Medical waste is generated as a result of the activities of various healthcare institutions in the process of performing preventive, health-improving and other procedures. Since raw materials may come into contact with contaminated blood and secretions, such waste is classified as hazard class “B” and is recognized as epidemiologically dangerous.

When is it necessary to dispose of used syringes?

As a result of activities medical organizations There is often a need to collect and remove needles used for vaccination.

Also, such waste may belong to class “B” if it was used for treatment infectious diseases posing a clear threat to public health. The following companies use the needle and syringe disposal service:

• hospitals,
• clinics,
• health centers,
• sanatoriums and health centers,
• and other organizations, including veterinary clinics.

How is disposable syringes and needles disposed of?

All work on the neutralization and destruction of raw materials can be carried out exclusively by those organizations that have received the appropriate license from local sanitary control authorities. In this case, the company must have all the necessary equipment and have a staff of qualified employees.

The work is carried out in several stages:

• collection of material, during which the syringes are disassembled using needle cutters and needle pullers; it is strictly forbidden to perform this operation manually;

• carrying out disinfection in case of working with less hazardous material using autoclaving;
• packaging in sealed containers, marked in accordance with the hazard class. (all containers must have sufficient strength and heat resistance, personnel involved in collecting raw materials must have special protective clothing and rubber gloves);
• removal and transportation to the place of destruction;
• direct disposal of syringes.

All of the above work is carried out in accordance with the adopted legislation and is regulated by established standards (SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99 “Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste from medical institutions”).

To destroy the neutralized material, crushers and mills are used, converting the raw material into a homogeneous mass of small fractions.

How is disposable syringes disposed of?

There are several ways to process hazardous medical raw materials:

• burial in a special landfill equipped with anti-filtration screens;
• warehousing and storage in specially designated areas is carried out only after mandatory disinfection;
• burning in various ways.

The safest are combustion in special incinerator furnaces and plasma installations. They also often resort to pyrolysis - the oxygen-free decomposition of raw materials at extremely high temperatures.

Fast and inexpensive disposal of single-use syringes from the EKOUMVELT company

The EKOUMVELT company collects, removes and disposes of waste of various hazard categories in the shortest possible time. We work promptly with any requests, while strictly complying with the sanitary and environmental standards established by law.

We provide all the necessary documentation regarding waste disposal, and also, if necessary, take photos and videos.

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REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION, DESTRUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF SINGLE-USE INJECTION SYRINGES - METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS - MU... Relevant in 2018

4. Requirements for the collection and disinfection of single-use injection syringes

4.1. Single-use injection syringes are medical devices that provide injection and therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. After use, syringes are hazardous (class B) or extremely hazardous (class B) waste from healthcare facilities due to their contamination with infected or potentially infected biological fluids.

Using this method disinfection, after separating the needle, the bodies and pistons of the syringes are placed in a disposable bag, attached to a disposable container (container) or trolley stand and intended for collecting waste with color and text markings corresponding to hazard classes B and C. When the bag is filled to 3/4 of its volume, it is sealed and delivered via a trolley stand directly to the disinfection site.

MU 3.1.2313-08

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

3.1. PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Requirements for the disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes

Date of introduction: from the moment of approval

1. DEVELOPED by: Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (G.F. Lazikova, A.A. Melnikova); Federal State Health Institution Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor (A.A. Yasinsky, E.A. Kotova, N.Z. Osipova); Main military clinical hospital named after. N.N. Burdenko (V.G. Akimkin); FSUE "Irkutsk Disinfection Station" (P.S. Oparin); GOU DPO "Ural State medical Academy additional education" (N.P. Efremova); Federal State Institution "Central Research Institute of Epidemiology" of Rospotrebnadzor (I.V. Mikheeva), taking into account the suggestions and comments of the Federal State Institution Research Institute of Disinfectology, Moscow Department of Health, bodies and institutions of Rospotrebnadzor in Moscow, Ryazan , Moscow, Oryol regions.

2. RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL by the Commission on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Standards under the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Minutes No. 3 of December 6, 2007).

3. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head Federal service for supervision in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being G.G. Onishcheiko January 15, 2008.

4. INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME.

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

1.1. These guidelines (MU) are intended for all medical and preventive institutions (HCI), organizations, enterprises, regardless of departmental affiliation and forms of ownership, that use single-use injection syringes in sterile original packaging; engaged in the collection, transportation, disinfection, destruction and disposal of syringes, design and operation of plants for processing single-use injection syringes made of plastic; as well as for institutions supervising the provision of medical care, immunoprophylaxis, and compliance with the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime in health care facilities.

1.2. The guidelines set out requirements aimed at organizing the work of a medical institution for the collection, storage, disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes, reducing the risk of infection of medical personnel while performing their official duties, and implementing basic safety rules when handling used injection syringes. single use, as well as procedures for emergency situations.

1.3. The requirements of the instructions are aimed at protecting the health of medical personnel, personnel of organizations involved in the collection, transportation, disinfection, destruction and disposal of used single-use injection syringes, as well as ensuring environmental protection when carrying out diagnostic and treatment procedures in medical institutions.

2. Normative references

2.1. Federal Law dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" as amended from August 22, 2004 N 122-FZ.

2.2. Federal Law of September 17, 1998 N 157-FZ "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases".

2.3. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens dated July 22, 1993 N 5487-1.

2.4. Federal Law of 08.08.01 N 128-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities".

2.5. OST 4221-2-85 "Sterilization and disinfection of products medical purposes. Methods. Facilities. Modes".

2.6. SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99

2.7. SP 1.1.1058-01 "Organization and conduct of production control over compliance with sanitary rules and implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures."

2.8. SanPiN 2.1.3.1375-03 " Hygienic requirements to the placement, arrangement, equipment and operation of hospitals, maternity hospitals and other medical hospitals."

2.9. SP 3.5.1378-03 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization and implementation of disinfection activities."

2.11. "Guidelines for disinfection, pre-sterilization cleaning and sterilization of medical devices" dated December 30, 1998 N MU-287-113.

2.12. Instructions for the collection, storage and delivery of scrap medical devices for single use (approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on September 24, 1989).

3. General provisions

3.1. In order to prevent the spread of human infectious diseases and eliminate the possibility of infection of medical personnel, it is necessary to promptly and fully carry out preventive measures provided for by sanitary rules, incl. disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes.

3.2. Single-use injection syringes made of plastic, used in medical institutions for injections (manipulations), after therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are classified as medical waste, potentially dangerous in relation to the spread of infectious diseases, and are medical waste of classes B and C.

3.3. Measures for disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules and other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation in all medical and preventive institutions, regardless of their profile.

3.4. Monitoring compliance with measures for disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes, and the quality of their disinfection is included in the program (plan) of production control of health care facilities.

4. Requirements for the collection and disinfection of single-use injection syringes

4.1. Single-use injection syringes are medical devices that provide injection and therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. After use, the syringes are dangerous (class B) or extremely dangerous (class B) waste from healthcare facilities due to contamination with infected or potentially infected biological fluids.

4.2. Single use injection syringes reuse are not suitable for injections.

4.3. Collection, disinfection, temporary storage, transportation, destruction and disposal of used single-use injection syringes are carried out in accordance with the “Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste from medical institutions” (SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99).

4.4. To disinfect single-use injection syringes, chemical and physical methods are recommended.

4.4.1. Chemical method of disinfection.

4.4.1.1. To disinfect used single-use injection syringes using a chemical method, a disinfectant solution is first prepared and poured into two special labeled containers with lids: “Container for disinfecting needles” and “Container for disinfecting syringes.” A needle remover can be used as a “Container for disinfecting needles” when filled with a disinfectant solution. The needle remover is a hard, puncture-proof, disposable plastic container that has a lid with a specially configured hole suitable for removing needles from syringes of different diameters. The “container for disinfecting syringes” must be equipped with a perforated tray and pressure.

