Instructions

You need to start learning Latin by learning the alphabet. There are 25 letters in the Latin alphabet. Six letters (a, e, i, o, u, y) represent the 12 vowel sounds of the Latin language. There are also 4 diphthongs in Latin. You need to know that in Latin there are long and short vowels. Brevity and longitude are indicated using superscripts: ā – “a” long, ă – “a” short. The stress in Latin words is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, the stress is on the initial syllable. In three-syllable and polysyllabic words, the stress is placed on the second syllable from the end if this second syllable is long. The third syllable from the end is stressed if the second syllable is short. For example, in the word transformatio the emphasis is on "a".

Further, in Latin 4. In the first conjugation, the stem ends with a long “a” (ā). For example, "ornāre", in which "ornā" is the stem and "re" is the suffix. The suffix can also be "ere". The second conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a long “e” (ē), for example, “habēre”. The third conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a consonant, “u” is short and “i” is short (ŭ and ĭ), for example, “tangere” (stem - “tang”). The fourth conjugation includes verbs with “i” long (ī), for example, “audīre”, where “audī” is the stem and “re” is the suffix.

Verbs in Latin have the following grammatical categories: tense (six tenses: present tense, future first, future second, imperfect, perfect, plus camperfect), mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative), voice (real and), number (singular and plural ), face (1st, 2nd and 3rd person). Of course, you need to study each section gradually. However, you have to start somewhere, for example, the four correct conjugations to start with. Let's consider how verbs of I-IV conjugation change in the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice.

Verb I conjugation ornāre: orno, ornas, ornat, ornāmus, ornatis, ornānt. Verb II conjugation tacēre: taceo, taces, tacet, tacēmus, tacētis, tacent. Verb III conjugation tangere: tango, tangĭs, tangĭt, tangĭmus, tangĭtis, tangŭnt. Verb IV conjugation audīre: audio, audis, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiuŭt.

Let's talk a little about nouns in Latin. They have the category of gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, plural). Latin has 6 cases: Nominativus (nominative case), Genetivus (genitive case), Dativus (dative case), Accusativus (accusative case), Ablativus (depositive case), Vocativus (vocative case). Nouns in Latin have 5 declensions. The first includes nouns with stems ending in ā and ă. To the second - on ŏ and ĕ. To the third - on the consonant and ĭ. To IV – on ŭ. By the fifth - on ē.

So we've learned a little about the Latin verb and noun. It is important that now that we can already distinguish them a little, with the help of a dictionary it is possible to translate some Latin sentences;

Fortuna caeca est – Fortune is blind;
Epistula non erubescit – The paper does not turn red;
Mala herba cito crescit – Bad grass grows quickly;
Amicitia vitam ornat – Friendship brightens life;
Amat victoria curam – Victory loves care;
Terra incognita - Unknown land;
Cogito ergo sum - I think, therefore I exist.

Latin language (or just Latin) for beginners and “from scratch” at the “European Education” school - training is conducted via Skype.

Two languages ​​have their roots in the history of European civilization - ancient Greek and Latin. They are also often called classic.

The ancient Greek language was the most important factor in the development of European civilization in its various spheres. It was the Greeks who laid the foundation of philosophy, the basis for the natural and human sciences, gave direction to literature, and were also the first to demonstrate complex socio-political connections and relationships. It was the Greek language that became the first European language to have its own written language. Ancient civilization begins in Greece, but then the Roman Empire picks up the baton. Rome brings further development to Western Europe, but it is no longer Greek that is the language of civilization, but Latin.

Latin belongs to the Indo-European family (along with Greek, English, German and other Germanic languages), and later on its basis the Romance languages ​​arose: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and others.

Latin has been the language of living communication since the 6th century BC. to VI AD e. One of the Italic peoples, Latini, was the first to use the Latin language. The Latins inhabited the central part of Italy - Latium. Since VIII BC. e. Rome becomes their cultural and political center.

Over the course of its thousand-year existence, the Latin language, like any other living language, has changed and been replenished with new words and rules.

