Table of wars of France in the era of empire. Teacher's World - International educational Internet portal. Proposed forms and methods of work

1 The era of the Napoleonic wars.

Russia, Omsk region, Omsk
BOU "Secondary school No. 109 with in-depth study of individual subjects"

History and Social Studies Teacher

Chubarova P.F.

Lesson objectives:

To acquaint students with the main events, economic and political changes that occurred in France during the era of the Napoleonic wars, give its general characteristics and find out what impact the era of the Napoleonic wars had on the development of Europe;

To develop in students the ability to work with documents and maps, summarize material, analyze and draw conclusions

Proposed forms and methods of work:

- teacher's story

Frontal survey

Working with a document

Working with the map

Lesson plan:

Organizing time. Lesson objective message.
Repetition of previously studied material.
Learning new material:

1. France: from the Republic to the Empire of Napoleon

2. From the wars of the republic to the wars of the empire.

3. Domestic policy of Emperor Napoleon

4. The collapse of the Napoleonic Empire.

Consolidation of the studied material.
Homework.

Lesson equipment: Presentation “The Era of the Napoleonic Wars”

Table “Chronology of events in France in 1789 – 1794.”

Document. Treaty of Tilsit.

Abstracts: changes in France (governance, economics), legislation, impact on Europe

Illustrations: portrait of young Bonaparte, portrait of Emperor Napoleon, “The Meeting of Two Emperors,” the Battle of Waterloo.

Cards:“Italy with the island of Corsica”, “The struggle of counter-revolutionary Europe against revolutionary France 1789-1794”, “Europe in 1794-1799”, “Europe in 1799-1815.”

Key terms:

II Repetition of previously studied material

Revolutions of the 18th century.

Frontal survey.

Exercise:

In 1789, the Great French Revolution took place in France. Using the table, remember and comment on the main events of 1789-1895.

Chronology of events in France in 1789 - 1795.

	The beginning of the Great French Revolution.
	Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
	Proclamation of France as a constitutional monarchy
	Adoption of the French Constitution

	Revolt in Paris. Overthrow of the monarchy.
	Proclamation of France as a republic.

	Revolt in Paris. Expulsion of the Girondins from the Convention
	Adoption of a new Constitution by the Convention.
	"Law on Suspects"
(9 Thermidor II)	Thermidorian coup.
08/22/1795	Adoption of the French Constitution. Formation of the Directory.

1) On July 14, a revolution began in France. The Constituent Assembly adopted the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen,” which formed the basis of the constitution of 1791, according to which the king had executive power. Thus, a constitutional monarchy was established.

2) The monarchists were dissatisfied with the limitation of the king’s power, and the radicals (Jacobins, Cordeliers) demanded the overthrow of the monarchy.

In 1792, the king's power was overthrown, and the Convention adopted a decree establishing a republic.

3) But the economic crisis in the country worsened, the situation at the front was difficult, France declared war first on Austria, and then on other European powers - and the Jacobins demanded the establishment of a dictatorship. In 1793, with the support of the Parisians and the National Guard, they seized power. A democratic constitution was adopted, but under the pretext of continuing the war, it was not put into effect. Thus, the Jacobin dictatorship was established.

A policy of terror was established in the country. In 1793, the “Law on Suspects” was adopted; the victims of this law were all those who doubted the correctness of the Jacobins’ policies, including the Jacobins themselves. As a result, the majority of the Convention opposed Robespierre, and he was arrested. These events were called the Thermidorian coup.

After the adoption of a new constitution in 1795, a new government was formed - the Directory.

III.Learning new material:

1) France: from the Republic to the Empire of Napoleon.

Teacher's explanation with elements of conversation

The new government considered it necessary to stabilize the situation in the country, but it ruled primarily in the interests of the new owners. Therefore, the measures introduced by the Jacobins were repealed, namely:

Nationalization of foreign trade

Maximum prices

Maximum salary

Free trade has been restored.

As a result, a sharp rise in prices coupled with a shortage of food provoked armed uprisings of the population against the government. These protests were harshly suppressed. But monarchists also opposed the government. In 1795, a dangerous revolt of monarchists in Paris was suppressed by the young General Bonaparte.

Let's remember how a person from a poor Corsican family became the Emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Message about Napoleon Bonaparte

2) From the wars of the republic to the wars of the empire.

We divide the wars that France waged into defensive ones, when France defended the gains of the revolution, and aggressive ones.

Name the states with which revolutionary France fought.

What are the results of these wars?

As a result of defensive wars, France expelled the invaders from its territory and then went on the offensive.

Name companies that were aggressive in nature.

1) Belgium, Holland, and the Rhine German states were occupied.

2) 1796-1798 – company in Northern Italy, Ionian Islands, Malta

3) 1798-1799 – Egyptian campaign. The goal is to destroy communications connecting England with India. But the French were defeated in the battle with Admiral Nelson's squadron. Egypt is a possession of Turkey. At her request, the Russian squadron of Vice Admiral Ushakov entered the Mediterranean Sea and liberated the Ionian Islands.

4) 1799-1800 – company in Italy. Russian-Austrian troops under the command of Suvorov liberated Northern Italy (Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps). In 1800, Bonaparte returned his conquests in Italy, defeating the Austrians at Marengo.

