An adverb is an independent part of speech that does not change under any circumstances. There are several characteristic features of an adverb, each of which is described in detail in this article with examples. In addition, the grammatical features of the adverb and its syntactic role in the sentence are described here.

Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech, which means a sign and answers the questions: How? Where? Where? When? Where? How many? and others.

Depending on what part of speech the adverb belongs to, it can mean:

• Sign of action - an adverb adjoins a verb or gerund (learn by heart, read attentively, high putting, saying quiet) ;
• Attribute of an object - adjacent to a noun (path directly, at all child, dress inside out) ;
• A sign of another sign – adjoins an adjective, adverb, participle (enough fast, amazing Beautiful, Very Fine, doubled more, purchased yesterday made carefully) .

What do adverbs mean?

General meaning of the adverb– non-processual sign (that is, a sign that does not change over time). Highlight circumstances And definitive ranks of adverbs by meaning.

Table Examples of adverbs by meaning

Adverb categories		Adverb questions	Examples of adverbs
Circumstantial	Time	When? How long? Since when? How long?	in the morning, recently, always
	Places	Where? Where? Where?	at home, right, above
	Goals	For what? For what purpose? For what?	on purpose, specially, out of spite
	Causes	From what? Why?	involuntarily, rashly, blindly
Definitive	Quality	How?	fun, bold, fast
	Method and mode of action	How?	reverently, in a whisper, together
	Measures and degrees	How many? At what time? How long? To what extent?	little, three times, too much

Grammatical features of the adverb

An adverb in the Russian language is not inflected or conjugated (it does not change according to gender, number, or case, like other independent parts of speech). A constant morphological feature of adverbs is rank by meaning.

Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison: bad - worse - worst of all, loudly - less loudly - loudest of all, boldly - more boldly - boldest of all.

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Syntactic role of the adverb

In a sentence, an adverb is usually used as an adverb (Boy Fine knows the topic). Less likely to act as an inconsistent definition (Mom cooked an egg soft-boiled. We had a running competition race) .

The meaning of the adverb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of another sign, or (less often) a sign of an object. Question adverbs depends on the meaning it expresses.

Adverb can refer to a verb, adjective, adverb, noun and other parts of speech, for example: talk rudely, work silently, very sad, too strong, quite late, absolutely correct, horseback riding, just a baby etc.

Some adverbs They do not name the sign, but only point to it. These are pronominal adverbs here, there, so, then, therefore, therefore, therefore etc. For example: The shutter was half open, and therefore every little thing could be seen in the room (A. Kuprin).

The main feature of adverbs is their immutability. Adverbs do not decline or conjugate, do not form forms of gender and number.

Adverbs na-o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative: sadly- saddest, saddest of all; good - better, best of all; hot - hotter, hottest of all.

In a sentence adverbs most often act as adverbials of different types and the nominal part of a compound predicate. For example:

And for some reason the lights came on;

I was looking for you close, I caught you in the distance.

(Vyach. Ivanov)

Classes of adverbs by meaning

In my own way adverb meaning there are definitive And circumstantial.

Definitive adverbs can relate not only to a verb, but also to an adverb, a noun, a word of a state category, characterizing them from different sides. Among the defining adverbs the following are distinguished: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs image or method of action.

	Groups of qualifying adverbs and expressed meanings	Examples
	Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or evaluation of an action or attribute.	Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
	Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute.	A lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, three times, six times, very, very, completely, absolutely.
	Adverbs of manner and manner of action indicate the manner in which the action is performed.	Run, gallop, walk, swim, shuffle, idle, supine, for sure.

Circumstantial adverbs most often refer to a verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, reason for an action. Included in the circumstances adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of reason, 4) adverbs of purpose.

