Which acts as the original form: kind - kinder, more / less kind, kindest, kindest, kindest of all.

It expresses the attribute of a given object beyond comparison with the attribute of another object, in relation to the degree of manifestation of the attribute, it is neutral.

comparative

Comparative forms denote:

1. A sign that is manifested in one subject to a greater extent than in another.

• Elbrus higher Kazbek.
• This first sound was followed by another, harder And lingering...
• (I. S. Turgenev)
• Further experiments were more complex than the previous ones.
• (Academician I.P. Pavlov)

2. A sign that manifests itself differently in the same object at different times, is contained either to a greater or lesser extent.

• I am now more modest became in desire
• My life or you dreamed of me ...
• (S. A. Yesenin)
• Faith has become more restrained than it was.

Comparative degree can be simple(consist of one word) and composite(composed of two words).

Comparative Degree Education

initial form of the adjective	Means of Education of the Comparative Degree	Comparative adjective
spicy interesting nonsensical	simple form -her (-to her)	acute her (to her) interesting her more meaningless
Adjectives with stems in r, k, x, d, t, st hot quiet Expensive young steep	-e+ alternation of the final consonant of the stem	hot e hush e dearer e younger e steep e
Adjectives with suffixes - To -, -OK -(-ek -) bottom k uy high ok uh	-e+ suffix truncation - To -, -OK -(-ek -)	lower e higher e
long thin	-she+ truncation of the final consonant stem r, k	share she tone she
high big	By - + -she(-e)	above for more
good bad small	from other bases	better worse less
solid weak sweet	Composite form more or less words	harder less weak more sweet

Do not have a simple form of comparative degree quality adjectives with suffixes - sk -, -ov -, -l -, -n -(they don’t have short forms either!): friendly, massive, bloody, emaciated, etc. This also includes adjectives with the suffix - To - such as fusible, bulky, heavy, separate non-derivative words (flat, dilapidated, proud, sloping) and words denoting animal colors: brown, savrasy, etc.

Superlatives

Superlatives denote:

1. A feature that is manifested in a given subject to the highest degree or more than in all other subjects.

• Elbrus - highest from the mountains of the Caucasus.
• In this group Ivanov - most capable And hardworking student.
• you today the best.

2. The ultimate degree of quality without comparison with other subjects, including as part of set expressions: the kindest soul, the worst enemy.

• Has come the most important stage in your life.
• Everything needs to be figured out smallest details.

Superlative education

initial form of the adjective	Superlatives	Superlative adjective
strict brief quiet high	simple form -ash -+ alternating final consonant stem	watchman ish ii short ish ii hush ish ii high ish ii
brave wonderful	-eysh -	brave eysh ii miraculous eysh ii
high ok uh Beautiful	nai -+ -sh- (truncation of the suffix - OK -) nai - + -eysh -	highest the most beautiful
good bad small	from other bases	best worst less
solid accessible	Composite form word most	the hardest the most accessible
loyal funny	words most, least	most faithful least cheerful
sad smart interesting	compare. step. adj. + genitive pronoun all - all	the saddest of all smarter than everyone the most interesting

Qualitative adjectives with suffixes do not form a simple superlative form - sk -, -n -, -ov -(-ev -), -To -, -ast -, -ist -: native , business , loud , loud , colorful , sprawling , thoroughbred , many words with suffixes - Liv -, -chiv -, -ovate - (-evat -): boisterous, talkative, whitish.

ONLY QUALITATIVE ADJECTS HAVE COMPARATIVE DEGREES!

Qualitative adjectives differ in that they can denote a feature in varying degrees of its manifestation ( large - larger - largest). These forms are called degrees of comparison:

Comparative

excellent

The paradigm of degrees of comparison also includes the adjective from which forms of degrees of comparison are formed. The semantic basis of the degrees of comparison is a quantitative assessment of the feature measure. In the paradigm of degrees of comparison, the original adjective is called the positive degree form.

Comparative degree (comparative) - denotes a quality that is in any subject to a greater extent than in another, the name of which is put in the form of a gender case or nominative case; the latter is preceded by a comparative conjunction How(truth is more precious than gold).

