Adjective- a significant part of speech, which denotes a sign or quality of an object, answers the questions which one? / whose? and usually appears in a sentence as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. Adjectives in Russian have grammatical categories of gender, number and case. Some adjectives may also have a degree of comparison category.

The qualities of objects or living beings called by adjectives can be an integral part of them or manifest themselves in certain situations (for example, when using an object), some signs are constant, and some change over time. The lexical meanings of adjectives are very diverse. They can denote color (red), size (large), spatial concept (right), age (young), quality (sweet), character trait (daring), belonging (mother), a sign of one object through its relation to another subject (cherry [garden]), action (sleeping [district]), place (French [cognac]) or time (daytime [sleep]), etc.

Many grammatical categories of adjectives (gender, number and case) are purely conciliatory, or syntactically non-independent: they are determined solely by what main words (usually nouns) these adjectives are associated with, i.e. gender, number and case of the noun are simply duplicated in the corresponding form of the adjective, which is its definition: a strong person, strong man, strong people. If the noun does not have inflection forms, then in these cases the grammatical features of the adjective point to formally unexpressed categories of the noun. So, in the phrases to drink black coffee and see the elderly Frau, the adjective black carries information that the word coffee male, inanimate and here used in the accusative case singular, and by the adjective of the elderly one can understand that frau is an animated noun used in the accusative plural.

The primary syntactic function of adjectives is to be a consistent definition: material from the site

A lonely sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Indeclinable adjectives act as inconsistent definitions:

Khaki ball, indigo children.

Both full and short adjectives can be part of the nominal predicate, while full adjectives are used in the form of the nominative or instrumental case:

I like that you are not sick with me (M.I. Tsvetaeva).

I have never been so tired (S.A. Yesenin).

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The Russian language is very rich. A significant role in this is played by such a part of speech as an adjective, which indicates a characteristic feature of an object. In this article, you will learn what an adjective means, what questions it answers, and how it is defined in a sentence.

What is an adjective as a part of speech?

Adjective in Russian- this is an independent part of speech, indicating a sign (quality, property) of an object expressed by a noun or pronoun. The initial form of the adjective is the singular masculine form in the nominative case (light, cold, green, kind).

In sentences, adjectives, as a rule, act as a definition, but can also be used as a predicate (or as part of a nominal predicate).

The adjective as a part of speech is studied in grades 4-6.

What questions does the adjective answer?

adjective answers questions What (What? What?), Whose? (Whose? Whose?) And What?, as well as their derivative forms, depending on which case, gender and number the word is used in (for example: fell out snow (what?) white, find a hole (whose?) fox).

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What do adjectives mean?

In Russian, the main role of adjectives in speech is the definition of objects (persons, phenomena, states). Adjectives are divided into three categories according to their meaning.

Adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate the sign of the subject and answer questions what?, whose?;

2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.

quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (barbed ).

relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object (book ), action (reading room ) or another feature (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-th ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).

Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mum-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - uy - ( fox ). These suffixes are placed at the end of the stem of an adjective (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).

quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive at all language levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (rigor ) and adverbs in -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue-enky-y, evil-yushch-y) ;

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (Very funny ).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have non-constant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.

Qualitative adjectives that are in a short form do not decline (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseologized and do not reflect state of the art language), as well as qualitative adjectives in a simple comparative and a compound built on its basis. superlatives(above, above all).

The Russian language hasindeclinable adjectives , which stand for:

1) colors:beige , khaki , marengo , electrician ;

2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , urdu ;

3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , flare , mini .

Invariable adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .

Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjacency to a noun, location after, and not before, a noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .

Comparative the degree of the adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there ).

The comparative degree issimple and composite .

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the basis of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( quicker, higher, earlier, deeper ).

The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from a different stem:pl O hoi - worse , good - better .

Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attachedBy- ( newer ) .

Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This:

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use mainly in the function of the predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in non-isolated position with the prefix po- in position after a noun (Buy me fresher newspapers ).

Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:

more/less element + adjective (more / less high ).

The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;

2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form (more handsome );

3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition (Less interesting article was presented V this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )

excellent the degree of comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.

Simple superlative adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the omnibus of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, z, x, causing alternation):good-eysh-th, high-aysh-th.

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .

The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of an adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.

Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed in three ways:

1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );

2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );

3) adding a wordall orTotal to comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).

Compound superlative forms formed by the first and second methods have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, they can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence simple shapes degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

Completeness / brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.

The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine -A for women, -O / -e for the average -s / -And for plural (deep- , deep-A , deep-O , deep-And ) .

A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that:

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;

2) denote the colors of animals:brown , crow ;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , little blue .