	Groups of adverbial adverbs and expressed meanings	Examples
	Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action takes place.	Far, close, back, from a distance, towards, from the side.
	Adverbs of time indicate the time at which an action is performed.	Yesterday, today, tomorrow, during the day, at night, in the morning, in the spring, sometimes, now.
	Adverbs of reason indicate the reason for an action.	In the heat of the moment, foolishly, drunk, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
	Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose of an action.	Specifically, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally.

Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributives adverbs. Then they go adverbs place and time. The composition adverbs the reasons and especially the goals are very few.

Pronominal adverbs

A special group among adverbs consists of pronominal adverbs, which, like pronouns, do not name features, but only indicate them, but, unlike pronouns, are unchangeable words.

Pronominal adverbs are divided into the following groups:

	Groups of pronominal adverbs	Examples
	Index fingers	There, there, from there, here, here, so, then, because, therefore, then
	Definitive	Always, sometimes, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere
	Interrogative-relative	How, where, where, where, whence, why, why, why
	Indefinite (formed from interrogative-relative)	Somehow, somehow, somehow, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, sometime, someday, someday, for some reason, for some reason and etc.
	Negative (formed from interrogative-relative)	No way, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, no time, no reason and etc.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs na-o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have the form comparative degree, which coincides with the shape comparative degree corresponding adjectives: become stupider, read worse, be bolder.

Some adverbs also have a superlative form -epshe, -ayshe, which is rarely used in modern language (obediently- most humbly, strictly- strictly), For example:

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen

Drive up to the capitals for the shot.

(A. Griboyedov)

In modern language the compound form is more common superlatives, which is a combination of two words - comparative adverb and pronouns all (total): run the fastest, fly the highest, understand best.

Morphological analysis of the adverb includes the identification of two constant features (rank by value and the presence of forms of degrees of comparison). The adverb has no unstable characteristics, since it is an unchangeable word. Adverbs are an extremely productive and difficult class of words to analyze.

As a constant sign of adverbs, the rank in meaning is indicated. For adverbs ending in -о, -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, the forms of degrees of comparison are indicated: comparative (looked more cheerful, spoke more clearly- more clear) and excellent (runs the fastest, sang the loudest).

Instead of characterizing non-permanent features, one should indicate: “unchangeable word.”

Scheme of morphological analysis of an adverb. I. Part of speech.

An adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, attribute, state, or rarely an object.

Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in –о/–е) and are adjacent to the verb: run fast; adjective: very fast; another adverb: very fast. In a sentence, an adverb usually occurs circumstance.

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw style coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as inconsistent definition.

Adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a gerund: look into the distance, come back in the evening.

Adverb means attribute of an object, if attached to a noun: soft-boiled egg, Warsaw style coffee.

Adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb: very good, too cold.

The classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.

Classification of adverbs by function

According to function, there are two categories of pronouns - significant and pronominal.

Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal adverbs indicate them, cf.: on the right - where, on the left - where, foolishly - why, out of spite - then, yesterday - then.

Pronominal adverbs can be divided into classes according to the classification of pronouns, for example:

there, there, then- index fingers;

where, where, why- interrogative-relative;

everywhere, everywhere- definitions, etc.

Classification of adverbs by meaning

There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - attributive and adverbial.

Definitive adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - its quality, quantity, method of execution:

very, beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot

and are divided into the following categories:

Qualitative, or mode of action ( How? How?): quickly, like that, together;
- quantitative, or measures and degrees ( To what extent? How much?): very, not at all, three times.

Adverbial adverbs name circumstances external to the action and are divided into the following categories:

Places ( Where? Where? Where?): on the right, up there;
- time ( When? How long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when;
- reasons (Why?): rashly, why, because;
- goals (Why? For what?): out of spite, why, then.

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs with –о/–е

Degrees of comparison of adverbs, like degrees of comparison of adjectives, indicate greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of manifestation of a characteristic. The structure of degrees of comparison of an adverb and an adjective is similar.

comparative adverbs denote a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic:

One action of a subject compared to another action of the same subject: “ Petya runs better than he jumps» .
- the action of one subject compared to the same action of another subject: “ Petya runs faster than Vasya» .
- at the action of the subject in comparison with the same action of this subject at another time: “ Petya runs faster than before» .
- the action of one subject compared to another action of another subject: “ A child runs slower than an adult walks» .