In the modern world, Latin is considered dead (that is, it is no longer used for live communication).

Today, Latin is needed by students of philological faculties, medical workers, lawyers, politicians, philosophers and representatives of some other professions. In addition, Latin terminology is adopted as a basis by other languages, remaining in its original form or subject to certain changes. It should be noted that in mathematics, physics and other sciences they still use symbols, which often serve as abbreviations for Latin words. In biology, medicine, pharmacology, a single international Latin nomenclature is still used today. Along with Italian, Latin is the official language of the Vatican.

Since Roman science was built on the foundation of Greek, modern scientific terminology contains a significant Greco-Latin component.

Latin for beginners is a fairly broad concept, because its study serves various purposes. Teachers at our school will help you clearly define the structure of your work and build a course that will be as focused as possible on your goals and wishes. Even if many have the same goal, the path to achieving it may be different. Since we are all different, we have different perceptions and understanding of the structure of language, different memorization patterns, etc. The teacher tries to take into account the individual characteristics of each student when preparing for classes, which greatly facilitates the process of mastering a particular topic and language as a whole. For example, if you are a medical student, then such topics as the Latin language and the basics of medical terminology, Latin for doctors, Latin for studying pharmaceutical terminology, a brief anatomical dictionary, Latin terminology in the course of human anatomy, etc. will probably be relevant to you. d.

Each profession has its own programs and topics for study, which can be changed and supplemented in accordance with the wishes of the student.

It is better to study Latin for beginners for an hour and a half, and on days when you do not have classes, consolidate the material in shorter approaches. On the weekends, you can devote a little more time to learning Latin. It should be remembered that working with a teacher is only part of the journey. To achieve results you need to put in a lot of effort and independent work.

Latin phonetics is quite simple, as it is based on letters that we are all familiar with (the Latin alphabet is the basis for almost all European languages). For beginners, it is more difficult to master the rules of reading in Latin. If you want to learn to understand the language, and not just learn a couple of Latin proverbs and phrases, you need to master grammar. Understanding the meaning of Latin texts is simply impossible without knowledge of grammar. The fact is that conjugation and other transformations of parts of speech occur according to certain rules, therefore, at the initial stages, textbooks often contain explanations and footnotes to texts to facilitate understanding and perception of the meaning of what is read.

It should also be remembered that the Latin course for beginners is not aimed at mastering spoken Latin (since Latin has not been used in spoken language for a very long time). A beginner's Latin course will help you master the grammar and vocabulary needed in your field.

Despite the fact that it is considered dead, it is studied and used in many areas of human activity: law, medicine, pharmacology, biology. The amount of knowledge a person needs depends on the scope of application and the ultimate goal, but in any case, you need to know the basics. In this article we will look at the question of what a “beginners” course looks like. An alphabet, a grammar review and practice tips are the minimum required to help you study on your own.

Alphabet and phonetics

Where to start learning Latin? For beginners, it is important, first of all, to know the alphabet. It includes 24 letters. Based on research, their pronunciation is unified and close to the approximate pronunciation of the ancient Romans. Below is a transcription in Russian.

There are some peculiarities in reading them.

The vowel i is read as [i] and [th] before vowels, h is aspirated, l is soft as in French, y sounds like [i]. The letter c is read as [ts] before e, i, y, ae, oe or as [k] before a, o, u and at the end of words. S sounds like [z] between vowels, x - like [ks].

Diphthongs are read like this:

1. ae - [e]
2. oe - [Ö]
3. au - [ау]
4. eu - [eu]
5. ch - [x]
6. ngu - [ngv]
7. ph - [f]
8. qu - [kv]
9. rh - [r]
10. th - [t]
11. ti - [ti]

Accent

• short (pronounced quickly) - ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆;
• long (stretched when pronounced) - ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ.

Syllables are:

• open - end with a vowel;
• closed - end with a consonant.

The stress is placed on the first syllable if the word is two-syllable (it is never placed on the last syllable). If a word consists of three or more syllables, then the stress is placed on the second syllable from the end if it is long, and on the third if it is short.