4.4.1.2. After the injection (manipulation), the medical worker, without covering the needle with a cap, performs separate disinfection of the used needle and syringe using a chemical disinfection method, for which he draws a disinfectant solution from the “Container for disinfecting syringes” into the syringe using a piston. Then the medical worker disconnects the needle from the syringe in one of the following ways, depending on the availability of special devices in the medical institution:

removing the needle using a needle puller;

needle cutting using a needle cutter with an integrated puncture-proof needle container;

destruction of the needle using a needle destructor - a device for burning needles by exposure to high temperature.

4.4.1.3. After disconnecting the needle, the syringe body with the piston is placed in a container with a disinfectant solution, marked “for disinfecting syringes,” and the required exposure time is maintained according to the instructions for use of the disinfectant used. Then the disinfectant solution is released from the syringe body using a piston, after which the disinfected pistons and syringe bodies are placed in a bag attached to a trolley stand, or a disposable container with color marking corresponding to class B or C medical waste. Capacity (bag, container) after filling the volume, they are packaged, placed in a mini-container with color markings corresponding to the class of medical waste, and stored in a room for temporary storage of medical waste until the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.

When the needle stripper is filled with needles to the volume and the required disinfection exposure time is observed, the solution is carefully drained, the container is closed with a lid, placed in a mini-container with color markings corresponding to the class of medical waste, and stored in a room for temporary storage of medical waste until the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of neutralization or disposal.

4.4.1.4. If the medical institution does not have devices for removing, cutting off or destroying needles (needle pullers, needle cutters, needle destructors), separation of the needle from the syringe should be carried out only after disinfecting the syringe with the needle. Disinfection is carried out by withdrawing the disinfectant solution through a needle into the syringe and immersing the syringe with the needle in the “Containers for disinfecting syringes” with a disinfectant solution for the required exposure time.

After the end of the disinfection time, the needle is separated from the syringe using tweezers and placed in a solid package (puncture-resistant sealed container for single use) in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99 "Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste from medical institutions."

The disinfectant solution is released from the syringes using a piston, then they are placed in a bag mounted on a trolley stand, or a disposable container with color markings corresponding to class B or C medical waste. The container (bag, container), after filling to volume, is packed and placed in a mini-container with color markings corresponding to the class of medical waste, and stored in a room for temporary storage of medical waste until the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.

4.4.1.5. To disinfect single-use injection syringes, use disinfectants that have a certificate of state registration, a certificate of conformity and guidelines (instructions) for their use. The concentration of the disinfectant and the exposure time are determined in accordance with the guidelines (instructions) for its use, taking into account the regime effective against pathogens of infectious diseases that the healthcare institution is focused on, and the regimes recommended for the disinfection of medical devices for viral infections.

The disinfectant solution in containers is changed at the end of the work shift. The frequency of changing the solution in containers can be determined in accordance with the guidelines (instructions) for using the disinfectant.

The container for storing the disinfectant solution must indicate its name, concentration, purpose and date of preparation (for ready-to-use products approved for repeated use, indicate the start date of use).

4.4.2.Physical methods of disinfection.

4.4.2.1. Method for disinfecting single-use injection syringes saturated water vapor in steam sterilizers (autoclaves) used in accordance with the "Guidelines for disinfection, pre-sterilization cleaning and sterilization of medical devices" dated December 30, 1998 N MU-287-113 and the "Instructions for the collection, storage and delivery of scrap medical devices of single use", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on September 24, 1989 .

When using this disinfection method, the syringe bodies and pistons are placed in a special, vapor-permeable, disposable bag that is resistant to high temperatures and intended for sterilization of medical products. This bag is secured on a trolley rack inside a disposable bag intended for collecting waste with color and text markings corresponding to hazard classes B and C, or placed on a disposable container (container with a lid) with color and text markings corresponding to waste class B and C .