5) 1805 – Napoleon had a plan to transfer troops to England. But it was not implemented due to the resumption of war with Austria and Russia. Napoleon inflicted a decisive defeat on the Russian-Austrian army at Austerlitz. At the same time, the Austrian army was completely defeated, and Austria was forced to make peace.

In the same year, the British defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar

6) 1806 – military operations in Prussia. The Prussian army is defeated at Jena.

7) 1807 - after the Allies withdrew from the war, Russia made peace with France.

8) 1808 – Napoleon’s army occupied Spain, but the Spaniards did not accept the occupation.

As a result of the campaigns around France, a chain of dependent states arose, which were ruled by relatives of the emperor).

All military campaigns were successful for France. This was facilitated not only by Napoleon’s talent, but also by the new organization of the army (universal conscription, obtaining military ranks regardless of origin), the need to defend the gains of the revolution (the peasants received land), and income from successful wars.

3) Domestic policy of Emperor Napoleon

Teacher's story.

Changes in France:

Control:

Firstly, the rule of the Directory led the country to economic collapse and military defeats (embezzlement, bankruptcy, uncontrolled loans, lack of budget).

Secondly, there was a threat of restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, and this did not suit the majority of the population.

And, besides, Napoleon enjoyed enormous popularity, first due to his military victories, and then as a statesman.

1799 – 1804 – consulate:

Preservation of the Republic

Limitation of legislative power

Destruction of local government

Amnesty for emigrants

Recognition of Catholicism as the state religion while maintaining freedom of religion

Restriction of freedom of the press, tightening of censorship

Fighting the opposition

Policy results:

Destruction of the principle of separation of powers

1804 - Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French Republic, under the name of Napoleon I

1808 – France is declared an empire.

Economic policy:

Legal guarantees of private property

Encouraging Entrepreneurship

Providing government contracts to the bourgeoisie

Implementation of financial reform:

Creation of the French Bank

o - introduction and strengthening of a new monetary unit - the franc

Support for education, training of specialists, including for the economy

Policy results:

Eliminating the state budget deficit

Way out of the crisis

Economic growth

The beginning of the industrial revolution.

The French Empire has been created, but the order is bourgeois.

Legislative activities:

"Code Napoleon"- a body of laws consisting of civil, commercial and criminal codes.

Equality of all before the law

Abolition of serfdom

Inviolability of private property

Results:

Creation of a legislative basis for the development of bourgeois orders

Formation of the rule of law

The influence of Napoleonic France on Europe:

1) abolition of feudal duties

2) abolition of estates

3) adoption of laws that protected the rights of private owners

4) introduction of constitutions in many countries

5) spread of the Civil Code in Europe

4) The collapse of the Napoleonic Empire.

Austria and Prussia were defeated.

Only Russia could conduct military operations on land.

Treaty of Tilsit.

Working with a document. Excerpts from the text of the Tilsit Peace Treaty.

Answer the question: “Could it last for a long time?

Tilsit Peace Treaty? Truce

1) Russia recognized territorial changes in Europe

2) Russia’s accession to the continental blockade of England

3) Russia was withdrawing troops and navy from the Mediterranean

4) Prussia remained an independent state

5) The Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on France, was created from Polish lands that were part of Prussia

Unfavorable for Russia:

1) the inability to trade with England (bread, linen, linen - industrial goods) - French supplies did not compensate for losses

2) Duchy of Warsaw - danger on the western borders

Patriotic War of 1812

Russian company (Patriotic War of 1812)

Checking advanced homework

Collapse of Napoleonic Army

1813 – liberation of Europe

anti-French coalition - Russia. England, Sweden, Prussia, Portugal, Spain

1813 “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig – defeat of the French

1814 Allies occupy Paris

Napoleon abdicated the throne (exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy)

6) the power of the Bourbons was restored (Louis 18)

7) pre-revolutionary order was restored, discontent

III. Consolidation of the studied material.

How do you understand Napoleon’s words: “My true glory is not that I won forty battles: Waterloo will erase the memory of all these victories. But what cannot be forgotten, what will live forever - this is my Civil Code"?

Summing up the work. Assessing student performance.
Homework. Sinkwine "Napoleon"

Event: capture of the royal fortress Bastille by the people

King Louis the Sixteenth

Result: beginning of the French Revolution

Event:"Night of Miracles" Meeting of the first people's Constituent Assembly in the history of France.

What political forces were in power: King Louis the Sixteenth

Result: equality of all citizens before the law was declared. The privileges of the clergy and nobles were abolished. The church tithe, which all citizens had previously paid to the church, was abolished. Later, nobility was abolished in general and the first ever democratic “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” was adopted.

Event: people's march to Versailles. The king was forcibly taken from the Palace of Versailles and settled in Paris.

What political forces were in power: formally - the king, but in fact - revolutionaries

Result: The absolute monarchy was replaced by a constitutional one. Now it was not the people who did what the king wanted, but the king who carried out the will of the Constituent Assembly

Event: deposition of King Louis by the Paris Commune

What political forces were in power: Paris Commune of rebel revolutionaries. These are mainly guardsmen, soldiers and ordinary townspeople.

Result: Prussia, defending the king, started a war with France. The king is imprisoned.