Grammar

The course "for beginners" assumes knowledge of the basics of grammar. In Latin, all parts of speech are divided into changeable numerals, pronouns) and unchangeable interjections).

When studying grammar on your own, you should study using textbooks that contain answers to exercises for self-testing. It is advisable to complete a large number of practical tasks, which will automate the skill of using grammatical structures, and, as a result, the material covered will be remembered for a long time.

Practice

When learning the alphabet and grammar, a passive vocabulary gradually accumulates, which later needs to be activated when reading texts. At this stage, new words will appear, for the translation of which you will need an academic dictionary, for example, the Great Latin-Russian. If you know English, then you can take advantage of the Elementary Latin Dictionary and the Oxford Latin Dictuonary. You also need to get your own dictionary and periodically repeat words from it.

Reading is the final stage of the Latin for Beginners course. At this level it is recommended to read texts such as:

1. Fabulae Facilities.
2. Latin Reader.
3. De Viris Illustribus.
4. The Latin Vulgate Bible.

Gradually you need to complicate the tasks and move from simple reading to understanding without a dictionary. For this purpose, courses "Assimil", Schola Latina Universalis and forums for Latin learners are suitable, where you can practice speaking and get advice if something is not clear.

Topic two. Latin verb (verbum) in the present tense (presens)

Topic four. Past tense imperfective (imperfectum) or simple past

Topic five. Future tense (futurum I)

Topic six. Nouns of the third, fourth and fifth declension

Topic seven. Past perfect tense (Perfectum)

Topic eight. Participle and verbal noun

Topic nine. Declension and degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs (nomina adiectiva et proverbia)

Topic ten. Subjunctive mood (coniunctivus)

Topic eleven. Numeral name, Roman chronology and calendar

Topic twelve. Irregular Verbs

Topic thirteen. More complex phenomena of Latin syntax (subordinate clauses, infinitive and independent phrases)

Topic fourteen. Latin versification

TEXTS FOR READING

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

LATIN-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY

RUSSIAN-LATIN DICTIONARY

c (before e, i, y, ae, oe), k (in other cases)

to (used only in Kalendae)

in combination qu – q

s (z between vowels)

and (in words of Greek origin)

Note. The combination ngu is read [ngv] (or [ngu], before a vowel); ti is read as [qi] before a vowel, [ti] before a consonant; two-vowel ae and oe are read as [e], two-vowel au and eu are read in one syllable (with non-syllabic y: [ау], [еу]).

Stress rules. Latin syllables can be short or long (long and short vowels are usually noted in dictionaries). In addition, closed syllables are considered long. For example, in documentum the syllable men is closed because its vowel is followed by two consonants. Open syllables, in turn, are always short. For example, in the word ratio the syllable ti is short because it is open, that is, its vowel is followed by the vowel i. Therefore, a syllable whose vowel is followed by one consonant is also considered open, therefore, the syllable bi in the word mobilis is also considered short. Latin words are stressed in a regular manner. It stands on the penultimate syllable, or on the third from the end, if the penultimate one is short, that is, the stress, figuratively speaking, gravitates towards the middle of the word and is never placed on the last syllable (except, of course, for the case when the word consists of one syllable ).

Topic one. Noun (nomen substantivum)

A Latin noun, like a Russian one, is declined according to cases, but the number of cases and their functions in the Latin language are somewhat different from Russian. Latin nouns are divided into five types of declension, which we will consider sequentially. Now let's start with the two simplest and most regular types of declension - the first and second.

The practical features of these declensions are: the ending -a in the nominative and -ae in the genitive singular for the first declension, and the endings -us, -er, -um in the nominative and -i in the genitive for the second declension.

Thus, the first declension includes nouns with the stem ending in -a. For example, culpa, culpae (wine). They are mostly feminine, with the exception of a few masculine nouns denoting professions, for example, poeta, poetae (poet), nauta, nautae (sailor), agricola, agricolae (farmer).

