Famous Russian linguists.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov – a man and a dictionary.

Dictionary work, compilation and editing of dictionaries - this is the area of ​​S.I.’s scientific activity in which he left a noticeable and unique “Ozhegovsky” mark. It would not be an exaggeration to say that in the 50-60s there was not a single more or less noticeable lexicographic work in which S.I. did not take part - either as an editor (or a member of the editorial board), or as a scientific consultant and reviewer, or as the direct author-compiler.

He was a member of the editorial board of the SSRLYA of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 17 volumes (M.-L.), from the 6th to the 17th volume inclusive. He is the author-compiler and member of the editorial board of the academic "Dictionary of the Pushkin Language" in 4 volumes (M.,).

Together with and he edited the "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from the 1st to the 12th edition inclusive); edited (together with) the dictionary-reference book “Russian literary stress and pronunciation” (2nd ed., M., 1959); was the initiator of the creation and editor of the academic dictionary-reference book “Correctness of Russian Speech” (1st ed., 2nd ed., one of the authors of which is the author of this article.

Together with S.I., he compiled the “Dictionary of plays (Handbook for actors, directors, translators)”, which in 1949 reached the layout, but was not published due to the conditions of that time (the fight against “cosmopolitanism”) and was published reprinted only in 1993. Until the end of his life, S.I. was deputy chairman of the Dictionary Commission of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as a member of the editorial board of the famous “Lexicographic Collections”.

compilation of dictionaries began in the late 20s in Leningrad, when he was actively involved in editing the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences (the publication was not completed). Volume 5, issue. 1, “D - activity” was completely compiled and edited by him alone.

From 1927 to 1940, first in Leningrad, and from 1936 in Moscow, S.I. participated in the compilation of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” - the first-born of Soviet lexicography. Dictionary edited by prof. ("Ushakovsky Dictionary") was published in 4 volumes and embodied the best traditions of Russian science, lexicographic ideas of de Courtenay, . Remarkable linguists took part in its compilation: each of whom made a noticeable and unique contribution to this great general cultural cause. S.I. was one of the main compilers of the Ushakov Dictionary, the right hand of the editor-in-chief and the scientific and organizational “driver” of all the work (by his own admission).

Ozhegov's dictionary begins its wonderful life. The Ozhegov Dictionary went through 6 lifetime editions and was reprinted several times in foreign countries. Its popularity began to grow rapidly immediately after its publication. A reprint edition was published in China in 1952, followed shortly by an edition in Japan. It has become a reference book for many thousands of people in all corners of the globe who study the Russian language. Outside of Russia, there is, in essence, not a single Russian specialist who is not familiar with the name and its dictionary. The latest tribute to his gratitude was the “New Russian-Chinese Dictionary”, published in Beijing in 1992. Its author, Li Sha (Russian by birth), made an unusual book: she meticulously, word for word, translated the entire “Dictionary of the Russian Language” into Chinese.

All his life, Ushakov studied, promoted, and defended the living Russian word - both dialectal, colloquial, and literary. He was also known as a brilliant lecturer, able to speak simply and intelligibly about complex linguistic phenomena. His speech was so elegant and colorful that it gave the listener aesthetic pleasure.

The dictionary used all the achievements of the academic tradition of that time in the field of lexicography and, as it were, summed up the results of all previous work on compiling a dictionary of the Russian literary language. He provided rich material for studying the changes that occurred in the language in the first half of the 20th century, and his normative instructions are especially valuable: stylistic, grammatical, spelling and orthoepic. Notes on the stylistic affiliation of a particular word and the phraseology associated with it make the dictionary a useful guide to the correct use of words in speech.

End of the lesson:

Each of the scientists lived in his own time. There were different difficulties at different times. Everyone lived their life differently. But they were all united by a love of the Russian language and a desire to glorify their country.

“Take care of our language, our great Russian language, this is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors.”

We ask students to explain how they understand what it means to protect the Russian language.

What do people give books? And?

If a parent reads books to the child, and he remembers to do this every day, then by the age of 5 the child’s vocabulary is 2000 words, by the age of 7 - 3000 words, and by the end of school - 7000 words.

First, parents read books, then children become interested in reading.

Books teach a person to live. You can learn from your mistakes. Or maybe on strangers. In his life, a person faces problems that humanity faces many times.

Anyone who has read in books about this or that problem, when faced with it, will have several options for choosing behavior.

Reading gives you freedom to choose your feelings. A person has a favorite literary hero whom he wants to imitate. The characters in the books experience different feelings, and readers experience them with them. He learns to feel and express different feelings.

Through reading, a person can understand other people.

Therefore, books have long been a source of knowledge for people.

The book has always been an interlocutor and a friend. By depriving himself of reading, a person deprived himself of connection with the past, made himself poorer and stupider.

Therefore, books must be protected.

“Reading is the window through which people see and experience the world and themselves.”

Do not litter the Russian language with foreign words.

Do not use “ugly” words.

Learn Russian and strive to speak competently.

From the biographies of Cyril and Methodius

Among the oldest monuments of Slavic writing, a special and honorable place is occupied by the biographies of the creators of Slavic literature - Saints Cyril and Methodius, such as “”, “The Life of Methodius” and “Eulogy to Cyril and Methodius”.
From these sources we learn that the brothers were from the Macedonian city of Thessaloniki. Now it is the city of Thessaloniki on the shores of the Aegean Sea. Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, and the youngest was Constantine. He received the name Cyril when he was tonsured a monk just before his death. The father of Methodius and Constantine held the high position of assistant to the city manager. There is an assumption that their mother was Slavic, because from childhood the brothers knew the Slavic language as well as Greek.
The future Slavic educators received an excellent upbringing and education. From infancy, Konstantin discovered extraordinary mental gifts. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he had already read the books of the most profound of the Church Fathers - Gregory the Theologian (IV century). The rumor about Constantine's talent reached Constantinople, and then he was taken to the court, where he studied with the emperor's son from the best teachers in the capital of Byzantium. Constantine studied ancient literature with the famous scientist Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. He also studied philosophy, rhetoric (oratory), mathematics, astronomy and music. A brilliant career at the imperial court, wealth and marriage to a noble, beautiful girl awaited Constantine. But he preferred to retire to the monastery “to Olympus to his brother Methodius,” says his biography, “he began to live there and constantly pray to God, occupied only with books.”
However, Konstantin was unable to spend long periods of time in solitude. As the best preacher and defender of Orthodoxy, he is often sent to neighboring countries to participate in disputes. These trips were very successful for Konstantin. Once, traveling to the Khazars, he visited Crimea. Having baptized up to two hundred people and taking with him the captive Greeks who had been released, Constantine returned to the capital of Byzantium and began to continue his scientific works there.
Poor health, but imbued with a strong religious feeling and love of science, Konstantin from childhood dreamed of solitary prayer and book studies. His whole life was filled with frequent difficult trips, severe hardships and very hard work. Such a life undermined his strength, and at the age of 42 he became very ill. Anticipating his approaching end, he became a monk, changing his worldly name Konstantin to the name Cyril. After that, he lived another 50 days, read the confessional prayer himself for the last time, said goodbye to his brother and disciples, and died quietly on February 14, 869. This happened in Rome, when the brothers once again came to seek protection from the Pope for their cause - the spread of Slavic writing.
Immediately after the death of Cyril, his icon was painted. Cyril was buried in Rome in the Church of St. Clement.