Like an adjective, the comparative degree of an adverb can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed as follows:
base of positive degree without –o (and without segments k/ok) \(+\) formative suffixes – her(s), –e, –she/–same:warm-ee, louder, early-deeper, deeper.

The simple comparative degree of an adverb differs from the simple comparative degree of an adjective in its syntactic function: an adverb is an adverb in a sentence: “ He jumped higher than his father» -

or the predicate of an impersonal sentence: “ It's getting warmer»;

and the adjective acts as the predicate of a two-part sentence: “ He is taller than his father» -

or as a definition: “ Give me a smaller plate» .

Compound comparative degree adverbs have the following structure:
elements more/less \(+\) positive degree:

"He jumped higher than his father".

Superlative indicates the highest/lowest degree of manifestation of the trait.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative comparison. The remainders of the simple comparative degree are presented only in phraseological units: I humbly thank you, I bow to you most humbly.

A compound superlative adverb is formed in two ways:

1) most/least \(+\) positive degree: « He jumped the highest."
2) simple comparative degree \(+\) of all/all: « He jumped the highest"; The difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is in the syntactic function of the adverbial, not the predicate two-part sentence.

Classes of adverbs by education

The correlation of adverbs with other parts of speech indicates their origin and method of formation.

Adverbs are correlative with names, pronouns and verbs. Replenishing themselves with other parts of speech, adverbs do not lose their semantic connection with them. For example, adverbs formed from nouns are associated with an objective meaning ( to the ground, on the side, Houses); adverbs formed from numerals - with the meaning of number ( twice, doubled, together); adverbs formed from adjectives - with the meaning of quality ( warm, Beautiful, kindly, gloomily); adverbs formed from verbs - with the meaning of action ( lying down, reluctantly, jokingly, immediately).

The process of formation of adverbs is long, and therefore the time of formation of adverbs does not coincide.

Adverbs formed from the names of nouns that have disappeared from the language are also early in formation, and the morphological correlation with the names of these adverbs is not lost (for example: to the ground, in a hurry, quietly, down the drain, smashing, with kondachka, with a panty), as well as from old forms of currently existing names (for example: serves it right, on right, left).

Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech that denotes a sign of action (breathesmooth, speak in English), sign ( Very Beautiful, incrediblehigh), sometimes an object (eggsoft-boiled, window wide open).

Syntax function

As part of a sentence, an adverb most often plays the role of circumstances (Boring stay home). Somewhat less often it can be part of a compound nominal predicate (You'll have to go home on foot).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs

Unlike other significant parts of speech, most adverbs do not change in any way. And only qualitative adverbs, i.e. those formed from qualitative adjectives and ending in -o and -a, have degrees of comparison. They are formed according to the same rules as degrees of comparison of adjectives:

often - more often - most often;

hot - hotter - hottest.

Such adverbs create certain difficulties when studying the grammar of the Russian language, since they are homonymous with adjectives in the form of the comparative degree, and sometimes they can be difficult to distinguish.

When determining the part of speech, in this case, you should pay attention to the function that the desired word performs in a phrase or sentence.

Everest higher than Elbrus. - adjective.

Planes fly higher than birds. – adverb.

Classification

Adverbs are divided into 2 classes according to what they do in a sentence functions:

- significant– those who name the sign ( loud, unbearable);

- pronominal– those that only indicate a sign, but do not name it ( then where). Adverbs of this type, in turn, have the same classification as pronouns: demonstrative ( there, from there); interrogative ( why, when, how), interrogative-relative ( everywhere, at all) etc.