The second declension is more complex and includes masculine and neuter names. At the same time, nouns ending in -um belong to the neuter gender. As a general rule (for all declensions), the nominative, accusative and vocative cases of neuter names always coincide, and in the plural they always end in -a. For names in -us of the second declension - the only time in the entire system of Latin declension - the vocative case does not coincide with the nominative case: meus amicus verus, my faithful friend, but - mi amice vere, oh my faithful friend! Most names ending in -us end in -e in the vocative case, with a few exceptions – nulla regula sine exceptionibus: proper names ending in -ius, such as Publius – Publi, as well as the pronoun meus and the noun filius end in -i in the vocative case: meus – mi, filius – fili.

The dative case in the plural always coincides with the deferential case (ablativus - the defative case, which can mean separation, instrument of action, place and time and is translated into Russian using various cases).

We inflect, for example, the following nouns: familia, ae, f (family), locus, i m (place), ager, i m (field), damnum, i n (damage).

The only thing

Plural

The only thing

Plural

The only thing

Plural

The only thing

Plural

Fill in the remaining cells yourself!

Nota bene: words must agree in gender, number and case to make sense. Do not forget also that nouns and adjectives of the second declension ending in -er have alternation when inflected, e.g. (exempli gratia): nom. ager, gen. agri, etc. (et cetera). Except – what is the Latin word for “There are no rules without exceptions”? – a few adjectives to remember:

liber, liberi; miser, miseri; asper, asperi; tener, teneri.

Latin prepositions are used with two cases - accusative and deferential, and most of them agree with one or the other case, with the exception of the prepositions in (in, on) and sub (under). For example, in silva (in the forest), in silvam (into the forest). For a list of prepositions, see the grammar reference book.

Now decline the following phrases:

tua prima cura magna, poeta clarus, meus et noster amicus verus, bellum domesticum, collega bonus, nauta miser, agricola liber, tutela legitima, titulus iustus, culpa lata, causa privata, dolus malus, edictum perpetuum, iustae nuptiae, aeterna historia, Terra incognita, persona suspecta, pia desideria.

Translate and remember.

Ad gloriam. Ab hoc et ab hac. Ab origine. Lapsus calami. Lapsus linguae. Nomina sunt odiosa. Non multa, sed multum. Per se. Sine ira et studio. Status quo. Ultima ratio. Ex iusta causa. Ex aequo et bono. Ad hoc. Ad memorandum. Ad usum. Ex libris. In aeternum. Ubi bene, ibi patria. Sine loco, anno vel nomine. Ante Christum natum. Anno Domini. Vide supra. In dubio pro reo. Sine causa. Ex delicto. Contra tabulas. Pro format. Curriculum vitae. Cum Deo. Ex cathedra. Nemo est iudex in propria causa. Non est philosophia populare artificium. Via antiqua est via tuta.

N.B. If you have forgotten something, you will find a table of declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the grammar reference book at the end of your textbook. In the dictionary you can find the meaning of Latin words unfamiliar to you.

Topic two. Latin verb (verbum)

in present tense

There are four types of Latin conjugation. The first conjugation includes verbs with a stem ending in -a, the second - with a stem ending in long -e, the third - with a stem ending in a consonant, and the fourth - with a stem ending in -i. Verbs of the third conjugation ending in a consonant need a connecting (the so-called thematic) vowel.

Verbs of the third conjugation add a connecting vowel to the stem

I in all other cases

N.B. You will find a table of verb conjugations in the grammar reference book.

Verbs can be used in different tenses, voices and moods. Let's start with the simplest one - the present tense of the indicative mood. It is formed quite simply: to the stem of the verb (don’t forget about the connecting vowel!) personal endings of the active or passive voice are added, which should be remembered:

active voice

passive voice

Once you remember this, you will be able to say anything in Latin. Don't believe me? Try it! How to say, for example, take, grab? – capere, if you forgot, look it up in the dictionary. How can I say I'm taking the cat? - Felem capio. Oh, I'm being taken into slavery! - the cat probably thinks, or: O, heu, in servitutem capior! – if it’s a Roman cat – and tries to run away. But hiding from you is not so easy. As a result, the cat is taken – capta est. But how do you say: “I grabbed the cat”? You don't know this yet. Although, probably, someone already knows if you looked at one of the subsequent lessons in the textbook out of curiosity.