After filling the bag by volume, it is sealed and delivered in a container (container) with a closed lid or in a bag intended for collecting medical waste of the appropriate color marking, using a trolley stand to the disinfection site.

After delivery to the disinfection site, a vapor-permeable bag with syringes without needles is removed from the container (container) or outer bag intended for collection, transportation and temporary storage of waste of classes B and C, placed in an autoclave and kept at a temperature of 121 ° C for 30 minutes.
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In order to prevent the spread of human infectious diseases and eliminate the possibility of infection of medical personnel, it is necessary to promptly and fully carry out preventive measures provided for by sanitary rules, incl. disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes.

Single-use injection syringes made of plastic, used in medical institutions for injections (manipulations), after therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are classified as medical waste, potentially dangerous in relation to the spread of infectious diseases, and are medical waste of classes B and C.

Chemical method for disinfecting single-use syringes

To disinfect used single-use injection syringes using a chemical method, a disinfectant solution is first prepared, which is poured into two special labeled containers with lids: “Container for disinfecting needles” and “Container for disinfecting syringes.”

After the injection (manipulation), the medical worker, without covering the needle with a cap, carries out separate disinfection of the used needle and syringe using a chemical disinfection method, for subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.

Disinfectants are used to disinfect single-use injection syringes.

Treatment room

The treatment room is a necessary link in the provision of qualified diagnostic and therapeutic care.

In the treatment room, injections, transfusions and a number of other manipulations are performed that require strict adherence to asepsis. The procedural nurse, by venipuncture, takes blood for biochemical studies, determining the Rh factor and conducting an individual compatibility test; fills out the relevant documentation, performs subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, prepares systems for intravenous infusions.

List of instructional materials for the treatment room

* Orders, instructions letters from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, local administrations regulating the activities of the nurse in the treatment room.

Professional job description.

List of treatment room documentation.

List of equipment, treatment room equipment.

List of medications required to provide emergency assistance.

List of medications, list of measures taken for anaphylactic shock.

Scroll medicines, expiration dates.

Instructions for storing drugs.

List of medicines stored in the refrigerator, the sequence of their placement.

Technique for collecting blood for laboratory research.

Methodology for testing for occult blood.

Procedure for working with blood.

Blood transfusion technique.

Procedure for cleaning tools after use.

A set of anti-epidemic measures to prevent HIV/AIDS and hepatitis in the treatment room.

Precautionary measures when working with disinfectants and detergents.

Treatment room cleaning schedule.

Cleaning the treatment room

Daily in the treatment and vaccination rooms, double wet cleaning is carried out using chlorine-containing and detergents, followed by twice daily quartz treatment for one hour each with bactericidal lamps OBN-150 installed in the room. Also, if necessary, post-manipulation and final cleaning are carried out, which are carried out using 0.6% calcium hypochlorite. All surfaces and walls are treated twice with an interval of 15 minutes.

spring-cleaning carried out once every seven days with a 6% solution of hydrogen peroxide and a 0.5% washing solution. On the day of cleaning, the refrigerator is defrosted, the furniture is moved away from the walls. The ceiling is washed in one direction, then the walls from the door from left to right and from top to bottom. Windows and radiators are washed, then furniture inside, outside, from top to bottom. The floor is washed to the threshold. The wet surface is moistened with a 1% calcium hypochlorite solution. The refrigerator is wiped with a 2% acetic acid solution. The quartz is turned on for one hour. The room is closing. After an hour, the room is ventilated using a clean rag. running water The disinfectant solution is washed off in the same sequence and quartzing is repeated for one hour. After an hour, the room is ventilated and the furniture is placed in its place. An entry is made in the general cleaning notebook.