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:

1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.:child is ill - child sick .

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox a cap (relative) -fox habits (kach.).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

II. Morphological features.
1. Constant signs: rank by value (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Non-permanent signs: 1) for quality adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. syntactic role.

An example of morphological parsing of an adjective.

And for sure, she was good: tall, thin, her eyes are black, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).

1. Good (what?) - adjective,

initial form is good.

2. Constant signs: qualitative, short;

non-permanent features: units. number, female genus.

3. She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).

1. High (what?) - adjective,

initial form - high.

Variable signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p ..

3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).

1. Thin - adjective,

the initial form is thin.

2. Permanent signs: high-quality, complete;

non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.

3. She (was what?) thin(part of the predicate).

1. black - adjective

initial form is black.

2. Constant features: quality;

non-permanent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, pl. number, I. p..

3. Eyes (what?) black (predicate).

The concept of an adjective. Morphological features of adjectives. Classes of adjectives

1. Adjective- an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? whose?

The main features of the adjective

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is the value of the attribute of the item:
color;	Blue, blue, lilac.
taste, smell;	Sweet, fragrant, spicy.
grade;	Good bad.
character;	Kind, humble, funny.
mental and speech activity.	Smart, stupid, talkative.
B) Morphological features	Examples
The same as the noun - gender, number, case. But unlike nouns, adjectives change according to gender, number, cases, and gender differences are observed in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives serve, explain nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.	Wed: blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - blue carpets, blue ribbons, blue saucers.
IN) Syntactic signs	Examples
In a sentence, adjectives are usually definitions or nominal part of the predicate.	Wed: Funny clown made the guys laugh; Clown was cheerful.
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.	Wed: Funny clown made the guys laugh; Cheerful joke made the guys laugh.
Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them.	Wed: weak from illness, very weak.

2. The nature lexical meaning adjectives are divided into three categories:

A) quality
B) relative;
B) possessive.

A) Qualitative adjectives

Quality adjectives indicate the various qualities of an object:

value: big, large, small;

age: old, young;

color: Red Blue;

weight: light heavy;

appearance: beautiful, slender;

personal traits: smart, strict, lazy.

characteristic grammatical and word-formation features quality adjectives are:

the presence of degrees of comparison;

Big bigger Biggest; smart - smarter, smarter.

the presence of a full and short form;

Strict - strict, old - old.

ability to combine with adverbs of degree;

Very strict, very big, very smart.

form adverbs with suffixes -o, -e, -i.

Smart → smart, brilliant → brilliant, brutal → brutal.

The most important morphological features quality adjectives are as follows: the presence of degrees of comparison and two (full and short) forms.

However, not all quality adjectives have these features:

adjectives have no degrees of comparison barefoot, oblique, blind, lame, dead, married, because they express absolute qualities, that is, qualities that cannot be compared (one cannot be more or less dead; one cannot be more or less married);

there is no short form for adjectives like business, friendly, comic because by origin they are relative;

• there are no degrees of comparison for relative or possessive adjectives in a qualitative sense.

  Wed: a gold bracelet(relative adjective) – golden character(qualitative value); Fox's tail(possessive adjective) – this person has a fox character / fox smile(qualitative value).

  They designate signs not directly, but through relation to:

  These signs cannot be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

  Unlike qualitative adjectives, relative adjectives do not change in degrees of comparison and do not have a short form.

  Relative adjectives are synonymous with case or prepositional case forms of nouns.

  Wed: iron hoop - a hoop made of iron; Volga bank - the bank of the Volga; sports shoes - shoes for sports.

  B) possessive adjectives

  Possessive adjectives denote the attributes of an object by its belonging to some person or animal.

  Father's jacket, mother's scarf, fox tail, wolf trail.

  These adjectives answer the question whose? whose? whose? whose? Such signs also cannot be in an object to a greater or lesser extent.

  1) Possessive adjectives with suffixes -in / yn, -ov / -ev, -y / -j- in singular form nominative case in the masculine gender they usually have a zero ending, and in the feminine and neuter genders they have the same endings as nouns.

  Wed: bearish□ , bearish , bearish.

  2) When adjectives are used, their meaning can change. So, relative adjectives can go into the category of qualitative ones.

  Wed: lilac branch- relative adjective; lilac dress- quality adjective.

  Possessive adjectives can move into the category of relative and qualitative.

  Wed: bear trail(the footprint belongs to the bear) - possessive adjective; bear fur coat(the fur coat is made from the skin of a bear, and does not belong to a bear) - a relative adjective; bear walk(gait like a bear) is a quality adjective.

  NOTES:

  1) During plural genus is not defined;

  2) Qualitative adjectives in short form have no CASE!