We have just encountered four forms of the verb to take, to grab. Find them: capio – capta – capĕre – capior.

Capĕre is the infinitive form (the third, as you know, conjugation) of the verb to take.

Capio is the first person of the present tense, I take it. Accordingly, capis, capit, capimus, capitis, capiunt - you take, he or she takes, we take, you take, they take.

Capta is the passive past participle. Here it is feminine (since we are talking about a cat). Full form: captus, capta, captum - taken, taken, taken.

Now if you look in the dictionary, you will find that all the verbs are given there in approximately this form: capio, cepi, captum, capĕre. We know all these forms, except for the second, which expresses a completed action and which will be discussed further.

Finally, capior is the present tense form of the passive voice. Let me remind you: they take you caperis, he or she is taken capitur, we are taken capimur, you are taken capimini, they are taken capiuntur.

The imperative mood is formed very simply:

First you find the stem of the verb, with the thematic vowel if it is the third conjugation (i.e. what remains if you drop the -re ending from the indefinite form), for example: cape/re. Then, if you want to tell your dog: GRAB! – the problem has already been solved, since CAPE! and will mean an instruction to take. If you have a whole pack, then instead of using the ending -e, use something else, -TE (with a thematic vowel), and you will get CAPITE!, which means CLAPPING, GRAB!

If, on the other hand, you need to say FUCK, DON'T (or DON'T YOU DARE) GRAB! you say NOLI (NOLITE) CAPERE!

The verb esse to be, as one would expect, is inflected in a non-regular manner: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt (I am, you are, he is, etc.).

Translate now and remember a few expressions! What forms are the verbs used here?

Noli accusare! Mittite! Es! Este! Noli esse captus! Nec tecum vivere possum, nec sine te. Rogo te, Luci Titi, petoque ad te! Credite mihi. Non credimus tibi. Isti libri tibi a me mittuntur. Noli dicere, si tacere debis. Divide et impera. Noli dicere quod nescis. Cognosce te ipsum. Da mihi veniam, si erro. Ne varietur. Probatum est. Ira non excusat delictum. Tantum scimus, quantum memoria tenemus. Commodium ex iniuria sua nemo habere debet. Credo. Veto. Absolvo. Condemno. In dubio abstine. Non licet. Dare, facere, praestare. Respondere, cavere, agere.

I think you will now easily translate the following texts. Read and identify the basic forms of nouns and verbs that appear in the text. The nouns you will encounter (with the exception of mulier) belong to the first two declension.

To facilitate translation, the texts of the first few sections are accompanied by a small glossary. When translating other texts, the meaning of unfamiliar Latin words must be checked in a dictionary. Also check the length and shortness of vowels, which you need to know to correctly pronounce words, in the dictionary.

Puĕri Romāni cum paedagōgis in scholam propĕrant. Paedagōgi viri docti, sed servi erant.

Puellae domi manent et mater eas domi laborāre, coquere, sed etiam cantāre, saltāre, legere, scribere et recitāre docet. Multae matrōnae et mulieres Romānae doctae erant.

Puĕros magister in schola legĕre, scribĕre et recitāre docet. Magister librum habet, puĕri tabŭlas et stilos tenent. Puĕri in tabŭlis sententias scribunt, deinde recǐtant.

Magister bonus pulchre recǐtare potest, puĕri libenter audiunt; magister malus male recǐtat: pueri dormiunt. Sed magister virgam habet et puĕras verbĕrat. Orbilium, Horatii poetae clari magistrum, sevērum esse dicunt. Ita Horatius Orbilium per iocum "plagōsum" dicit, nam saepe puĕris plagas dat. Discipŭli magistri verba memoriā tenent: "Discite, pueri! Non scholae, sed vitae discǐmus."

domi - at home

stilus, i – writing stick, style

teneo, tenui, tentum, tenēre – to hold

coquo, coxi, coctum, cocere – to cook, cook

mulier, mulieris, f. - woman

virga, ae, f. - rod, rod

verbĕro, verberavi, verberatum, verberāre – to beat

iocus, i – joke

plaga, ae – blow

De service Romanōrum

Latium in Italy est. Incŏlae Latii Latīni erant. Latium patria linguae Latīnae erat. Multae et pulchrae villae virōrum Romanōrum in Italia erant.