Event: declaration of France as a Republic

What political forces were in power: National Convention of France (Girondin Party).

Result: The monarchy in the country was abolished altogether

Event: execution of Louis the Sixteenth in Paris

What political forces were in power: National Convention (Girondists)

Result: France is at war with several European powers defending the monarchy: Prussia, England, Spain.

Event: Jacobin uprising

What political forces were in power: Girondists and Montagnards

Result: a split among the revolutionaries, the rise to power of the Jacobins and Montagnards. The beginning of brutal revolutionary terror of the population. The Girondins were executed. All material goods were taken away from citizens in the interests of revolution and war.

Event: execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis the Sixteenth

What political forces were in power: Jacobin National Convention and Paris Commune

Result: another “enemy of the revolution” destroyed

Event: Thermidorian coup. A split among the leadership of the revolutionaries. The Commune took up arms on the side of Robespierre against the other Jacobins.

What political forces were in power: Paris Commune and National Convention.

Result: Robespierre was defeated and executed along with his supporters. The Paris Commune fell. The revolution weakened, and the Jacobins themselves began to be persecuted.

Event: Coup of the 18th Brumaire

What political forces were in power: Directory

Result: The end of the Great French Revolution. The victory of the military monarchy in the person of Napoleon Bonaparte, who proclaimed the power of the Provisional Government in the person of three consuls, one of whom was himself. Later he would take power into his own hands.

General history. History of modern times. 8th grade Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 5. Napoleonic Empire

Establishment of the Empire

During the period of the Consulate in France, industry and trade began to develop faster, and agriculture also became stronger. Of course, it was far from the level of the economy of England (where the industrial revolution began in the second half of the 18th century). The number of manufactories grew, primarily the military industry, metallurgy, and a number of light industries (especially the production of textiles, dishes, and paper) developed. Gradually, machines began to be introduced, but rather primitive ones.

The international position of the French Republic has also become stronger. On the European continent, France no longer had any real rivals (except Russia), and Napoleon Bonaparte intended to deal with England soon by landing troops there. True, the British locked the Franco-Spanish fleet in the harbor of the city of Cadiz (in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula) and did not allow it to go to sea. But Bonaparte was confident that he would be able to overcome this obstacle.

On May 18, 1804, Bonaparte was declared emperor under the name of Napoleon I, and in December he was solemnly crowned by the Pope. During the ceremony, when Pius VII was supposed to place the crown on Napoleon's head, he suddenly snatched it from the Pope's hands and put it on himself. This also revealed the essence of his character - to always be first in everything, not to submit to anyone’s authority.

The dedication of Emperor Napoleon and the coronation of Empress Josephine... A fragment of the picture. Artist J. David

The event did not mean that 15 years later France returned to the pre-revolutionary monarchy. The Napoleonic Empire was a new type of empire, relying on both the army and its citizens. It is no coincidence that in the first years of the reign of Napoleon I, the Republic formally continued to exist. On the one hand, after the new emperor came to power, both freedom of speech and the press and free elections were abolished, and the role of legislative assemblies was significantly reduced, and previously independent judges were also under control. On the other hand, the Napoleonic Empire guaranteed compliance with the important gains of the French Revolution: the secular nature of the state was preserved, the principle of equality of citizens before the law was supported in the absence of privileged classes, and the inviolability of property acquired during the turbulent years of the revolution and civil war was ensured.

The imperial eagle is a symbol of the empire of Napoleon I

Years of Napoleon's military triumphs

At the beginning of August 1805, opponents of France formed another coalition (the third). It included Great Britain, Russia, Austria and the Kingdom of Naples. Napoleon I decided to deal a powerful blow to the coalition, but this required large forces. Therefore, the huge camp in Boulogne, created to capture England, was hastily liquidated, and the troops quickly moved east. On October 20, at the Battle of Ulm on the Danube, the French forced the Austrian army to capitulate.

Horatio Nelson. Artist W. Beechey

True, at the same time France suffered a crushing defeat. On October 21, the Franco-Spanish fleet finally managed to leave the harbor of Cadiz. But at Cape Trafalgar, near Gibraltar, it was almost completely destroyed by the British squadron. In this battle, the commander of the British fleet, the famous admiral Horatio Nelson, died, killed by a sniper.

On December 2, 1805, Napoleon I defeated the combined Russian-Austrian troops near Austerlitz (Slovakow in modern Czech Republic). The price of this victory was special: Alexander I and the Austrian Emperor Franz II were almost on the battlefield, and Austerlitz became, as it were, their personal duel with Napoleon. Austria, practically deprived of its army, itself asked for peace. As a result, France was able to expand its sphere of influence in numerous Italian and German states.

Battle of Austerlitz. Engraving by I. Rugendas

French troops found themselves at the very borders of Prussia. In July 1806, Napoleon I of 16 southern German states created the Confederation of the Rhine, declaring himself its protector (i.e., patron). The frightened Prussian king decided to join Napoleon's opponents. In September 1806, the fourth anti-French coalition was formed: Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden. True to his tactics, Napoleon decided to defeat the enemies one by one. On October 14, his troops with two crushing blows, at Auerst?dt and Jen?na, practically destroyed the entire Prussian army. And two weeks later, French troops entered Berlin.