Adverbs are also divided into groups depending on their values:

- course of action or quality– answer the questions: how? how? ( fun, slowly);

- measures and degrees or quantitative– how much? to what extent? ( twice, completely, barely);

- places- Where? Where? where? ( nearby, left, upstairs);

- time- When? how long? ( early, in the fall, at first);

- goals- For what? For what? ( necessary, on purpose);

- causes- Why? from what? ( in a hurry, foolishly).

Some adverbs can play the role of a predicate in impersonal sentences. Some researchers classify them as a special class - predicative adverbs.(In the mountains Cold. She was sad.)

Spelling features

Another distinctive feature of adverbs is that they are formed as a result of a transition from one part of speech to another, and often from a whole frozen phrase of a noun, adjective or pronoun in some form with a preposition or particle ( towards, In my, hugging, scattered). It is this unusual origin of adverbs from a combination of words that creates difficulties in determining the spelling: together, separately or with a hyphen.

Despite the fact that certain rules have developed in the language (for example, adverbs formed from an adjective with a preposition are written together ( scattered), and those formed with the help of particles are separated by a hyphen ( somehow)), there are many exceptions, that is, words whose spelling is determined not by rules, but by tradition ( openly, exactly the same and etc.)

Adverbs are an important part of the Russian language. They make our speech more precise, more expressive, and help us form succinct, “voluminous” statements.

Defining what an adverb is, at first glance, is not so simple. This category of words is too diverse in its origin and composition. If we can definitely say what is called a noun, adjective and verb, then adverbs do not have such clear features. For example, a noun answers the questions “Who?” So what?" - and it is clear that we are talking about the subject. But not everyone knows what question the adverb answers. After all, there are many of them, and each of them can be assigned, for example, to a combination of a noun with a preposition. This part of speech has one thing in common: in an extended sentence it plays the role of an adverbial circumstance and does not change.

How does adverbialization occur?

Adverbialization is the process of forming adverbs. It has always existed and still exists, and by looking at a specific word you can even find out how long ago it was formed. This part of speech can come from:

1. nouns with and without prepositions;
2. adjectives;
3. verbs and their derivative forms;
4. numerals;
5. pronouns.

Most often, you can identify the root, suffix and prefix of an adverb, and make sure that it has a living word-formation connection with other parts of speech. But the longer a word is used, the more it loses connection with the base, and sometimes this base is completely forgotten - only the adverb remains. Examples of words of this kind are commonly used:

here, how, so, when, where, then, there

It is unlikely that anyone will remember that these words come from demonstrative pronouns, one of which - this - is now practically not used. This also includes the words out, away, a little bit for which it is difficult to find a basis.

Adverbs derived from the case forms of nouns have also always been formed. Over time, the case itself could be lost or the standard ending of words in it could change, but the word remained:

at home, home, away, summer, autumn, morning, evening, night

Sometimes the noun had a preposition, and over time it turned into a prefix:

sideways, down, on the ground, to the side, behind, on top

In younger words, the preposition still stands separately:

in our hearts, in appearance, without refusal, at our side

Finally, these lexemes may have the same spelling as short adjectives and gerunds, and in order to distinguish them, a question should be asked. Examples:

He was reading the newspaper sitting in a chair and smoked.

He slept sitting.

Obviously, in the first case sitting- this is a gerund, on which there is even a dependent In the armchair; the question word for it will be “what are you doing?” But in the second case we are dealing with an adverb that answers the question “how?” Another case:

The morning was fresh gently and cool.

- How to hold it? - Gently! (c)

The first sentence contains short adjectives, the pronominal forms of which will sound like fresh, tender and cool. There is even a question in the second quote, so comments are unnecessary.

Thus, an adverb is a completely independent, but unchangeable part of speech.

Word formation models

An adverb can be obtained in all ways that exist in the Russian language, but one of these methods has an interesting feature. We are talking about a suffix. Often it turns into an ending, which is unthinkable for nouns and adjectives. So, there are several ways to form adverbs:

1. suffixal;
2. prefixal;
3. prefix-suffix;
4. addition;
5. transition to another part of speech;
6. a combination of the above.