The formation and development of Russian linguistics are associated with such luminaries in the field of linguistics as M. V. Lomonosov, A. Kh. Vostokov, V. I. Dal, A. A. Potebnya, A. A. Shakhmatov, D. N. Ushakov, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. V. Shcherba, V. V. Vinogradov, S. I. Ozhegov, A. A. Reformatsky, L. Yu. Maksimov. These are just a few, the most prominent representatives of Russian language science, each of whom said his own word in linguistics.

M. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), whom A. S. called “our first university,” was not only a great physicist and thoughtful naturalist, but also a brilliant poet and wonderful philologist. He created the first scientific Russian grammar (“Russian Grammar”, 1757). In it, while studying the language, he establishes grammatical and spelling norms, and does this not speculatively, but on the basis of his observations of living speech. He ponders: “Why is wider, weaker better than wider, weaker?” Observes the Moscow pronunciation: “They say it burned, but it didn’t shrink.” He has thousands of similar observations. Lomonosov was the first to develop a scientific classification of parts of speech. Lomonosov created the famous theory of the “three calms,” which turned out to be not the invention of a dry theorist, but an effective guide to the creation of a new literary language. He divided the language into three styles: high, mediocre (medium), low. It was prescribed to write odes, heroic poems, and solemn “words about important matters” in a high style. The middle style was intended for the language of theatrical plays, satires, and poetic friendly letters. Low style - the style of comedies, songs, descriptions of “ordinary affairs”. It was forbidden to use lofty Church Slavonic words; preference was given to actual Russian, sometimes common, words. The whole pathos of Lomonosov's theory, under the influence of which all the major figures of the 18th century were for a long time, consisted in the affirmation of the literary rights of the Russian language, in the limitation of the Church Slavonic element. Lomonosov with his theory established the Russian basis of the literary language.

A. X. Vostokov (1781-1864) was by nature an independent and free person. These traits of his character were reflected in his scientific works, of which his research on the history of Slavic languages ​​brought him the greatest fame. Vostokov was the founder of Slavic philology. He wrote the famous “Russian Grammar” (1831), in which he carried out “a search of the entire Russian language” and examined its grammatical features at the level of science of his time. The book was published many times and was the main scientific grammar for its time.

V.I. Dal (1801-1872) managed to do a lot in life: he was a naval officer, an excellent doctor, a traveler-ethnographer, a writer (his pseudonym is Cossack Lugansky). V.G. called his essays and stories “the pearls of modern Russian literature.” But most of all, he is known to us as the compiler of the unique “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” to which he dedicated 50 years of his life. The dictionary, which contains 200 thousand words, reads like a fascinating book. Dahl interprets the meanings of words figuratively, aptly, visually; Having explained the word, he reveals its meaning with the help of folk sayings and proverbs. By reading such a dictionary, you will learn the way of life of the people, their views, beliefs, and aspirations.

A. A. Potebnya (1835-1891) was an outstanding Russian and Ukrainian philologist. He was an unusually erudite scientist. His main work, “From Notes on Russian Grammar,” in 4 volumes, is devoted to a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian and Russian languages, the history of the main grammatical categories, and a comparative study of the syntax of East Slavic languages. Potebnya viewed language as an integral part of the culture of the people, as a component of their spiritual life, and hence his interest and attention to the rituals, myths, and folklore of the Slavs. Potebnya was deeply interested in the connection between language and thinking. He devoted his mature, deeply philosophical monograph “Thought and Language” (1862) to this problem, while still very young.

A. A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920) - one of the most outstanding philologists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. His scientific interests were mainly concentrated in the field of history and dialectology of Slavic languages. He devoted more than two dozen works to the problem of the origin of East Slavic languages. In the last years of his life, he taught a course on the syntax of the Russian language at St. Petersburg University, based on the handwritten materials of which the famous “Syntax of the Russian Language” was published when its author was no longer alive. Many modern syntactic theories go back to this work.

D. N. Ushakov (1873-1942) is the compiler and editor of one of the most widespread explanatory dictionaries, the famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” a remarkable monument of the Russian language of the first half of the twentieth century. D. N. Ushakov created this work already in adulthood, being known as a linguist. He passionately loved the Russian language, knew it perfectly, and was an exemplary speaker of Russian literary speech. This love to a certain extent influenced the nature of his scientific interests: most of all he dealt with issues of spelling and spelling. He is the author of many textbooks and teaching aids on spelling. His “Spelling Dictionary” alone went through more than 30 editions. He attached great importance to the development of norms of correct pronunciation, rightly believing that a unified, normative literary pronunciation is the basis of speech culture, without which a general human culture is unthinkable.

One of the most original linguists was A. M. Peshkovsky (1878-1933). He worked for many years in Moscow gymnasiums and, wanting to introduce his students to real, scientific grammar, he wrote a witty monograph full of subtle observations, “Russian Syntax in Scientific Light” (1914), in which he seemed to be talking with his students. Together with them he observes, reflects, experiments. Peshkovsky was the first to show that intonation is a grammatical means, that it helps where other grammatical means (prepositions, conjunctions, endings) are not able to express meaning. Peshkovsky tirelessly and passionately explained that only conscious mastery of grammar makes a person truly literate. He drew attention to the enormous importance of linguistic culture: “The ability to speak is the lubricating oil that is necessary for any cultural-state machine and without which it would simply stop.” Alas, this lesson of D. M. Peshkovsky remained unlearned by many.

L. V. Shcherba (1880-1944) - a famous Russian linguist who had a wide range of scientific interests: he did a lot for the theory and practice of lexicography, attached great importance to the study of living languages, worked a lot in the field of grammar and lexicology, studied little-known Slavic dialects . His work “On parts of speech in the Russian language” (1928), in which he identified a new part of speech - words of the state category - clearly showed what grammatical phenomena are hidden behind the terms “noun”, “verb” that are familiar to most people...L. V. Shcherba is the creator of the Leningrad phonological school. He was one of the first to turn to linguistic analysis of the language of works of art. He is the author of two experiments in the linguistic interpretation of poems: Pushkin’s “Memories” and “Pine”. He trained many wonderful linguists, including V.V. Vinogradov.

Namazova Jahan, Kuzmina Ksenia - 6th grade students

A work about phonetics, about Russian linguists who studied phonetics.