After cleaning, the rags are soaked in a 0.6% solution of calcium hypochlorite for one hour, then rinsed in running water, dried and stored in a clean, dry container. Mops and the outer surfaces of containers are treated twice with an interval of 15 minutes with a 0.6% solution of calcium hypochlorite from top to bottom.

Intravenous injections. Complications. Care of peripheral and central catheters.

Venipuncture

Venipuncture (Latin vena - vein, punctio - injection, puncture) - percutaneous insertion of a hollow needle into the lumen of a vein for the purpose of intravenous administration of medications, blood transfusions and blood substitutes, blood extraction (for taking blood for analysis, as well as bloodletting - extracting 200- 400 ml of blood according to indications).

For intravenous injections, the veins of the elbow, the back of the hand are used, and in infants - the veins of the scalp. For puncture, conventional injection needles, butterfly needles and peripheral catheters are used.

Required equipment:

sterile syringe tray,

disposable syringe with a 10 cm long needle,

ampoule (bottle) with a solution of a medicinal substance,

70% alcohol solution,

pack with sterile material (cotton balls, swabs),

sterile tweezers,

tray for used syringes,

sterile mask, gloves,

anti-shock kit,

container with disinfectant solution.

Procedure to complete:

7
. Invite the patient to “work with your fist” - clench and unclench your fist several times to ensure good filling of the vein. 8. Invite the patient to clench his fist and not unclench it until resolved; At the same time, treat the skin in the area of ​​the elbow twice with cotton balls moistened with a 70% alcohol solution, in one direction - from top to bottom, first wide (the size of the injection field is 4 * 8 cm), then with a second cotton ball - directly at the puncture site.

9. Find the most filled vein, then use the fingertips of your left hand to pull the skin of the elbow toward the forearm approximately 5 cm below the injection point and fix the vein (but do not pinch it).

10. Take the syringe with the needle prepared for puncture in your right hand.

11. Perform venipuncture: holding the needle with the cut up at an angle of 30°, insert the needle under the skin,

h
then, reducing the angle of inclination and holding the needle almost parallel to the skin surface, move the needle a little along the vein and insert it a third of the length into the vein (with the appropriate skill, you can simultaneously pierce the skin above the vein and the wall of the vein itself); When a vein is punctured, there is a feeling of the needle entering a void. 12. Make sure that the needle is in the vein by slightly pulling the needle plunger towards you, and blood should appear in the syringe.

13. Remove the tourniquet and ask the patient to unclench his fist.

14. Slowly inject the medicine - not all the way to the stop of the syringe piston, leaving air bubbles in the syringe.

15. With your left hand, apply a cotton ball with alcohol to the puncture site, right hand remove the needle from the vein.

16. Bend the patient’s arm at the elbow joint for several minutes until the bleeding stops completely.

17. Place used syringes and needles in a tray; Place used cotton balls in a container with a disinfectant solution.

18. Remove gloves and wash your hands.

If long-term intravenous infusion is expected, the needle or catheter is fixed to the dried skin with an adhesive tape. If the patient is unconscious or in a state of medicated sleep, the arm is fixed with a soft loop to the bed. In children, you can use hand fixation using an improvised splint or a splint made of thermoplastic material “Polivik”. If puncture or catheterization of a peripheral vein is performed correctly, infusion into it is a very effective and fairly safe way of administering drugs.

Intravenous infusions

Infusion, or infusion (Latin infusio - infusion), is the parenteral administration of a large volume of liquid into the body. Intravenous drip infusion to restore bcc, detoxify the body, normalize metabolic processes in the body, and maintain the vital functions of the body. The preparation (priming) of the system for drip infusion is carried out in the treatment room, and the infusion is carried out in the ward; in this case, the patient should be in a comfortable (horizontal) position.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5

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Depending on the hazard class, the medical institution carries out disinfection and sterilization of medical instruments, confirmed by reports and relevant documentation. For 5 years now, the Russian Federation has had new sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations regarding medical waste, which includes syringes.