Romāni magnum numerum servōrum habent. Familia romāna ex dominis, liberis et servis constat. Servos Romani bellis sibi parant. Servi liberi non sunt, etiam filii servōrum servi esse debent. In villa opulenti viri multi servi laborant. Multi domini severi sunt, servos saepe vituperant et puniunt. Servi severos dominos non amant, sed timent. Recte etiam dictum est, inter dominum et servum nulla amicitia est. Cato, orator Romanōrum clarus, legere solet: Servus instrumentum vivum est.

Sed Graeci viri docti, qui servi Romanōrum erant, non in agri vel latifundiis laborāre debt. Multi servi docti paedagōgi, servi a libellis, bibliothecarii, librarii etiam vestiplici vestiplicaeque et ornartrices erant. Alii servi Graeci morbos curant, alii liberos Romanôrum educant et pueros grammāticam, philosophiam, litteras docent. Magistri Graeci de claris poetis Graecōrum, ut de Homēro et Hesiōdo, et de philosophis, ut de Platone et Democrito et Pythagore et alis viris doctis narrant. Liberi libros poetārum Graecōrum amant et saepe tragoedias et comoedias clarōrum poetārum legunt.

vitupero, -are, 1

soleo, solitus sum, solere, 2

servus a libellis

ornartrix, icis f

was, were

consist

deliver, extract

be in the habit of

book scribe

a slave or slave who looked after their masters' clothing

hairdresser slave

Topic three. Features of Latin syntax (simple sentence, place of adjective and predicate, passive constructions, cases, prepositions, etc.)

The construction of a Latin sentence differs from Russian in some features. In order to read and write Latin without errors, you need to remember a few simple rules.

First of all, the predicate verb, as a rule, stands at the very end of even a very long sentence. Always look for him there! The subject, as a rule, is at the beginning or closer to the beginning. To make sure of this, please look again at the texts that we have already read.

Further, personal pronouns are rarely used in Latin, so a sentence can consist of only one word: lego means I say. So be careful (audire debetis). If the predicate verb is in the first or second person, do not look for the subject. He's gone. If the verb is in the third person, then most likely you will find the subject in the form of a noun in the nominative case, but if it is not, then use a third person pronoun.

Adjectives and pronouns are placed (as in French) after the noun they refer to: amicus meus, vir doctus.

Many things can be expressed remarkably briefly in Latin. It is no coincidence that Latin maxims are so famous. True, the Russian language is almost as good as Latin. For example, a wedge knocked out with a wedge would be clavus clavo pellitur, or a camp fortified with a rampart - castra vallo munitur. Try saying this in German or English. The examples given are the so-called passive phrase. The instrument of action (wedge, shaft) is used here in the positive case (ablative) without a preposition. The actor is also used in the ablative, instrumental case (which corresponds here to the Russian instrumental), but with the preposition -a / -ab: castra a militibus vallo munitur the camp is fortified by soldiers with a rampart.

A very interesting phenomenon of Latin syntax is the so-called double accusative case. We have already encountered this turnover. Remember?

4th ed. - M.: 2009. - 352 p.

The textbook contains: grammatical material according to the program, designed for 120 hours of study time, and exercises for its mastery; texts by Latin authors; Latin-Russian dictionary, including vocabulary from textbook texts. Due to the specific nature of self-study, the book provides tests, methodological instructions and comments on the texts. The selection of texts meets the interests of a wide range of readers.

For students of humanities faculties.