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Municipal autonomous educational institution of the city of Ulyanovsk

“Secondary school No. 72 with in-depth study of individual subjects”

Pupils of 6th grade “E” completed:

Namazova Jahan, Kuzmina Ksenia

Head: Gabrielyan.Yu.V.,

teacher of Russian language and literature

highest qualification category

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..page 3

1. Theoretical part.

1.1 Phonetics as a branch of linguistics……………………………………..page 4

1.2. Outstanding phonetic scientists. Their theoretical contribution to the development of science……………………………………………………………………………………...p.9

2. Practical part

2.1. Questionnaire………………………………………………………..page 14

2.2. Questionnaire analysis……………………………………………………………page 15

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………page 16

List of references……………………………………p.17

Appendix…………………………………………………………..…....page 18

Introduction

In the modern world, behind hundreds of gadgets and technologies, people have lost the most important thing - communication. Competent, harmonious communication is what we lack today.

In our opinion, the problem also lies in the fact that now many people underestimate the sections of the Russian language that were created by the great Russian linguists. These reservoirs contain a lot of interesting things that are unknown to the average schoolchild.

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the need to develop a love for the Russian language. In our project we will talk about the great Russian linguists in the field of phonetics. We decided to delve into the field of phonetics, since sounds are the first thing every person pronounces. It is from them that syllables are formed, then words, sentences and entire texts. Without the correct sound, our speech will lose its brightness and expressiveness.

The goal of our project is to show how much linguists influenced the Russian language, how many interesting discoveries they made and to prove that without them our language would not be verbose.

Objectives of our project:

1. Expand students' horizons in the field of phonetics

2. Increase interest in the subject and native language in general

3. Improve student literacy.

1. Theoretical part.

1.1 Phonetics as a branch of linguistics

[Phonetics (from Greek φωνή - “sound”, φωνηεντικός - “sound”) - a branch of linguistics that studiesspeech sounds and the sound structure of the language (syllables, sound combinations, patterns of combining sounds into a speech chain).

He studies the influence of sounds on subjects and objects.sound science .

Phonetics subject

The subject of phonetics includes the close connection between oral, internal and written speech. Unlike otherslinguistic disciplines, phonetics explores not only the linguistic function, but also the material side of its object: the workpronunciation apparatus , and acoustic characterization of sound phenomena and perception by their carrierslanguage . In contrast to non-linguistic disciplines, phonetics considers sound phenomena as elements of the language system that serve to embodywords And proposals into a material sound form, without which communication is impossible. In accordance with the fact that the sound side of a language can be considered in acoustic-articulatory and functional-linguistic aspects, in phonetics a distinction is made between phonetics proper andphonology .

Four aspects of phonetic studies

1) anatomical and physiological (articulatory) - studies the sound of speech from the point of view of its creation: Which speech organs are involved in its pronunciation; active or passive vocal cords; etc

2) acoustic (physical) - considers sound as air vibration and records its physical characteristics: frequency (height), strength (amplitude), duration.

3) functional aspect (phonological) - studies the functions of sounds in language, operates with phonemes.

4) perceptual - studies the perception of speech by the listener, establishes the relationship between spoken sounds and heard ones.

History of phonetics as a science

The beginning of the study of the mechanism of formation of speech sounds dates back to the 17th century; it was caused by the needs of teaching the deaf and dumb (the works of H. P. Bonet, J. Wallis, I. K. Amman). At the end of the 18th century, X. Kratzenstein laid the foundation for the acoustic theory of vowels, which was developed in the mid-19th century by G. L. F. Helmholtz. By the middle of the 19th century, research in the field of anatomy and physiology of sound production was summarized in the worksErnst von Brücke . From a linguistic point of view, the doctrine of the sound side of language in all its sections was first presented in the work of E. Sievers and J. Schmidt “Grundzüge der Lautphysiologie (German)" (1872).

Great contributions to phonetics were made by such scientists asPanini , R. Rusk , J. Grimm , A. Schleicher , I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay , J. P. Rousslot , P. Passy , J. Gilleron , E. Sievers , M. Grammon , D. Jones , V. A. Bogoroditsky , L. V. Shcherba , N. S. Trubetskoy , R. O. Yakobson , E. D. Polivanov , G. Fant , M. Halle , L. R. Zinder , R. I. Avanesov , M. V. Panov , L. L. Kasatkin , L. V. Bondarko .

A phonetic word (rhythmic structure) is part of a phrase united by one verbal stress.

Syllable - the smallest unit of a speech chain.

Sound - minimal phonetic unit.

Supersegmental units (intonation means) are units that are superimposed on segmental ones: melodic units (tone), dynamic (stress) and temporal (tempo or duration).

Accent - highlighting in speech a certain unit in a series of homogeneous units using the intensity (energy) of sound.

Tone - rhythmic and melodic pattern of speech, determined by a change in the frequency of the sound signal.

Pace - speed of speech, which is determined by the number of segmental units spoken per unit of time.

Duration - the duration of a speech segment.

Phonetics sections

Phonetics is divided into general, comparative, historical and descriptive.

General phonetics examines the patterns characteristic of the sound structure of all world languages. General phonetics studies the structure of the human speech apparatus and its use in different languages ​​in the formation of speech sounds, examines the patterns of changes in sounds in the speech stream, establishes the classification of sounds, the relationship between sounds and abstract phonetic units - phonemes, establishes general principles for dividing the sound stream into sounds, syllables and larger units.

Comparative phonetics compares the sound structure of a language with other languages. Comparison of foreign and native languages ​​is primarily necessary in order to see and assimilate the features of a foreign language. But such a comparison sheds light on the patterns of the native language. Sometimes comparing related languages ​​helps to penetrate deeper into their history.

Historical phonetics traces the development of a language over a fairly long period of time (sometimes since the appearance of one particular language - its separation fromproto-language ).

Descriptive phonetics examines the sound structure of a particular language at a certain stage (most often the phonetic structure of a modern language).

Articulatory phonetics (fromlat. articulo - “dismember”) - inphonetics , the totality of work of individual pronunciation organs during formationsounds speeches . All active pronunciation organs take one part or another in the pronunciation of any speech sound. The position of these organs, necessary for the formation of a given sound, forms its articulation, the separability of sounds,definition their sounds.

1.2.Outstanding phonetic scientists.

Their theoretical contribution to the development of science.

The beginning of the study of the mechanism of formation of speech sounds dates back to the 17th century; it was caused by the needs of teaching the deaf and dumb (the works of H. P. Bonet, J. Wallis, I. K. Amman). At the end of the 18th century, X. Kratzenstein laid the foundation for the acoustic theory of vowels, which was developed in the mid-19th century by G. L. F. Helmholtz. By the middle of the 19th century, research in the field of anatomy and physiology of sound production was summarized in the works of E. W. Brücke. From a linguistic point of view, the doctrine of the sound side of language in all its sections was first presented in the work of E. Sievers and J. Schmidt “Grundzüge der Lautphysiologie.

Ivan Aleksandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay- Russian and Polish linguist.

Baudouin de Courtenay revolutionized the science of language: before himIn linguistics, the historical direction dominated - languages ​​were studied exclusively from written monuments. He proved in his works that the essence of language is in speech activity, which means it is necessary to study living languages ​​anddialects . This is the only way to understand the mechanism of language functioning and verify the correctness of linguistic theories.