On November 21, 1806, in Berlin, Napoleon I signed a decree on the continental blockade. He forbade all countries under his control to trade and generally conduct any business with England. Having lost his fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon could no longer conquer England by force. Therefore, he decided to strangle its economy with a blockade. But the British fleet at that time was the strongest in the world, so England did not suffer too much from the blockade. But the fact that the British responded by declaring a blockade of the ports of France and its allies largely disrupted the trade ties of the French.

French infantryman

Winter campaign 1806–1807 It turned out to be difficult for Napoleon I. The bloody battle with the Russian army at Preussisch-Eila in Prussia on February 8, 1807 was marked by huge losses on both sides. After such a controversial victory, Napoleon was unable to pursue the Russians retreating from the battlefield and was soon forced to retreat. The brave French Marshal Michel Ney, looking at tens of thousands of dead and wounded, exclaimed: “What a massacre, and without any benefit!” Napoleon won the battle with the Russians in June 1807 near Friedland thanks to the skillful actions of artillery.

Russian hussar

Russia, which was then still at war with Iran and Turkey, found itself in a difficult situation. It was difficult to count on the help of the allies, and the Prussian army no longer existed. And Alexander I decided to make reconciliation with Napoleon I.

France and Russia: rapprochement and rupture

On June 25, 1807, the famous “date” of Napoleon I and Alexander I took place. The Russian and French troops were separated only by Neman, but none of the emperors wanted to go to “foreign” territory. Therefore, a beautifully decorated raft was placed in the middle of the river and emperors were brought to it from different banks for two weeks on boats. Finally, on July 8, an agreement on peace and alliance was concluded in Tilzit (modern Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad region). Alexander I promised to recognize all the conquests of France, join the continental blockade and even declare war on England. Russia did not receive any special benefits.

Napoleon on the Borodino Heights. Artist V.V. Vereshchagin

The rapprochement between France and Russia was only visible. The main contradictions between them remained. They were based on the fact that France's claims to European and world dominance did not meet Russia's interests. In the autumn of 1808, Alexander I and Napoleon I met again, this time in Erfurt (Prussia). Napoleon tried to drag Russia into the war against Austria, but the Russian Tsar responded with a polite refusal. After this meeting, the Franco-Russian conflict began to grow. The relationship got worse and worse. In August 1811, Napoleon directly stated to the Russian ambassador in Paris: “I don’t know whether I will defeat you, but we will fight!”

On June 24 (June 12), 1812, French troops, having crossed the Neman, invaded Russia. Despite the fierce resistance of the Russian armies and heavy losses, the French advanced towards Moscow. 120 kilometers west of it, near the village of Borodino?, on September 7 (August 26), a general battle took place. Both sides suffered huge losses. After the battle at the military council, the Russian commander-in-chief Mikhail Ivanovich Kutuzov decided to retreat and leave Moscow without a fight. Meanwhile, the people's war against the enemy was expanding in Russia.

The French, having occupied the ancient capital of Russia, stayed in it for just over a month - from September 14 (2) to October 18 (6). All roads to Moscow were blocked by the Russian army remaining near the city. Having lost the opportunity to receive food, the French left Moscow and moved back to the west. The Russian army was hot on their heels. By the end of December, only the pitiful remnants of Napoleonic’s huge army reached the Neman. The emperor himself had left for France even earlier.

What contradictions led to the war between France and Russia? Why did Napoleon I and Alexander I fail to conclude a long-term mutually beneficial peace?

Europe against the Napoleonic Empire

Having crossed the Russian-Prussian border, Russian troops soon occupied Berlin and moved on. The defeat of Napoleon I in Russia inspired his opponents. The myth of the invincibility of the French army was dispelled. By the spring of 1813, another coalition against France took shape. It included Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. The British, who had courageously resisted the French occupation since 1808, came to the aid of the Spaniards. By the end of 1813, Anglo-Spanish armies were already fighting in the south of France.

"Battle of the Nations". Engraving by K. Rahl

On another front, in Saxony, Napoleon I, who managed to gather reinforcements in France, fiercely resisted the coalition forces. But on October 16–19, his troops were defeated in a three-day battle near Leipzig. This battle is called the “Battle of the Nations”, since in it Napoleon’s armies were opposed by the combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria. Almost half a million people met on the battlefield - 190 thousand for Napoleon and 300 thousand for the coalition. The remnants of Napoleonic army retreated beyond the Rhine. The allies offered Napoleon to make peace and renounce all conquests of France after 1792. But the emperor indignantly refused. He was confident that he would be able to gather a new army and defeat his opponents.

Angered by the daring refusal of Napoleon I, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia entered into an agreement on further actions on March 1, 1814 - the Treaty of Chaumon. These four powers pledged to field 150 thousand people against Napoleon and achieve the restoration of the previous borders in Europe. The Treaty of Chaumont was an attempt to create a new system of alliances in international relations. It should have been based on the unification of forces not for the purpose of preparing and waging war, but for the purpose of fighting it, in the name of maintaining stability and peace. For some time, the Treaty of Chaumont (and other agreements) fulfilled this function. Only in 1822 did Britain, the initiator of signing the treaty, actually terminate it.