Format: djvu

Size: 2.5MB

Download: drive.google

Format: pdf

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. Latin meaning 3
How the tutorial is built and what it teaches 8
What is grammar 10
Part I
Chapter 11
§ 1. Letters and their pronunciation (11). § 2. Vowel combinations (13).
§ 3. Combinations of consonants (14). § 4. Longitude and shortness of vowel sounds (quantity) (14). §5. Accent (15). Exercises (15).
II chapter 16
§ 6. Characteristics of the structure of the Latin language (16). § 7. Initial information about the noun (18). § 8.1 declination (20). § 9. Verb esse (to be) (22). § 10. Some syntactical remarks (22). Exercises (23).
III chapter 24
§eleven. Initial information about the verb (25). § 12. Characteristics of conjugations. General understanding of the dictionary (basic) forms of the verb (26). § 13. Basic (dictionary) forms of the verb (28). § 14. Praes-ensindicativiactivi. Imperativus praesentis activi (29). § 15. Negations of verbs (31). § 16. Preliminary explanations for the translation (32). Exercises (38).
Chapter IV 40
§ 17. Imperfectum indicativi activi (40). § 18. II declension. General remarks (41). § 19. Nouns of the II declension (42). §20. Phenomena common to the I and II declensions (43). § 21. Adjectives of I-II declensions (43). § 22. Possessive pronouns (45). § 23. Accusativus duplex (46). Exercises (46).
Chapter 47
§ 24. Futurum I indicativi activi (48). § 25. Demonstrative pronouns (49). § 26. Pronominal adjectives (51). § 27. Ablativus loci (52). Exercises(53).
Test 54
VI Chapter 56
§ 28. III declension. General information (57). § 29. Nouns of the III declension (59). § 30. Correlation of the forms of oblique cases with the form of the nominative case (60). § 31. Gender of nouns of III declension (62). § 32. Ablativus temporis (62). Exercises (63).
VII Chapter 64
§ 33. Adjectives of the III declension (64). § 34. Participium praesentis acti (66). § 35. Nouns of the III declension of the vowel type (67). Exercises (68).
Articles to read 69
Part II
Chapter VIII 74
§ 36. Passive voice. Form and meaning of verbs (74). § 37. The concept of active and passive constructions (76). § 38. Personal and reflexive pronouns (78). § 39. Features of the use of personal, reflexive and possessive pronouns (79). § 40. Some meanings of genetivus (80). Exercises (81).
Chapter IX 82
§41. Latin verb tense system (82). §42. The main types of formation of perfect and supine stems (83). § 43. Perfectum indicativi activi (84). § 44. Supinum and its word-formation role (86). § 45. Paraticipium perfecti passivi (87). § 46. Perfectum indicativi passivi (88). Exercises (89).
Chapter X 90
§ 47. Plusquamperfectum indicativi activi and passivi (91). § 48. Futurum II indicativi activi and passivi (92). § 49. Relative pronoun (93). § 50. The concept of complex sentences (94). § 51. Paraticipium futuri acti (95). Exercise (96).
Test 97
Chapter XI 99
§ 52. Verb esse with prefixes (99). § 53. Complex verb posse (101). § 54. Accusativus cum infinitivo (102). § 55. Pronouns in use ase. With. inf. (103). § 56. Infinitive forms (104). § 57. Definition in the text and methods of translating the expression ace. With. inf. (105). Exercises (107).
XII Chapter 108
§ 58. IV declension (109). § 59. Verba deponentia and semidepo-nentia (110). § 60. Nominativus cum infinitivo (112). § 61. Ablativus modi (113). Exercises (114).
Chapter XIII 115
§ 62. V declension (115). § 63. Dativus duplex (116). § 64. Demonstrative pronoun hie, haec, hoc (117). Exercises (117).
Chapter XIV 118
§ 65. Degrees of comparison of adjectives (119). § 66. Comparative degree (119). § 67. Superlatives (120). § 68. Formation of adverbs from adjectives. Degrees of comparison of adverbs (121). § 69. Supplemental degrees of comparison (122). Exercises (124)