Baudouin de Courtenay studied various Indo-European languages ​​for many years, wrote his scientific works not only in Russian and Polish, but also in German, French, Czech, Italian, Lithuanian and other languages. Working on expeditions that explored Slavic languages ​​and dialects, he recorded their phonetic features. His discoveries in the field of comparative (typological) analysis of Slavic languages ​​anticipated the emergence of ideas that were later reflected in the works of the outstanding Slavic typologist R. O. Yakobson. These studies allowed Baudouin de Courtenay (taking into account the ideas of his early deceased younger colleague, the talented N.V. Krushevsky, also a Pole who worked in Kazan) to create a theory of phonemes and phonetic alternations. The theory is outlined in his “Experience on Phonetic Alternations” (1895). Its logical continuation was the theory of writing created by the scientist. Thus, Baudouin acted as the founder of phonology and the predecessor of the theory of N. S. Trubetskoy.

Baudouin de Courtenay was the first to use mathematical models in linguistics. He proved that it is possible to influence the development of languages, and not just passively record all the changes occurring in them. Based on his work, a new direction arose - experimental phonetics.

He prepared the third and fourth editions of V. I. Dahl’s dictionary, clarifying the etymologies, correcting the division into nests (Dal’s is often arbitrary), and also adding new words to it, including introducing vulgar and abusive vocabulary that was missing from Dahl. He was subjected to severe criticism for his additions; in Soviet times, Dahl's Baudouin Dictionary was not republished.

Working in Kazan in 1874-1883, the scientist founded the Kazan linguistic school, within which the talent of the greatest scientist V. A. Bogoroditsky flourished, under his direct influence the formation of the remarkable Russian linguists of the 20th century L. V. Shcherba and E. D. took place. Polivanova.

Nikolai Sergeevich Trubetskoy- an outstanding Russian linguist.

He is also known as a philosopher and publicist of the Eurasian movement.

In the 1920-1930s. He taught Slavic languages ​​and literature at the University of Vienna and was engaged in scientific activities. In the late 1920s and early 1930s he developed phonological theory. He was one of the participants and ideological leaders of the Prague Linguistic Circle, one of the founders of the school of Slavic structuralism in linguistics. In his lectures on the history of Russian literature, he expressed revolutionary ideas about the need to “discover” ancient Russian literature (like the discovery of the Russian icon), about the application of the formal method to works of ancient and medieval literature (in particular to “Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin), about metrics Russian epics.

Vasily Alekseevich Bogoroditsky- Russian linguist, Doctor of Philology, professor.

Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1915), member of the Paris Linguistic Society (1905); Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925), one of the founders of the Kazan linguistic school.

In 1884 he defended his master's thesis “Vowels without stress in the general Russian language”, in 1888 - his doctoral dissertation “Course of grammar of the Russian language. Part 1. Phonetics". In the same year, he founded the world's first laboratory of experimental phonetics.

Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba-Russian and Soviet linguist.

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, who made a great contribution to the development of psycholinguistics, lexicography and phonology. One of the creators of phoneme theory. Specialist in general linguistics, Russian, Slavic and French languages.

In 1909 he created a laboratory of experimental phonetics at St. Petersburg University, now named after him. In 1912 he defended his master's thesis (“Russian vowels in qualitative and quantitative terms”), in 1915 he defended his doctoral thesis (“East Lusatian dialect”). Since 1916 - Professor at the Department of Comparative Linguistics at Petrograd University. Since 1924 - corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1943 - academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1924 - honorary member of the International Association of Phoneticians.

He developed the concept of phoneme, which he adopted from Baudouin de Courtenay, giving the term “phoneme” its modern meaning. Founder of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) phonological school. Among his students are L. R. Zinder and M. I. Matusevich.

Among his scientific interests, in addition to those already mentioned, were syntax, grammar, issues of interaction of languages, issues of teaching Russian and foreign languages, issues of language norms, spelling and spelling. He emphasized the importance of distinguishing between the scientific and “naive” meaning of a word, and created a scientific typology of dictionaries. He posed the problem of constructing an active grammar that goes from meanings to the forms that express them (as opposed to traditional, passive grammar that goes from forms to meanings).

In his work “On the threefold aspect of linguistic phenomena and on an experiment in linguistics,” he distinguished between language material, the language system and speech activity, thereby developing F. de Saussure’s idea of ​​​​the distinction between language and speech.

Shcherba introduced the concepts of negative linguistic material and linguistic experiment. When conducting an experiment, Shcherba believed, it is important not only to use confirming examples (as one might say), but also to systematically consider negative material (as one might not say). In this regard, he wrote: “negative results are especially instructive: they indicate either the incorrectness of the postulated rule, or the need for some of its restrictions, or that there is no longer a rule, but only facts from the dictionary, etc. ."

Avanesov, Ruben Ivanovich- Soviet linguist, founder of the chronological school.

One of the founders of the Moscow phonological school, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), professor at Moscow State University (1937).

For many years he headed all dialectological work in Moscow. Avanesov annually participated in dialectological expeditions, and then led them. He was the inspirer of a grandiose work on collecting information about Russian dialects, creating the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (DARYA) and the Common Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA). Together with P. S. Kuznetsov, V. N. Sidorov, A. A. Reformatsky, he developed the theory of phonemes, which formed the basis for the concept of phonetics and phonology of the Moscow Phonological School. This approach turned out to be extremely useful for the development of writing theory. Avanesov's classic work is “Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language.”

Avanesov’s contribution to the theory of Russian orthoepy is unique: until now, the reference book for any Russian linguist is his “Russian Literary Pronunciation” (1950), which has gone through six editions. Under the editorship of Avanesov, the “Dictionary of the Old Russian Language of the 11th-14th centuries” was published.

Alexander Alexandrovich Reformatsky- Russian linguist.

From the mid-1930s he worked extensively on phonology; one of the founders of the Moscow Phonological School and an active promoter of its concept. The phonological views of A. A. Reformatsky are most fully presented in the anthology he published “From the History of Russian Phonology” and in the collection with the title “Phonological Etudes”, characteristic of his scientific style.

2. Practical part

2.1 Questionnaire

During the preparation of the project work, a survey was conducted among 6th grade E. 21 people took part in the survey. The survey contained questions of the following nature:

1 What is phonetics?

2. What types are the sounds of the Russian language divided into?

3. What is phonetic analysis?

4. Which linguists (scientists, researchers) of the Russian language do you know?

5. Which linguists (scientists, researchers) studied phonetics?

2.2.Analysis of the survey conducted

As a result of the work done and data processing, the following results were revealed.

6E (general education class) – 21 people
Question	They know	They don't know
What is phonetics
What types (groups) of the sounds of the Russian language are divided into?
What is phonetic analysis?
Which linguists (scientists, researchers) of the Russian language do you know?
Which linguists (scientists, researchers) studied phonetics?

Based on this survey, we came to the conclusion that in Russian language lessons not enough information is given about linguists and scientists in the field of language, including phonetics. It is also necessary to pay more attention to the phonetics section in Russian language lessons, since the euphony of our speech depends on correct pronunciation.

Conclusion

We came to the conclusion that the set goals were achieved.
The goal of our project was to show how much linguists influenced the Russian language, how many interesting discoveries they made and to prove that without them our language would not be verbose.