Superlative (superlative) - denotes the highest degree of quality in any subject compared to another: favorite writer; are declined like regular adjectives.

Comparative and superlative degrees can be expressed in simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical) forms.

comparative

The simple form of the comparative degree does not change by gender, number and case; and therefore it must be able to distinguish it from the form of the comparative degree of the adverb. If a word of this type is syntactically related to a noun, then compare the degree of the adjective, if related to a verb, then compare the degree of the adverb ( oak is stronger than birch- adjunct; he gripped the handle tighter- adverb)

Forms of the comparative degree tend to be used in a position when connected, i.e. in the role of a predicate, but can also be a definition.

Formed from the base of the original adjective with the help of suffixes - her (s) - bolder,whiter(productive way) or -e, -she - more expensive, richer(unproductive way).

From adjectives with stem to k, g, x and some words with stems in d, t, st comparative degree is formed by means of a suffix –e(at the same time, the final consonant stems alternate with hissing ones) ( loud - louder, quiet - quieter, cool - cooler). In adjectives on -OK And -To the generating stem is truncated, the remaining final consonant alternates with a hissing or paired soft ( high is higher, low is lower).

Comparative forms with suffix –she single ( distant - further, early - earlier, long - longer).

From three adjectives, the form is formed in a suppletive way ( small - less, good - better, bad - worse).

Forms of the comparative degree are not formed from adjectives that name signs that do not change in degrees. Sometimes they are not formed in accordance with the usage, and not the meaning ( dilapidated, alien, scanty).

A complex form of degrees of comparison is formed by adding the word more. Moreover, such combinations can also be formed with a short form ( faster, more red).

Superlatives

The simple form of the superlative degree has features in its meaning: in addition to the above basic meaning of the superiority of quality in an object compared to other objects, this form can denote the highest, ultimate degree of quality in any object without comparison with others. In other words, it can denote an irrespectively high degree of quality: worst enemy, kindest creature.

A simple form is formed by adding a suffix –eysh (-aysh). At the same time, it is not formed from all adjectives; usually those lexemes do not have it, from which the form of the comparative degree is not formed. It may also be absent in those forms that have the form of a comparative degree. These are quality adjectives with suffixes –ast-, -ist, as well as many words with suffixes - liv-, -chiv-, -k-(narrow - narrower, hairy - hairier, silent - more silent).

A complex form is formed by combining a qualitative adjective and the word most. It is not related to lexical restrictions: the reddest, the kindest, the narrowest.

For adjectives with suffixes –ovat-(-evat-) no form of superlative degree is formed, tk. the feature incompleteness value is incompatible with the feature high degree value ( the most deaf, the most deaf).

The superlative form denotes the highest degree of quality. In contrast to the comparative degree, superlative forms cannot express a comparative assessment of the degree of a feature in the same subject and in two subjects.

The superlative degree of the adjective indicates the trait in its highest form. But how is the superlative degree of this part of speech formed, and what are the exceptions to the rules? All these details are indicated in our article.

What is the superlative degree of adjectives?

Superlative degree of adjectives in Russian- This is a grammatical category denoting a feature in its highest (ultimate) manifestation. Only qualitative adjectives have a superlative degree of comparison.

Examples of adjectives in the superlative degree of comparison: rarest, strictest, kindest, simplest, strongest, coldest, least complex, above all.

The superlative degree of adjectives is considered in grade 5.

Formation of superlative adjectives

The superlative degree of adjectives (as well as the comparative degree) is represented by two rows of forms - simple(synthetic, consisting of one word) and constituent(analytic, two-word) forms.

Formation of a simple form of superlatives

The simple superlative degree of adjectives is formed in suffixal and prefix-suffixal ways:

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• In most cases, the suffix is ​​added to the base of the adjective -eysh- (kind - the kindest; brave - the bravest; strong - the strongest).
• Suffix -aysh- is attached to the stem of an adjective when alternating the final consonant stem (thin - the thinnest, bitter - the bitterest, soft - the softest).
• When forming a form in a suffix-prefix way, a prefix is ​​added to the base of the adjective most- and suffix -eysh- (pure - the purest, brave - the bravest, cute - the cutest). If the stem of the adjective ends in a suffix -OK-, this suffix is ​​truncated, and the suffix -sh– (high - highest).
• Some superlatives are formed from other stems (good is best, bad is worst).