The gigantic army of the Allies continued to push back Napoleonic troops. On the morning of March 31, 1814, the winning regiments entered Paris, which surrendered without a fight. Napoleon I signed his abdication and was exiled to the small island of Elba, near Corsica. Louis XVI's brother, Louis XVIII (1755–1824), was proclaimed King of France. Under him, the returning emigrant nobles launched an attack on the gains of the revolution and Napoleonic reforms. This strengthened the sympathy of the French for the disgraced emperor.

Europe during the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1799–1815)

The Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia stated that Alexander I and Napoleon I “undertook to be together in any war that Russia or France would have to start or wage against any European power, whether it be a war on land or at sea, or on land and at sea." After carefully studying the map, answer: what did this article of the agreement mean in practice? Which of the two countries ended up being more dependent on the other?

The end of the Napoleonic era in Europe. Waterloo

On March 1, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte with a small detachment of soldiers landed on the southern coast of France and was greeted with enthusiasm almost everywhere by the population and the army, who during the 300 days of the reign of Louis XVIII had become disillusioned with him and realized that the country was awaiting a return to the old, pre-revolutionary order .

The king left the capital of France, and Napoleon, having entered it, wanted to strengthen the foundations of his power and therefore announced reforms, in particular, he restored freedom of speech and press, held new parliamentary elections, made the necessary changes to the Constitution of the hastily restored empire, and also invited into the government of people famous for their merits: Lazare Carnot, Benjamin Constant, Joseph Fouche? etc. However, Napoleon failed in the popular vote on amending the Constitution: he was supported by approximately one fifth of the French.

Napoleon's policy, carried out by him from March to June 1815, did not receive approval from either the people or the upper strata of society: aristocrats, officials, financiers and industrialists did not want the resumption of endless wars and were afraid of the return of a military dictatorship, preferring a king whose power will be limited by the constitution, as well as beneficial relations (primarily trade) with all countries and their colonies.

Despite the fact that Napoleon promised to observe all peace treaties concluded after his abdication and not to start new wars, by the decision of the Congress of European monarchs he was declared “an enemy and a disturber of peace in the world.”

The war resumed. Napoleon launched a quick attack in Belgium. Having achieved some successes, on June 18, 1815, the French army met in the battle near the village of Waterloo with a coalition army under the command of the English Duke of Wellington. Despite their bravery and bravery, the French were unable to put the enemy troops to flight, and by the evening of the day of the battle they began to retreat from the battlefield. The corps of General Emmanuel Grouchy, sent by Napoleon before the battle to pursue the Prussians, did not reach the battlefield at all. An important role in this battle, which turned out to be the last for Napoleon the commander, was played by chance: during the French retreat, suddenly, in the very place where they were waiting for reinforcements, the Prussian corps of Field Marshal Gebhard Blucher appeared. The French retreat turned into a disorderly flight.

Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo

Thus, Napoleon's return to power lasted only 100 days. Returning to Paris, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time, this time in favor of his son. The new government forced Napoleon to leave France. Soon he voluntarily surrendered to the British and was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he spent the last years of his life under the strict supervision of the English authorities and died in May 1821.

Louis XVIII was once again on the French throne. Now he tried to govern the state, taking into account all the changes and innovations that the revolution and the Napoleonic era brought.

Let's sum it up

Endless wars depleted the material and human resources of the Napoleonic empire, which led to the defeat of France. At the same time, the transformations of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras not only survived in France, but also spread to a number of other European countries.

1804, May 18– Napoleon Bonaparte is declared Emperor Napoleon I. “I hate the English as much as you do, and I will be your Majesty’s assistant in everything you undertake against them.”

(The first words spoken by Alexander I to Napoleon I at their meeting in Tilsit on June 25, 1807)

1. Why was the monarchy restored in France after the revolution? How did the power of Napoleon I differ from the power of the Bourbons?

2. What allowed Napoleon to defeat the combined forces of European states for many years? Were there only military reasons behind this?

3. What did the great commander and statesman Napoleon I not take into account during the invasion of Russia? Why was the Grand Army defeated?

4. Why only in 1813–1815? Did the troops of European states manage to turn the tide of the war with Napoleon? What events led to a change in the balance of power?

1*. The act declaring Consul Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor Napoleon I, in particular, said: “The administration of the Republic is entrusted to the Emperor, who assumes the title of Emperor of the French... The imperial rank is inherited in a descending direct line to the blood and legal descendants of Napoleon Bonaparte in the male line.”

Explain why the document proclaiming the creation of the empire contained the word “republic”. Why did Napoleon need to formally preserve the republic?

2. Here is data on the number of Frenchmen drafted into Napoleonic troops in 1800–1813. (in thousand people):

1810 – 110

1811 – 120

1812 – 120

1813 – 1140

Analyze these data taking into account events in these years and explain changes in the volume of army replenishment. Pay special attention to 1813.