It is necessary to broaden the horizons of students and reveal the secrets of the Russian language.

BAUDOUIN DE COURTENAY, IVAN ALEXANDROVICH (Jan Ignacy) (1845–1929), Russian and Polish linguist. A representative of the Polish branch of an old French family, he was born in Radzymin on March 1 (13), 1845. He worked in Russia, Austria, Poland, wrote in Russian, Polish, German, French and other languages. In 1866 he graduated from the Main School in Warsaw, then trained for several years in Prague, Vienna, Berlin, Leipzig. He studied the Rezian dialects of the Slovenian language on the territory that now belongs to Italy, defended his doctoral dissertation in 1874. Professor at universities in Kazan (1875–1883), Yuryev (Tartu) (1883–1893), Krakow (1893–1909, at that time Austria-Hungary ), St. Petersburg (1900–1918). Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences since 1897. He defended the rights of the languages ​​of national minorities in Russia, for which he was arrested in 1914. In 1918 he returned to Poland, where he was engaged in political activities. Baudouin de Courtenay died in Warsaw on November 3, 1929.

Baudouin de Courtenay was one of the most influential linguists in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of his ideas were deeply innovative and significantly ahead of their time; There is a very common view of him as a kind of “East European Saussure”, which was facilitated by his role in the creation of phonology - one of the most “structuralist” branches of the science of language. Baudouin's ideas are scattered across numerous small articles touching on various problems of linguistics, primarily general linguistics and Slavic studies; It should be noted that the popularization of these ideas was greatly facilitated by the activities of such scientists as R.O. Yakobson, N.S. Trubetskoy, E. Kurilovich.

For the first time in world science, he divided phonetics into two disciplines: anthropophonics, which studies the acoustics and physiology of sounds, and psychophonetics, which studies ideas about sounds in the human psyche, i.e. phonemes; Subsequently, these disciplines began to be called phonetics and phonology, respectively, although some of Baudouin's direct students tried to preserve his terminology. He introduced the terms “phoneme” and “morpheme” in their modern understanding into the science of language, combining the concepts of root and affix in the general concept of morpheme as the minimum significant unit of language. He was one of the first to refuse to consider linguistics only a historical science and studied modern languages. He researched the question of the causes of language changes, studied sociolinguistics, the theory of writing, and participated in the development of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917–1918. Edited and supplemented the dictionary by V.I. Dahl. He polemicized with the logical approach to language, the neogrammatical concept of sound laws, and the use of the “organism” metaphor in the science of language.

Calling himself an “autodidact” and not considering himself anyone’s student, Baudouin created two large linguistic schools: Kazan (N.V. Krushevsky, V.A. Bogoroditsky, etc.) and later St. Petersburg (L.V. Shcherba, E. D. Polivanov and others).

VINOKUR, GRIGORY OSIPOVICH (1886–1947), Russian linguist and literary critic. Born November 5 (17), 1896 in Warsaw. In 1922 he graduated from Moscow University. Together with N.F. Yakovlev, R.O. Yakobson and a number of other linguists, he was a member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle in 1918–1924, and was its chairman in 1922–1924. In the 1920s he worked at the State Academy of Artistic Sciences in Moscow. From 1930 he taught at the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute and other universities, and participated in the compilation of a dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov (4 vols., 1935–1940). In 1942–1947 – professor at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Vinokur died in Moscow on May 17, 1947. Most of G.O. Vinokur’s linguistic works are devoted to the Russian language, but his few general linguistic works ( On the tasks of language history, 1941 ) reflect a clear theoretical concept; According to it, linguistics is divided into the science of language and the science of individual languages; the science of language “in general” can be abstracted from history, but the science of languages ​​must study their historical development. Vinokur’s contribution to particular branches of linguistics is significant, primarily to the theory of word formation, an important episode of which was the dispute about the principles of word division, initiated by Vinokur’s article 1946 “Notes on Russian word formation » . This article proposed different interpretations of words with unique stems (such as raspberries, boiled pork) and unique suffixes (such as shepherd, song): the former were proposed to be considered non-derivative, unlike the latter. A.I. Smirnitsky two years later, after Vinokur’s death, substantiated their uniform interpretation (now accepted) as derivatives. Also interesting is Vinokur’s article on parts of speech in the Russian language (published posthumously in 1959), which examines the general principles of dividing vocabulary into parts of speech and constructs a consistent morphological classification of parts of speech for the Russian language, which turned out to be very different from the traditional one.

Vinokur was one of the creators of the history of the Russian literary language as a special discipline ( Russian language: historical essay, 1945). I worked a lot on issues of stylistics and speech culture ( Culture of Language, 1929), analyzing, in particular, the theoretical foundations of stylistics as a special linguistic discipline.

Vinokur's literary works are devoted to poetic language, the principles of constructing scientific poetics, the language and style of A.S. Pushkin. V.V. Khlebnikov and others. He took the initiative to create Dictionary of Pushkin's language; he developed the concept of this dictionary and was the first leader of the work on its compilation. With many ideas (considering the history of language in a system, studying the stylistic function of language, interest in poetic language, etc.), Vinokur was close to the Prague Linguistic Circle, especially to R. O. Jacobson.

VINOGRADOV, VIKTOR VLADIMIROVICH (1895–1969), Russian linguist and literary critic. Born on December 31, 1894 (January 12, 1895 according to the new style) in Zaraysk. In 1917 he graduated from the Historical and Philological School. Institute in Petrograd. In the 1920s he taught at universities in Petrograd (Leningrad), in 1930 he moved to Moscow, in the 1930s (with interruptions) he was a professor at the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute and other universities. In 1934 he was arrested in the same case with N.N. Durnovo; in 1934–1936 and 1941–1943 he was in exile. Subsequently, he held various leadership positions in scientific organizations of the philological profile: dean of the philological faculty (1944–1948) and head of the Russian language department (1946–1969) of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosova, academician-secretary of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950–1963), director of the Institute of Linguistics (1950–1954) and the Institute of Russian Language (1958–1968) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, editor-in-chief of the journal “Issues of Linguistics” (1952 –1969) and others. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1946, deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in 1951–1955; foreign member of a number of foreign academies. Vinogradov died in Moscow on October 4, 1969. Vinogradov’s main works were devoted to the grammar of the Russian language ( Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of the word, 1947, then reprinted several times; is a systematic presentation of the theoretical grammar of the Russian language with a detailed discussion of the views of predecessors on most controversial issues), the history of the Russian literary language ( Essays on the history of the Russian literary language, 1934; 2nd expanded edition, 1938), the language and style of Russian writers (Studies on the language of Gogol, 1926; Pushkin's language, 1935; Pushkin's style, 1941; The science of the language of fiction and its tasks, 1958). Participated in the compilation of an explanatory dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov (vols. 1–4, 1935–1940). Supervised the work on collective works, in particular, on the two-volume Russian grammar (1952–1954)). Since 1957 he was chairman of the International Committee of Slavists. Created a large scientific school.

Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. M., 1972
Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Research on Russian grammar. M., 1975

VOSTOKOV, ALEXANDER KHRISTOFOROVICH (1781–1864), Russian linguist, philologist, poet. Born on March 16 (27), 1781 in Arensburg (Kuressaare) on the island of Saaremaa (now Estonia). German by origin, real name is Ostenek. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Cadet Corps, then at the Academy of Arts, from which he graduated in 1802. He worked in the Public Library, and from 1831 he was the senior librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum. Academician since 1841, Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Tübingen (1825) and Doctor of the University of Prague (1848), member of foreign scientific societies. In the early period of his activity he wrote poetry (Lyrical experiments and other minor works in verse, 2 vols., 1805–1806); In his Essay on Russian Versification (1812), highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin, he first determined the size of Russian folk verse. Vostokov died in St. Petersburg on February 8 (20), 1864.

Of outstanding importance for its time was the Discourse on the Slavic language, which served as an introduction to the Grammar of this language, compiled according to the oldest written monuments of Vostokov. This work, which was published in 1820, i.e. almost simultaneously with the works of F. Bopp, R. Rusk and J. Grimm published in 1816–1819, placed Vostokov on a par with the founders of comparative historical linguistics and laid the foundation for the scientific study of history Slavic languages. The Discourse defined the relationship of the Church Slavonic language to Russian and identified three periods in the history of Slavic languages.

In 1831, Vostokov published two educational grammars of the Russian language, a short one (Abbreviated Russian Grammar for use in lower educational institutions) and a complete one (Russian Grammar of Alexander Vostokov, based on his own abbreviated grammar, more fully presented), which was reprinted several times in the 19th century. He was the first to identify words in the Russian language that have only one numerical form (walking, sleigh, and other varieties) and words of a general gender (such as headman), made a number of other observations, and expressed ideas that influenced the further development of grammatical theory in Russia.

Under his editorship, important editions of documents were published: Historical Acts relating to Russia, extracted from foreign archives (1841), Description of Russian and Slavic manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum (1842). In 1843 he published the most important Slavic monument of the 11th century. Ostromir Gospel. He participated in the compilation and editing of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages ​​(vols. 1–4, 1847) and the Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary (1852). Author of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic Language (2 vols., 1858–1861) and the Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language (1863).

PESHKOVSKY, ALEXANDER MATVEEVICH (1878–1933), Russian linguist, specialist in the Russian language. Born in Tomsk on August 11 (23 according to the new style) 1878. In 1906 he graduated from Moscow University, belonged to the school of F.F. Fortunatov. For a long time he taught Russian in gymnasiums; Concentrated on scientific research quite late. Since 1921 - professor at Moscow universities (1st Moscow State University and the Higher Literary and Art Institute in 1921–1924, 2nd Moscow State University in 1926–1932). Peshkovsky died on March 27, 1933.

Most of Peshkovsky's works are devoted to the grammar of the Russian language. The main work is Russiansyntax in scientific reporting(1914; 3rd revised edition 1928), which went through seven editions. This book, written in an extremely accessible form, remains one of the most detailed and informative studies of Russian syntax and Russian grammar in general.

Without abandoning the idea of ​​linguistics as a historical science, Peshkovsky paid much attention to the study of modern language. He combined psychological and formal approaches to language in his works and sought to develop clear criteria for identifying and classifying language units, in particular words (“ On the concept of a separate word", 1925 ). In the article "Intonation and Grammar" (1928) posed the problem (not fully resolved to this day) of creating a special intonational grammar as a branch of grammatical theory. I worked a lot on questions of methods of teaching the Russian language, trying to bring teaching practice closer to science ( Our language, 1922–1927, etc.); in article 1923 " Objective and normative point of view on language» analyzed in detail the scientific and cultural background and consequences of the difference between these two points of view.

Peshkovsky A.M. Native language methodology, linguistics, stylistics, poetics. M., 1925
Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M., 1956

POTEBNYA, ALEXANDER AFANASIEVICH (1835–1891), Russian (according to the interpretation adopted in Ukraine, Ukrainian; the Institute of Linguistics (Linguistic Studies) of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev is named after him) linguist, literary critic, philosopher, the first major theorist of linguistics in Russia. Born on September 10 (22), 1835 in the village of Gavrilovka, Poltava province. In 1856 he graduated from Kharkov University, later he taught there, and from 1875 he was a professor. Since 1877, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Main works: " Thought and language"(1862), " Notes on the Little Russian dialect" (1870), " From notes on Russian grammar"(doctoral dissertation, 1874), " From the history of sounds of the Russian language"(1880–1886), " Language and nationality"(1895, posthumously), " From notes on the theory of literature"(1905, posthumously). Potebnya died in Kharkov on November 29 (December 11), 1891.

Potebnya was strongly influenced by the ideas of W. von Humboldt, but rethought them in a psychological spirit. He did a lot of studying the relationship between thinking and language, including in the historical aspect, identifying historical changes in the thinking of the people. Dealing with issues of lexicology and morphology, he introduced a number of terms and conceptual oppositions into the Russian grammatical tradition. He proposed to distinguish between “further” (associated, on the one hand, with encyclopedic knowledge, and on the other, with personal psychological associations, and in both cases individual) and “proximal” (common to all native speakers, “folk”, or, as Nowadays they say more often in Russian linguistics, “naive”) meaning of the word. In languages ​​with developed morphology, the immediate meaning is divided into real and grammatical.

Potebnya is also known for his theory of the internal form of the word, in which he concretized the ideas of V. von Humboldt. The internal form of a word is its “closest etymological meaning”, recognized by native speakers (for example, the word table the figurative connection with lay); Thanks to its internal form, a word can acquire new meanings through metaphor. It was in Potebnya’s interpretation that “internal form” became a commonly used term in the Russian grammatical tradition.

Potebnya was one of the first in Russia to study the problems of poetic language in connection with thinking, and raised the question of art as a special way of understanding the world. He studied the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian folklore, commented “ A Word about Igor's Campaign» .

Created a scientific school known as the Kharkov Linguistic School; D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky (1853–1920) and a number of other scientists belonged to it. Potebnya's ideas had a great influence on many Russian linguists of the second half of the 19th century. and the first half of the 20th century.

USHAKOV, DMITRY NIKOLAEVICH (1873–1942), Russian linguist. Born January 12 (24), 1873 in Moscow. In 1895 he graduated from Moscow University; student of F.F. Fortunatov and continuer of his traditions. Professor at Moscow University and other Moscow universities. Organizer, together with N.N. Durnovo, and leader in 1915–1931 of the Moscow Dialectological Commission. Active participant in the Russian spelling reform project 1917–1918; in the 1930s he headed the Spelling Commission of the People's Commissariat (Ministry) of Education and headed the Russian language department of the Institute of Languages ​​and Scripts of the Peoples of the USSR. Since 1939, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ushakov died in evacuation in Tashkent on April 17, 1942.