Exceptions. The simple superlative form of adjectives does not form adjectives:

• With suffixes -sk-, -n-, -ov- (-ev-), -k-, -ast-, -ist- (business, big-eyed, clawed, mass).
• A number of adjectives with suffixes -liv-, -chiv-, -ovat- (-evat-) (talkative, evasive, grayish).

Formation of compound superlatives

The compound form of the superlative degree of adjectives is formed:

• By adding modal (auxiliary) words to the initial form of the adjective most, least, most (most transparent, least difficult, most beautiful).
• By attaching to the simple form the comparative degree of the form genitive pronouns "everything" all (loudest, smartest, oldest).

Attention! The use of modal words is not allowed most, least, most with a simple superlative. Forms the simplest, the calmest are a gross mistake.

> Degrees of comparison of adjectives

The grammatical feature of qualitative adjectives is the presence of degrees of comparison.

The degree of comparison is a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses differences in the degree of manifestation of quality. For example: strong - stronger, stronger, less strong, strongest, most powerful, least strong, most powerful, strongest of all, strongest of all.

There are 3 degrees of comparison of quality adjectives:

1) positive degree (positive),

2) comparative degree (comparative),

3) superlative degree (superlative).

Positive degree of comparison shows that the given attribute of an object is not compared with a similar attribute in another object. The initial (initial) form of the adjective is considered as a positive degree, for example: fast, hospitable, careless; stuffy, sad, light, petty, small, proud, resolute, bold, skillful, skillful, wonderful, charming, appropriate, instant.

comparative shows that a given attribute of an object is manifested to a greater or lesser extent compared to a similar attribute in another object, for example: bolder, more bold, less bold; higher, higher, less high.

The comparative degree serves as a means of comparison in quality:

Homogeneous Items: this morning is cloudier than yesterday; the children's faces become happier at the sight of their mother;

- dissimilar objects with the same properties: melon is sweeter than watermelon; the son is superior to the father; sister is younger than brother;

- the same subject: Before the session, students become more responsible and conscientious.

comparative formed:

1) in a synthetic way; means of expressing the degree of comparison are suffixes -ee- (-she-), -e, -she-;

2) analytical way; means of expressing the degree of comparison are additional words more- less;

3) in a suppletive way; means of expressing the degree of comparison is the change of bases: good - better, best; bad - worse, worse; small- less.

The comparative degree of an adjective has two forms: simple (synthetic) and compound (analytical).

Simple Comparative Degree

1) -her(s): round- round-her (round-her); beautiful - beautiful - her (beautiful - her); long-th - long-her (long-her); lingering - lingering-her (stretching-her);

2) -e, If:

a) the stem of an adjective ends in g, k, x, d, t,cm followed by an alternation of the consonant stem: hot- hot; dear-oh - dear; quiet- quiet; young-oh - younger; rich - rich; clean - clean;

b) the adjective has a suffix -k- (-ok-, -ek-) followed by truncation of the suffix and alternation of the stem consonant: low - lower; narrow-th - already; high - higher; close - nearer;

3) -she if the stem of the adjective ends in g, k followed by truncation of these consonants: far-th - farther; long-th - long-she; thin-th - thinner.

Forms of degrees of comparison on -her(s), -e, -she By-, which brings the added value of softening the degree of quality dominance; compare: more - more; more interesting - more interesting; more fun- more fun; closer- tighter; heavier - heavier; tastier- tastier.

A number of adjectives have variant comparative forms: big - more, more; distant - further, further; long- longer, longer; late- later, later; early - earlier, earlier; small - less, less.

Not all quality adjectives form simple form comparative degree.

These include:

1) adjectives with suffix -sk- (-esk-): comic, tragic, friendly, fraternal, hypocritical;

2) some adjectives with a suffix -n-: blood, manual, sick, early, superfluous;

3) adjectives with a suffix -ov- (-ev-): free, business, ordinary, combat, mass;

4) many verbal adjectives with suffix - l-: lethargic, rotten, tired, hoarse, hoarse;

5) some adjectives with a suffix -k-: unsteady, impudent, brittle, sticky, sludgy, timid, greedy, tenacious, chilly;

6) some non-derivative adjectives: old, proud.