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SECTION I. NAPOLEON'S IDEA The coup d'état of December 2, 1851 led to a sharp polarization of assessments of Louis Napoleon's actions and an increase in the intensity of the controversy between supporters and opponents of the prince-president. The split in society is reflected on the pages

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Napoleonic evacuation (October 1812) And now the time has come for the retreat of Napoleon's troops. On October 1/13, the first frosts began, which some had been waiting for and fearing for a long time: the harsh Russian winter often comes ahead of schedule. Did Napoleon wait too long? Shouldn't you

author Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

Chapter 1 The French Revolution of the 18th Century and the Napoleonic Era “The year 1789 marks a turning point in modern history, since the people of that time wanted to overthrow the principle of Divine right and introduce into history the force of negation and rebellion, formed in the struggle of ideas for

From the book General History. History of modern times. 8th grade author Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

Chapter 1 The French Revolution of the 18th Century and the Napoleonic Era “The year 1789 marks a turning point in modern history, since the people of that time wanted to overthrow the principle of divine right and introduce into history the force of negation and rebellion, formed in the struggle of ideas for

From the book General History. History of modern times. 8th grade author Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 5. Napoleonic Empire Establishment of the Empire During the period of the Consulate in France, industry and trade began to develop faster, and agriculture also became stronger. Of course, to the level of the English economy (there, in the second half of the 18th century, industrial development was actively developing

The end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century is the most important period in the history of France. The ruling groups replaced each other with rapid force and speed. From the Jacobin dictatorship, France passed to the rule of the executive body - the Directory; as a result of the coup of the 18th Brumaire, power fell into the hands of 3 consuls, one of whom was Napoleon Bonaparte. You will learn where the political, economic and foreign policy vectors of France's development will be directed in the future by studying this lesson.

Consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire

Background

Since 1789, revolutionary changes took place in France. In 1794, after the overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship, the shaky regime of the Directory was established.

His features:
.financial crisis, inflation, rapid rise in prices;
.lack of compromise between various political forces in France, fierce political struggle and conspiracies;
The French were largely tired of the internal instability that followed the revolution and wanted strong power;
France achieved its main successes during this period in the military field: the growing popularity of the military against the backdrop of the Directory being unable to cope with the internal problems.

Political circles were increasingly thinking about eliminating the unpopular Directory and establishing a tougher political regime that, with the support of the army, could achieve order in the country.

Events

November 1799 - coup of the 18th Brumaire (about the coup). The popular general Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the government and disperses the Legislative Assembly; A government of three consuls is established - Bonaparte and former members of the Directory who were preparing the coup: Abbot Sieyès and Roger Ducos.

December 1799 - adoption of the constitution, according to which Napoleon became the first consul with full power, relegating the allies to the background (Constitution of 1799).

1800 - creation of the Bank of France (still exists), stabilization of the financial situation in the country.

1801 - concordat (agreement) between France and the Catholic Church, normalization of relations damaged as a result of the revolution.

1802 - Napoleon declared himself consul for life.

1804 - adoption of the Civil Code, which influenced the civil law system throughout the world ().

Conclusion

In May 1804, Napoleon, in the presence of the Pope, was crowned Emperor Napoleon I. This ended the 12-year history of the First French Republic. A new era in the history of France began - the First Empire.

Parallels

The French themselves of the era of the Revolution and Napoleon liked to compare themselves with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The overthrow of the Bourbons was likened to the expulsion of the royal Tarquin dynasty in Ancient Rome. The struggle of political groups, accompanied by terror, was reminiscent of the period. Bonaparte was compared to Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus: the Bonapartist regime put an end to internal strife, reconciled various social and political strata, and increased the economic stability and military power of France.

This lesson will focus on the consulate and the creation of the Napoleonic Empire in France. Last year, in the 7th grade general history course, the issue of the French Revolution of 1789 was considered. Let us recall that the King of France Louis XVI was executed in 1793, and in the summer of the same year it was established Jacobin dictatorship(the political regime in revolutionary France that existed from June 1793 to July 1794). After the collapse of the Jacobin dictatorship, a new body came to power in France, which was called Directory(the executive body of the French Republic under the Constitution of the French Republic, adopted by the National Convention in 1795). The era of the Directory in France, which falls on 1795-1799, was not a very successful time. This was a time when an economic crisis was raging in France. By 1799, the Directory had become unpopular in France. What was needed was a person or government body that would enjoy popular support. People wanted to see a strong ruler.

The young general became such a ruler (Fig. 1). Beginning in 1796, he waged active wars in Italy. He also actually forced Switzerland to join France. The French conquest of the Netherlands occurred at the same time. Napoleon's numerous victories and his warlike image aroused delight among a considerable part of French society. Napoleon's finest hour was to be his Egyptian campaign(Fig. 2). If this campaign had been successful, then the British, France's main opponents, would have had serious problems, because France's capture of Egypt opened the way to India for the French army, and India was the most important source of raw materials and resources. But Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ended unsuccessfully. In August 1798, in the Battle of Abukir the British practically destroyed the French fleet (Fig. 3). Attempts to gain a foothold in the eastern Mediterranean failed. However, Napoleon managed to rehabilitate himself. In 1798 and 1799 he undertook two campaigns, in Italy and Switzerland. The enemy of Napoleon and his subordinates in these campaigns was Russia; he was a general in the Russian army at that time (Fig. 4). Despite Suvorov's merits, this campaign was unsuccessful for Russia. Napoleon presented himself to the French as the conqueror of the Russians and Suvorov himself, whose merits were known and honored throughout Europe after the Russian-Turkish War. Thus, by 1799, Napoleon's authority in France was enormous.