You can try to combine data on word formation into a table, but it will not be completely complete and accurate.

way	from nouns	from adjectives and participles	from the verb	from the numeral	from pronoun	other adverbs
suffixal		good, bad, green, threatening, creative, gradual,	playfully, happily	thrice, twice, once		little, quietly, quietly, little
prefixal	sideways, up, down, over, over		reluctantly		in my opinion, why, because	not good, uncommon, not great
prefix-suffix	from above, to the top, from birth, from below, from time immemorial, ahead of time	minute by minute, second by second, slowly, simply, lower, like a wolf		alone, for the first time, at first, doubly, together, in two
addition	fool by fool, willy-nilly, in passing,	dry-dry, white-white, clean-clean
transition	at home, home, on horseback, around, summer, winter, morning, night, afternoon, evening		sitting, lying, standing and other gerunds; slightly - from the infinitive, almost - from the imperative mood
combination	from abroad, close at hand, at hand, in our hearts - a combination of a suffix with a preposition; half-heartedly - adding roots and prefixes	every minute, every second

Today, the most productive group of such lexemes is from adjectives and participles. This is due to the variety of suffixes and, accordingly, possible meanings of newly formed words. The largest group of those who have lost connection with the base are pronominals. Old case forms capture adverbs from nouns well.

Classification of adverbs

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an action, object or other characteristic. There are many ways to break adverbs into groups. Thus, pronominal and significant adverbs are distinguished. The former only point to an indefinite sign, while the latter name it. So, the first group includes: here, from there, somewhere, once etc., and to the second - everything that has a very specific meaning.

It's easy to guess that pronominal adverbs are derived from pronouns, and sometimes you need to think about distinguishing them. But most often this part of speech is classified according to what the adverb means. Based on this feature, they can be combined into several groups:

1. mode of action;
2. measures and degrees;
3. time;
4. places;
5. causes;
6. goals.

Which part of speech answers the questions: “how?”, “where?”, “when?”, “why?”, “why?” - all this is reflected in the above classification.

Modus operandi

These adverbs answer the question “how?” and “how?” Probably this group of adverbs is the most productive and extensive. They are most often formed from adjectives, less often from nouns. The wonderful thing about such words is that they can replace the entire sentence, characterizing the entire situation as a whole. Anyway, the words good, excellent, wonderful, bad, wonderful, disgusting can be the only word in a sentence, fulfilling the role of the subject, and also be included in the predicative basis as a component of a compound predicate.

It is also interesting that from adjectives such adverbs also inherited degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative, including those formed suppletive and by addition, as well as the whole set of suffixes, which allows us to give an accurate assessment of something. The list of such examples is large, here are the most striking examples:

Good, good, good, better, even better - from good

Much, more, even more, most - from big

High, higher, higher, highest - from high

Interesting combinations are obtained with the prefix By-:

quickly, nicely, quietly

The manner of action can be the canned instrumental case of a noun:

in chorus, on foot, running, swimming, following

Measure and degree

Sometimes it seems that such adverbs can be addressed with the question “how?”, but more often the appropriate questions would be “how much?”, “how much?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”, “how many times?” , “in what quantity?” and the like. This includes all adverbs derived from numerals, as well as those that quantitatively characterize another attribute. For example, adverbs three times, together, slightly, in half, barely, are more often used separately from others, such as: very, too, almost, four times give measure to another adverb. An example is the dialogue:

- Allow me to report, Khristofor Bonifatievich! In my opinion, it's tobacco!

- Absolutely fair! Light up, guys! (c)

Adverb absolutely usually used this way; it explains another sign, gives it an assessment.

