned for the 2010 hurricanes contained names such as Gaston, Otto, Shary and Virgine (Gaston, Otto, Shary and Virgine).

Do all storms have names? No, only special hurricanes get this honor! Namely, those who the funnel rotates counterclockwise, and the wind speed inside the hurricane is at least 63 kilometers per hour.

Then such a "lucky one" is assigned the next name from the list of names of hurricanes approved for this year.