Main works on Russian dialectology and issues of spelling and literary pronunciation. One of the creators of " Experience of a dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe with the application of an essay on Russian dialectology" (1915). Under his leadership and with his direct participation, the famous “ Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (Ushakov's Dictionary), published in four volumes in 1935–1940. Yielding to the later " Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" in 17 volumes in terms of the volume of the vocabulary and the number of language examples, “ Ushakov's Dictionary» in many cases it surpasses it in the semantic correctness of interpretations and in this regard remains the best explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. In 1934, Ushakov compiled “ Spelling dictionary of the Russian language» , which went through many editions (from the 7th edition - in collaboration with S.E. Kryuchkov).

Ushakov was a major teacher and organizer of science; he prepared a large number of students, including R.O. Yakobson, N.F. Yakovlev, G.O. Vinokur, P.S. Kuznetsov, R.I. Avanesov, V.N. Sidorov and others.

Ushakov D.N. Russian spelling. Essay on its origin, its relationship to language and the question of its reform. M., 1911
Ushakov D.N. A Brief Introduction to the Science of Language. M., 1913
Ushakov D.N. Educational book on the Russian language, part 1–2. M.– L., 1925–1926
Ushakov D.N. Collection of articles on linguistics . M., 1941

FORTUNATOV, FILIP FEDOROVYCH (1848–1914), Russian linguist. Born on January 2 (14), 1848 in Vologda in the family of a teacher. In 1868 he graduated from Moscow University. In Lithuania he was engaged in collecting dialectological material. Having passed the master's exam in 1871, he was sent abroad, where he listened to lectures by the leading neogrammarians G. Curtius (1820–1885) and A. Leskin in Leipzig and the founder of semantics M. Breal in Paris. Upon his return in 1875, he defended his master's thesis on the ancient Indian Vedas at Moscow University and in 1876 was elected professor in the department of comparative grammar of Indo-European languages. He held this post until his move to St. Petersburg in 1902.

Over a quarter of a century of teaching in Moscow, Fortunatov taught many different university courses on comparative historical grammar, general linguistics and ancient Indo-European languages ​​and became the founder of the Moscow (also called the Moscow formal, or Fortunatov) linguistic school. His students and the students of his students (especially D.N. Ushakov) were dozens of outstanding Russian and foreign linguists ( cm. MOSCOW FORMAL SCHOOL), including R. Yakobson, who did a lot to popularize the name of Fortunatov and his ideas abroad.

In 1884, Fortunatov, on the recommendation of Moscow and Kyiv universities, without defending a dissertation, received the honorary degree of Doctor of Comparative Historical Linguistics. In 1898 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1902 a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, Fortunatov focused on working in the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy and editing academic publications. Fortunatov was also a full member of the Royal Serbian Academy, an honorary doctor of the University of Christiania (now Oslo) and a full member of the Finno-Ugric Society in Helsingfors (now Helsinki). Fortunatov died in Kosalma, near Petrozavodsk, September 20 (October 3), 1914.

Fortunatov was primarily an Indo-Europeanist, whose activities ensured that the methods of linguistic research developed by neogrammatists (at that time the most rigorous) were accepted by domestic comparative historical linguistics.

Fortunatov owns the first significant results in the field of historical accentology of the Baltic and Slavic languages, set out in the articles “ On the comparative accentology of Lithuanian-Slavic languages" (1880) And "On stress and length in the Baltic languages" (1895), first of all, the so-called Fortunatov-Saussure law (which was independently and somewhat differently formulated by scientists),

explaining the transfer of stress in Slavic languages ​​from the ending to the stem (Rus. hands – r ku, beards – b family) an ancient difference in the type of stress associated with the syllabic or non-syllabic nature of sonants. There is also Fortunatov’s law, formulated by him in the article L+Dental im Altindishen (The combination L+dental in ancient Indian language, 1881) and the transition-affirming transition of such an Indo-European combination into a simple cerebral sound in Indo-Aryan.

At the same time, Fortunatov did not share all the cognitive attitudes of neogrammatism, which was manifested primarily in his interest in the general theory of grammar, many of the issues of which he considered without regard to the history of language. Fortunatov was especially active in morphology; he owns: the definition of the form of a word as the psychologically significant ability of a word to be divided into a base and an ending; the distinction between forms of inflection and forms of word formation, as well as positive and negative (without sound expression) forms - these ideas were later developed by structuralists into the doctrine of grammatical zero. Fortunatov also made an attempt to construct a purely formal classification of parts of speech, very different from the traditional one, and a formal definition of phrases and sentences. Having a good knowledge of mathematics, Fortunatov strove to achieve the highest possible accuracy and rigor of description in grammar (at that time inherent only in comparative historical linguistics); Later, such an absolutization of rigor would become a characteristic feature of structuralism for a long time and play an important role in the development of linguistics.

Although a brilliant lecturer, Fortunatov, like Saussure and some other “oral” scientists, published very little; He did not leave any generalizing work. The scientist’s creative heritage consists of several dozen articles and reviews devoted to specific issues, as well as lithographed materials for students. Two volumes of selected works by Fortunatov were published only in 1956, and many works still remain unpublished.

Peterson M.N. Academician F.F.Fortunatov. – Russian language at school, 1939, No. 3
Fortunatov F.F. Selected Works, vols. I–II. M., 1956
Shcherba L.V. Philip Fedorovich Fortunatov in the history of the science of language. – Questions of linguistics, 1963, No. 5
Berezin F.M. History of linguistic teachings. M., 1975

SHCHERBA, LEV VLADIMIROVICH (1880–1944), Russian linguist, specialist in general linguistics, Russian, Slavic and French languages. Born February 20 (March 3), 1880 in St. Petersburg. In 1903 he graduated from St. Petersburg University, a student of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. In 1916–1941 he was a professor at Petrograd (Leningrad) University. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1943. In the last years of his life he worked in Moscow, where he died on December 26, 1944.

Shcherba went down in the history of linguistics primarily as an outstanding specialist in phonetics and phonology. He developed the concept of phoneme, which he adopted from Baudouin, and developed the original “Leningrad” phonological concept, the adherents of which (M.I. Matusevich, L.R. Zinder, etc.) together with Shcherba formed the Leningrad phonological school. Her polemic with the Moscow Phonological School is a striking episode in the history of Russian phonology.

Even in the pre-revolutionary years, Shcherba founded a phonetic laboratory at St. Petersburg University, the oldest currently existing in Russia; it currently bears his name. Author of the books: “Russian vowels in qualitative and quantitative terms” (1912), “East Lusatian dialect” (1915), “Phonetics of the French language” (7th edition, 1963).

Shcherba's contribution to general linguistics, lexicology and lexicography, and the theory of writing is also significant. Important ideas are contained in his articles “On the parts of speech in the Russian language” (1928), “On the threefold aspect of linguistic phenomena and on experiment in linguistics” (1931), “An experience in the general theory of lexicography” (1940), “Recent problems of linguistics” ( 1946, posthumously).

Shcherba proposed an original concept of language and speech, different from the concept of F. de Saussure, introducing a distinction between not two, but three sides of the object of linguistics: speech activity, language system and language material. Rejecting the psychological approach to language characteristic of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and others, Shcherba at the same time raised the question of the speech activity of the speaker, allowing him to produce utterances he had never heard before; here he anticipated some ideas in linguistics of the second half of the 20th century.