Complex form of the comparative degree is formed in all adjectives that name a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. It is formed by adding additional words to the positive degree more, less; For example: more important, less affectionate.

Superlatives shows that a given attribute of an object is manifested to the greatest or least degree compared to a similar attribute in another object, for example: Supreme; deepest; the brightest; the narrowest; least sweet; the most interesting; smarter than everyone.

Superlatives also have synthetic and analytical form.

Simple superlative form formed from the basis of the positive degree of the adjective by adding suffixes:

1) -eysh-: white-th - white-eysh-th; rich-th - rich-eysh-th; brave-th - brave-eysh-th; wonderful-th - wonderful-eysh-th;

2)-aysh- to adjectives with stems on g, k, x and followed by alternating consonants: high-th - high-aysh-th, deep-th - deep-aysh-th, quiet-th - tish-aysh-th.

There are some features in the formation of superlatives:

Adjective heavy forms superlatives with alternation w//g And k//h: heavy - the most difficult;

adjectives close, low form the superlative by adding a suffix with truncation of the generating stem and subsequent alternation of consonants h// and: close - nearest, low - lowest.

In modern Russian, the simple form of the superlative has two meanings:

1. Top Quality Value that belongs to a person or subject and for which this subject stands out from a number of similar ones. In the superlative form, there is an indication of the circle of persons or objects from which they stand out with the highest degree of quality. This indication usually occurs in:

In the form of R.p. plural with prepositions from, among: the greatest of scientists; the tastiest of fruits; the strongest among peers;

In the form of R.p. no suggestions: the most beautiful city in Europe; the most famous museum in the world; the widest river in the country;

IN T.V. form plural with a pretext between: the greatest among generals;

- in the form of P.p. with prepositions in, on: the highest mountain in the world; deepest lake on the ground; beautiful place on board; the largest lake in Siberia.

The use of the superlative degree is possible without any restrictions: sweetest person; main character; strongest athlete.

2. The value of the ultimate degree of quality is beyond comparison with other subjects, For example: Above the forest stood the gentlest radiance of the mountain range. Herbs - the surest remedy for colds.

Superlatives on -eysh-, -aysh- can be combined with attachment nai-, which brings an additional amplifying value, cf., for example: the most difficult - the most difficult; the strictest - the most strict; the most interesting - the most interesting; deepest- deepest; fullest - fullest.

adjectives big, high, low, good, bad form the following forms of superlatives: greater, higher, lower, better, worse.

Not all qualitative adjectives form a simple superlative form.

These include:

1) adjectives with a suffix -sk-, -esk-: fraternal friendly, enemy, demonic, hellish, ugly;

2) some adjectives with a suffix -n-: native, efficient, bloody, quarrelsome, redundant;

The most charming, the most empathetic, the most sweet, the thickest, the least broad, the least funny. This method is productive even for those adjectives that do not have a simple superlative form, for example: the most friendly, the most combative, the most sinuous, the most efficient, the least friendly, the least catchy;

2) by adding words everyone Total to a simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective, for example: most important, sweetest of all.

From the forms of degrees of comparison should be distinguished words of subjective quality assessment, which combine the designation of a feature with an expression of its evaluation by the speaker. The words of the subjective quality assessment express the emotional assessment of the indicated feature or indicate its real greater or lesser degree.

The words of subjective quality assessment are expressed in the following forms:

1) in adjectives with suffixes -enk- (-onk-), -yoshenek- (-oshenek-), -yohonek- (-ohonek-), -yusenk-, For example: black, yellow, dry, white, happy, alone, tiny, thin;

2) in adjectives with suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -enn-: furious, huge, thin, fat, broad, tall;

3) in adjectives with prefixes archi-, pre-, times-, super-, ultra-: cheerful, archival, super-powerful, super-strong, cute, loud, ultra-modern;

4) in adjectives formed by pure or prefix repetition: black-black, old-old; soft-soft; interesting - interesting; high-high.

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