Rice. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte ()

Rice. 2. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ()

Rice. 3. Abukir naval battle ()

Rice. 4. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov ()

Members of the Directory decided to use this authority for their own purposes. They underestimated Napoleon and decided to use him as a puppet in their hands. In October 1799, Napoleon returned to Paris in triumph. Public opinion associated the victories of recent years with him. But a few days after his return, Napoleon carried out a coup d'etat. It went down in history as the coup of the 18th Brumaire(Fig. 5). The coup happened November 9, 1799. It was announced that the Jacobin conspiracy had been uncovered. The Council of Five Hundred was expelled from the meeting room in the Palace of Saint-Cloud. It was announced that all power in the country would pass into the hands of three individuals, who began to be called in the Roman manner consuls. These consuls were:

Sieyès, who actually brought Napoleon to power,

Roger-Ducos.

This era, which began in 1799 with the coup of the 18th Brumaire and ended in 1804, was called consulate era.

Rice. 5. Coup of the 18th Brumaire ()

The main task that had to be solved in France during the era of the consulate was the task of social unification of the country. In France there were many supporters of various ideas, movements, theories and doctrines. There were monarchists, republicans, and supporters of strong military power.

The new Constitution, adopted by the consuls in 1799, declared the right to property inviolable. As a result, those who previously feared for their lives and their wealth flocked to the country. All emigrants who had previously fled the country were allowed to re-settle in France. An exception was made only for monarchists. Napoleon did not need such rivals.

Napoleon also did a lot to normalize the financial situation in the country. This was primarily of interest to entrepreneurs. But ordinary townspeople were also interested in ensuring that the French monetary unit was stable. In 1800 Napoleon created Bank of France, which still exists today. IN 1803 was put into circulation silver franc(Fig. 6) - convertible (freely exchangeable for other monetary units) currency.

Rice. 6. Silver franc ()

Napoleon managed to solve the problem in his relationship with the Pope. France was and remained a Catholic country with a predominantly Catholic population. Relations with Italy and the pope were unstable. Rome negatively perceived the French Republic and the expulsion of nobles from the country. In 1801, Napoleon and the Pope signed concordat(an agreement between the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and any state). In 1804, the Pope even came to Paris to conduct the coronation ceremony of Napoleon. However, the services of the pope were not required; Napoleon assumed the crown on his own, but the very presence of the pope at this ceremony was very important for Napoleon. Napoleon, however, believed that he had the right to dispose of church property. The Pope had a completely opposite opinion on this matter.

In 1802, Napoleon received the expected respite. Constant revolutionary wars exhausted the country. A break was needed in order to gather strength and prepare for new military campaigns. Between France and England in 1802 it was concluded Peace of Amiens. This was done in order to strengthen the French position in Italy. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty, such Italian territories as Piedmont and the island of Elba were annexed to France.

In 1802, the British did not take Napoleon very seriously. They believed that the general would not be able to cope with the economic situation in the country. But they miscalculated. Already in May 1803, Napoleon created a large military camp on the English Channel coast, known as (Fig. 7). This camp is where troops gather for the upcoming invasion of Great Britain.

Rice. 7. Boulogne camp ()

The problem remained in getting these numerous troops across the English Channel (the strait separating England and France, Fig. 8). After the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Aboukir, England controlled all movements across the seas, especially off its shores. France did not have a serious fleet at that time. He could not compete with England in numbers and maneuverability. English cartoonists, ridiculing Napoleon's army, depicted the crossing of French troops across the English Channel in landing basins.

Rice. 8. The English Channel separating England and France ()

In March 1804 Napoleon introduced in France Civil Code(Fig. 9). This document was prepared by a special commission chaired by Napoleon himself. It enshrined such important provisions as freedom of private property, freedom of enterprise and family law. According to the Civil Code, a new type of family relations was established. Until the beginning of the 19th century, a woman was not considered a subject of law in Europe. It was believed that she should be completely subordinate to her husband or father. Napoleonic Civil Code gave women the right to divorce for the first time in Europe. However, women did not retain this right for very long. It was taken away in 1816 and restored only in 1884. The Civil Code failed to equalize the rights of women with men. Women did not have the right to vote.

Rice. 9. Napoleon's Civil Code ()

Napoleon himself understood the meaning of his Civil Code. He wrote that his military victories may mean nothing, Waterloo alone crossed them all out, and what will live on for centuries is the Civil Code. Following the model of the Civil Code, a few years later the Commercial Code appeared in France, and a little later the Criminal Code.

In 1802, Napoleon achieved an extension of his powers as consul. He received lifelong powers, but this was not enough for the general. On May 18, 1804, he was declared French Emperor under the name NapoleonI. In December, his coronation ceremony took place in Paris (Fig. 10). As noted above, Napoleon himself placed the crown on his head. Thus, France, which was a republic for 12 years, returned to the monarchy again. The period of the first republic in France ended. The period of the first empire began.

Rice. 10. Coronation of Napoleon ()

Bibliography

Jomini. Political and military life of Napoleon. A book dedicated to Napoleon's military campaigns until 1812
Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M.: Mysl, 1989.
Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013.
Tarle E.V. "Napoleon". - 1994.
Chandler D. Napoleon's military campaigns. - M., 1997.
Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. Modern History, 1800-1900, 8th grade. - M., 2012.