Articles to read 125
Part III
Chapter XV 129
§ 70. Participial phrases (129). § 71. Ablativus absolutus (130). §72. Definition in the text and methods of translating the abl phrase. abs. (132). § 73. Ablativus absolutus without participle (133). Exercises (134).
Chapter 135
§ 74. Numerals (136). § 75. Use of numerals (137). § 76. Determinative pronoun idem (138). Exercise (138).
XVII Chapter 139
§ 77. Forms of the conjunctiva (139). § 78. Meanings of the subjunctive (142). § 79. Shades of the meaning of the subjunctive in independent sentences (143). § 80. Additional and targeted clauses (144). § 81. Subordinate clauses of the consequence (146). Exercises (147).
XVIII Chapter 148
§ 82. Forms of the conjunctive of the perfect group (149). § 83. Use of the perfect conjunctive in independent sentences (150). § 84. Consecutio temporum (150). §85. Subordinate clauses are temporary, causal and concessional (151). Exercises (153).
XIX Chapter 154
§ 86. Indirect question (154). Exercise (155).
Test 155
XX Chapter 159
§ 87. Conditional sentences (159). Exercise (160).
Chapter XXI 161
§ 88. Gerund and gerund (161). § 89. Use of the gerundive (162). § 90. Use of gerund (164). § 91. Signs of difference between gerund and gerund and comparison of their meanings with the infinitive (164). Exercises (165).
Part IV
Selected passages from the works of Latin authors
S. Iulius Caesar. Commentarii de bello Gallico 168
M. Tullius Cicero. Oratio in Catilinam prima 172
Cornelius Nepos. Marcus Porcius Cato 184
C. Plinius Caecilis Secundus Minor. Epistulae 189
Velleius Paterculus. Historiae Romanae libri duo 194
Eutropius. Breviarium historiae Romanae ab U. with 203
Antonius Possevinus. De rebus Moscoviticie 211
Alexander Gvagnus. Moscoviae descriptio 214
P. Virgilius Maro. Aeneis 224
Q. Horatis Flaccus. Carmen. Satira 230
Phaedrus. Fabulae 234
Pater Noster 237
Ave, Maria 237
Gaudeamus 238
Aphorisms, catchwords, abbreviations 240
Grammar reference
Phonetics 250
Morphology 250
I. Parts of speech (250). P. Nouns. A. Case endings (251). B. Regularities of declinations (252). B. Nominativus in III declension (252). D. Features of the declension of individual nouns (253). III. Adjectives and their degrees of comparison (254). IV. Numerals (254). V. Pronouns (257). VI. Verb. A. Formation of verb forms from three stems (259). B. Depositive and semi-depositive verbs (262). B. Insufficient verbs (262). D. Archaic verbs (outside conjugations) (262). VII. Adverbs (266). VIII. Prepositions (267). Simple Sentence Syntax 267
IX. Word order in a sentence (267). X. Use of cases (268). XI. Accusativus cum infinitivo (271). XII. Nominativus cum infinitivo (272). XIII. Ablativus absolutus (272). XIV. Gerundi-um. Gerundivum (272). XV. Meaning of conjunctiva (272).
Complex sentence syntax 273
XVI. Unions. A. Coordinating (most common) (273). B. Subordinating (most common) (274). XVII. Cons-secutio temporum (274). XVIII. Subordinate clauses (275). XIX. Determinative subordinate clauses (275). XX. Determinative sentences with adverbial meaning (276). XXI. Additional subordinate clauses (276). XXII. Subordinate clauses of purpose (276). XXIII. Subordinate clauses of consequence (277). XXIV. Temporary subordinate clauses (277). XXV. Causal subordinate clauses (278). XXVI. Concessive subordinate clauses (278). XXVII. Conditional clauses (279). XXVIII. Indirect question (279). XXIX. Indirect speech (279). XXX. Attractio modi (280). XXXI. Subordinate clauses with conjunctions ut, quum, quod (280).
Elements of word formation 282
Applications 287
About Roman names 287
About the Roman calendar 288
On Latin versification 292
About sheet music 293
About etymology and vocabulary 294
Key to tests 295
Latin-Russian dictionary 298