Sign of the times

The main question here is “when?”, but sometimes it can be replaced with “since when?”, “until when?”, “how long?” and even “how long?” They can express:

• Times of Day: morning, evening, afternoon, night, next morning, after midnight;
• season: autumn, winter, summer, spring;
• attitude to the current moment: yesterday, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the day before, the day before, the day before, now;
• more or less extended time periods: always, before, sometimes, for a long time, before.

Such adverbs come from other adverbs or nouns; often they contain former prepositions that have become prefixes. The origin of some can no longer be determined, so to speak, with the naked eye. Eg, sometimes, always, then came from the word year.

Scene

These are words that answer the questions “where?”, “where to?” and where?". Almost all of them come from nouns, less often from pronouns and adjectives. Very often they were words placed in the locative case, the function of which in modern Russian was taken over by the prepositional case. Some words have still not lost their connection with the noun. For example, forest, field, road, side, far, near, home, at home, back, left, right, down, up; others have long existed on their own: here, here, there, everywhere, everywhere, around.

Sometimes such adverbs can be easily confused with nouns, pronouns and even prepositions, and this issue is worth considering separately.

Reason meaning

Such adverbs answer the questions “why?”, “why?”, “for what reason?”. Very often they begin with the prefix s-: blindly, drunk, foolishly, sleepily, in the heat of the moment, for a reason; and also with negative not: involuntarily, inadvertently; finally, some lexemes from this category finally lead to the idea that such adverbs are more like so-called “excuses”: in a hurry, because, because, in a hurry, not without reason, for some reason.

They are most often confused with unions.

Purpose of action

They indicate the original purpose of the action, and not how it was explained later. These words answer the question “why?” There are not many examples of such words: n a show, out of spite, on purpose, intentionally, in defiance, as a joke, deliberately, on purpose.

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between adverbs of purpose and reason. It all depends on how conscious the goal was. In addition, individual adverbs can answer the questions “how?” and for what?" depending on the context. You don’t have to look far for examples: specially you need to edit the text for it(How?); he did it specially (For what?). It is enough to choose synonyms for the word specially. In the first case, it would be best to exclusively, and in the second - intentionally.

This line between meanings is quite thin, not only here. It also exists between other categories of adverbs. Various experts give more detailed classifications of meanings, dividing them into two large groups - attributive and adverbial, within which smaller subgroups are contained. A number of linguists do not distinguish a group of pronominal adverbs, referring them entirely to pronouns.

Some traps

Sometimes an adverb can be confused with a noun, adjective, preposition, conjunction, or even a verb form. There are a number of ways to help determine this part of speech in a sentence. It is worth mentioning some of them.

Several examples can be taken to illustrate this. The man was walking forest. AND ateliers enjoy forest for picking mushrooms and berries.

In the first case, the question “with what?” arises, but it would be much more appropriate to ask “where?”, since the instrumental case without a preposition in this case does not fulfill its function - instrumental. But in the second sentence forest- exactly a noun. Dish Fine cooked.It Fine and prettier.

A simple replacement of the gender of the subject in the first case produces in the word Fine adverb (it is unchangeable) - the food is well prepared. But in the second case, along with the gender of the pronoun, the gender of the adjective will also change (adjectives are always mutable) - she is good and pretty. The grammatical structure of the Russian language helps a lot in such cases.

The chair is standing near student.Walks around here yeah near.

It is obvious that in the second sentence by the word near the question “where?” is asked, and in the first nothing is asked: this is a preposition that in itself means nothing, and acquires meaning together with the word student.

You Bye you don't know anything.Bye If you don't do your homework, you won't get food. In the first case the word Bye can be replaced with words still, still- that is, this is a typical circumstance of the time. In the second sentence, no question can be asked about the word, but the sentence can be rephrased with another conjunction: If won't do your homework That you won't get anything to eat.

It is worth paying attention to this issue, if only because it often affects the spelling of a word. Usually it does not present any difficulties, but sometimes the spelling is worth just remembering or adding to some mini-dictionary - there are plenty of exceptions among the adverbs.