Veter-stranstvii.ru ().
Jurkom74.ru ().
Treeland.ru ().
Be5.biz().

Homework

Tell us about Napoleon's first military campaigns. Which of them were successful and which were not?
When did the coup of the 18th Brumaire take place and what regime was established as a result?
What was the reason for the negative relationship between Napoleon and the Catholic Church (Pope)?
When was the Civil Code created? What did Napoleon see as its significance for French society?

24. Napoleon’s foreign policy during the period of consulate and empire.

All domestic politics took place against the backdrop of ongoing wars.

The nature of the wars: Lenin – were imperialist. But Napoleon acted in the interests of France. He allowed regions to develop if this did not contradict the interests of France.

Why N.B. beat your opponents?:

Personal qualities

The French army was head and shoulders above the others.

Method of formation: system of universal military conscription, then 8 years in reserve.

Composition - mercenaries + peasants and marshals from the people, they achieved what they deserved.

He oversaw the idea that France was trying to prevent the Bourbon restoration.

There was no corporal punishment, there were soldiers' courts, in the army there was love for Napoleon (little corporal).

France had 4 main enemies - Russia, England, Austria, Prussia.

Back in 1792, France defeated Prussia at Valmy. In 1798, the Egyptian campaign was organized, which ended with the battle of the pyramids and Abukir and the defeat of France. 1800 – battle with Austria (victory). This victory secured Napoleon's position. Austria recognized the existence of daughter republics of France. A truce was concluded in 1803.

Tried to change course towards Russia. Napoleon offered Paul I an alliance against England for the liberation of Russian soldiers. A trip to India was planned. But Paul died and had to make peace with England, according to which he gave up Malta and Egypt.

In 1803, hostilities resumed (Napoleon captured Hanover, which England did not like). He decided to strike at England and began to build a camp on the banks of the English Channel. At this time, Russia terminated diplomatic relations with France (1804).

In 1805 a third coalition was formed. Initially, Austria and Prussia did not join the coalition. Prussia had just signed a secret convention with Russia, and Austria joined when Napoleon declared himself king of Italy. Sweden also joined the coalition. The Allies were poorly prepared for war. The forces were dispersed. Napoleon surrounded the Austrian forces near Ulm, the French occupied Bavaria and invaded Austrian territory. In October, Napoleon began peace negotiations, but the Allies refused. 11/20/1805 – the battle of Austerlitz (the pinnacle of Napoleonic art). After this, Austria made peace with France (40 million indemnity, Venetian region, 1/6 of the population). In October 1805, the largest naval battle in the history of the Napoleonic wars took place at Trafalgar (Franco-Spanish fleet against the English).

In the conquered states, Napoleon placed his relatives on the thrones. He abolished the Holy Roman Empire and created the Confederation of the Rhine under the protectorate of France. French troops entered Prussia. Two worlds collided: bourgeois and feudal. 2 battles (1806) Gehena and Auerstedt.

There was a feeling that no one could defeat the French. Russia resisted: 1. Preisli-Eylau, heavy losses on both sides. 2. Friedland - the Russians were defeated.

Fourth coalition. After the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia moved towards rapprochement with Russia. Sweden joined the coalition, and England provided subsidies. In November 1806, the Prussian army was defeated. Napoleon entered Berlin. 1807 – Battle of Preussisch-Eylau (previously the battle of Pułtusk). In June 1807 - the battle of Friedland.

1807 – Peace of Tilsit. During the peace discussions, Napoleon wanted to completely destroy Prussia.

In 1808, Napoleon began the conquest of Spain, but got stuck there for a long time. The national liberation movement flared up there. Napoleon's army of 500 thousand rolled across Spain like a steamroller. At this time, Tyleran cheats on him. In order to secure the rear, he decided to meet with Alexander I. 1808 - Erfurt meeting. Confirm the Tilsit peace. But A 1 jumped out of his hands. Napoleon blamed Talleyrand.

In 1809, Austria, fearing that the Balkans would be divided without its participation, began military operations against France. There is also a national movement there. In June, the Battle of Wagram took place (defeat of Austria).

N.B. there were no heirs. They begin to put pressure on him to get married. (1. Sister A 1, but ours dodged. 2. Sister of the Austrian Emperor - Marie-Louise. His brother was at the wedding instead of Napoleon.).

The design bureau begins to crackle. Russia does not fulfill its conditions.

1812 – campaign in Russia. He was offered peace in which the territory of 1800, to clear all occupied. Refused the preferential peace.

In 1813, the sixth coalition was formed. In the Battle of the Nations (near Leipzig), Napoleon was defeated. He was offered to retain power and restore France to the borders of 1792, but he refused. Talleyrand carried Napoleon's abdication through the Senate. Paris was taken by the Allies and Napoleon was exiled to Elba.

The Bourbons returned to France. They started to behave as before.

In 1815 he landed on the southern coast of France (200 soldiers). People learned about this from the press.

100 days - 2nd period of reign. Waterloo. 1815. St. Helena Island - 5 years. Thyroid or arsenic.