Shcherba’s consideration of the question of experiment in linguistics is also connected with the formulation of this problem. A linguistic experiment, in Shcherba’s understanding, is a test of the correctness/acceptability of a linguistic expression constructed by a researcher on the basis of some theoretical concept.

The arbiter in this case can be either the researcher himself (if a language well known to him is being studied), or a native speaker (informant), or a specially selected group of informants. Judgments obtained during the experiment about the incorrectness/unacceptability of constructed expressions turn these expressions into negative linguistic material (Shcherba’s term), which is an important source of information about the language.

A linguistic experiment understood in this way is the methodological basis of modern linguistic semantics and pragmatics, one of the most important research methods in field linguistics (the study of unwritten languages), and partly in sociolinguistics; its conceptualization played a significant role in the formation of the theory of linguistic models in the 1960s.

Shcherba posed the problem of constructing an active grammar that goes from meanings to forms expressing these meanings (in contrast to the more traditional passive grammar that goes from forms to meanings).

Being engaged in lexicology and lexicography, he clearly formulated the importance of distinguishing between the scientific and “naive” meaning of a word, and proposed the first scientific typology of dictionaries in Russian linguistics. As a practicing lexicographer, he (together with M.I. Matusevich) was the author of a large Russian-French dictionary.

Shcherba L.V. Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1957
Shcherba L.V. Language system and speech activity. L., 1974
Shcherba L.V. The theory of Russian writing. L., 1983

SHAKHMATOV, ALEXEY ALEKSANDOROVICH (1864–1920), Russian philologist and Slavic linguist. Born June 5 (17), 1864 in Narva (now Estonia). Very early, while still a high school student, he showed extraordinary abilities for scientific activity. In 1887 he graduated from Moscow University and taught there. Since 1899 he was an academician (the youngest in the history of Russian philology), and from that time he worked in St. Petersburg. An outstanding organizer of science. In 1905–1920 he headed the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences. After the death of J.K. Grot, he continued the work he had begun on the academic “ Dictionary of the Russian language"; supervised the publication of the multi-volume " Encyclopedia of Slavic Philology". Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917–1918. Shakhmatov died in Petrograd on August 16, 1920.

A student of F.F. Fortunatov, Shakhmatov sought to apply the rigorous methods he developed to the study of the history of the Russian language. The scientist's creative heritage is very extensive. Shakhmatov studied the language of chronicles and the history of Russian chronicles, published ancient Russian monuments; under his leadership the publication was resumed Complete collection of Russian chronicles.

He laid the foundations for textual analysis of Russian written monuments. Researched modern Russian dialects. He put forward a hypothesis about the collapse of the all-Russian proto-language in the 9th–10th centuries. into Southern Russian, Central Russian and Northern Russian dialects. Author of works on phonetics, accentology, and syntax of the Russian language. In the posthumously published Essay on the modern Russian literary language" (1925, 4th ed. 1941) outlined his views on the relationship between syntax and morphology, insisting on the subordinate position of the latter, and also analyzed various principles for identifying parts of speech in the Russian language.

Posthumously (1925–1927) his largely unconventional " Syntax of the Russian language", who had a significant influence on the development of syntactic theory in Russia.

Shakhmatov A.A. Research in the field of Russian phonetics. 1893–1894
Shakhmatov A.A. Research on the most ancient Russian chronicles. St. Petersburg, 1908
Shakhmatov A.A. Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language. Pg., 1915
Shakhmatov A.A. Introduction to the course of the history of the Russian language, part 1. Pg., 1916
Shakhmatov A.A. 1864–1920. L., 1930
Shakhmatov A.A. Review of Russian chronicles of the 14th–16th centuries. M. – L., 1938
Shakhmatov A.A. Collection of articles and materials. M. – L., 1947
Shakhmatov A.A. Historical morphology of the Russian language. M., 1957
Likhachev D.S. Shakhmatov-textologist. – News of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ser. Literature and Language, 1964, No. 6

Avanesov’s theoretical views in the field of dialectology are reflected in his "Theories of linguistic geography", as well as in “Program for collecting information for compiling a dialectological atlas of the Russian language” (1945).

Avanesov's introductory articles to "Atlas of Russian folk dialects" formed the basis of the theoretical postulates of the Moscow School of Linguistic Geography.

According to his program, Russian dialects were studied over a vast territory - from the south of the Arkhangelsk region to the Don, from the territories around Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk to the eastern banks of the Volga and adjacent regions of the Volga region.

This work was carried out by the dialectology sector of the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences in close collaboration with Ruben Ivanovich, who, after the merger of this sector with the sector of the history of the Russian language, headed the research.

Based on the textbook by R. I. Avanesov and V. G. Orlova "Russian dialectology" Philologists are still being trained.

This approach turned out to be extremely useful for the development of writing theory. Avanesov's classic work - “Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language” (1956).

Avanesov’s contribution to the theory of Russian orthoepy is unique: until now, the reference book for any linguist - Russian specialist is his “Russian Literary Pronunciation” (1950) Collected songs given to the Great Patriotic War

name the names of linguistic scientists you know, what problems of linguistics interested them? and got the best answer

Answer from Lilo[guru]
Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov is an outstanding Russian linguist and literary critic. His works are mainly related to the study of grammar and history of the Russian language. His famous work “The Russian Language. The Grammatical Doctrine of the Word,” which was reprinted many times, is a systematic study of the theory of grammar of the Russian language. Vinogradov also studied issues of language and style, and participated in the creation of dictionaries.
1801-1872) - Russian language researcher, writer. V. I. Dal created the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” for which he was awarded the title of honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Dahl worked on this dictionary for 53 years. "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" includes about 200 thousand words and has not lost its meaning to this day. Dahl also collected more than 30 thousand proverbs, which he published in the collection “Proverbs of the Russian People.”
Ozhegov Sergei Ivanovich (1900-1964) - Russian linguist, lexicologist, lexicographer, researcher of the norms of the Russian literary language.
Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (1880-1944).
Professor, academician, linguist, teacher. I studied phonetics and syntax.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov 1873-1942), Russian Soviet linguist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). In 1895 graduated from Moscow University. The works of D. N. Ushakov served as the basis for the development of Russian dialectology: “Essay on Russian dialectology with the application of the first map of Russian dialects in Europe” (co-authored with N. N. Durnovo, N. N. Sokolov), “Brief introduction to the science of language "etc. Since 1901 participated in work to improve and reform Russian spelling. He headed the Spelling Commission of the People's Commissariat for Education (30s). He was the initiator of the study of Russian orthoepy (“Russian orthoepy and its tasks”, “On the issue of correct pronunciation”). Edited and with the author's participation of D. N. Ushakov in 1935-1940. 4 volumes of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language have been published. The educator of a whole generation of Russian scholars, D. N. Ushakov was an encyclopedist of Russian and Slavic studies, a master of the Russian living word. A group of students of D. N. Ushakov formed the core of the “Moscow phonological school.”

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