According to the document, there are 5 hazard classes of medical waste. Syringes, as equipment in contact with body fluids, belong to class "B" - dangerous in epidemic terms, or to class "B" - especially dangerous if used to treat infections representing serious threat for the population.

Requirements for recycling activities

Administration medical institutions approves instructions according to which the employees responsible for the processing and destruction of used disposable syringes are determined.

The instructions must include:

• The allocation of separate containers for transporting waste of different classes, since mixing them in one container is not allowed.
• Ways to move used syringes to sterilizing devices, places of temporary storage and destruction
• Unloading and loading, use of mechanical equipment - trolleys, electric lifts, conveyors and other machines
• Instructing persons responsible for disinfection and disposal of used syringes.

The instructions are drawn up taking into account the current rules and regulations and are signed by the chief physician of the medical institution.

Scheme for handling used syringes

The scheme for working with recycling material indicates:

• Composition, quality and quantity
• Containers for storage and removal of tools, sealed bags, single-use and reusable containers.
• The procedure for collecting used instruments from treatment rooms, operating rooms and other departments.
• Methods for disinfecting syringes of different hazard classes, their removal and disposal
• The procedure for personnel to act in case of violation of the seal of the packaging and spillage of used instruments, as well as in emergency situations - damage to fingers from used needles, etc.
• Regulations for training employees on safety rules when working with materials to be disposed of.

Who can recycle

Medical personnel over 18 years of age are allowed to work with used syringes. All of them are required to undergo routine medical examinations and be vaccinated, in accordance with the procedure for vaccination of medical employees. Persons who have not been immunized against serum hepatitis are not allowed to work on disinfection and transportation of used instruments.

Personnel responsible for the storage and removal of instruments are required to undergo regular training on compliance with safety measures. When working medical workers must be equipped with overalls and footwear, which are stored in separate closets. Workwear is washed in the laundries of a medical institution; it is unacceptable to take it home.

When working with waste material of class “B”, personnel are required to protect their respiratory organs with masks.

Collection of used tools

Disinfection of medical instruments is applicable for devices that belong to class “B” waste. For this, various methods are used - soaking in disinfectant solutions, sterilization with microwave rays, dry and wet steam. They are then collected into puncture-proof, durable bags. yellow color or equipped with a yellow marking, which corresponds to class “B”. Liter bags contain 20 assembled syringes.

Collection scheme

You can use reusable waterproof containers with a tight-fitting lid for collection. There are containers of 5 and 10 liters, which can hold 100 - 200 used syringes. Containers are filled to three quarters or to the top, covered with a lid and sealed taking into account the color of the corresponding class.

The instrumentation is folded unassembled, or the needles are pre-separated using needle pullers, needle destructors or needle cutters. It is unacceptable to separate them manually. Needles are placed in sealed containers, and syringes in heat-resistant plastic bags.

Tools of hazard class “B” are placed in containers marked in red. It is prohibited to pour devices from one container to another, compact them, or load needles into soft disposable packaging.

In places where disinfection and collection of used syringes is carried out, microbiological control of the quality of processing is carried out at least once a year and air samples are taken for the content of volatile toxins.

Disinfection and all stages of collection and transportation of instruments are subject to documentation. The regulations are prescribed in the adopted SanPiN.

After collection

After collection, used syringes and needles are sent to storage areas, from where they are then transported to a disposal site.

For removal, special vehicles with a closed body are used. According to the export regulations, the vehicle is filled with bags and containers with medical waste and transports them to the disposal site. After the procedure, the car is disinfected.

Disposal of tools

The problem of waste disposal from medical institutions in Russia is very acute. Syringes make up about 2% of all waste to be disposed of. In large cities, hundreds of tons of disposable syringes are produced annually.

Currently, there are two schemes for their destruction in the Russian Federation - liquidation and recycling.

Elimination methods include:

1. Disposal at a landfill that is specially designated for medical solid waste
2. Storage at the landfill after disinfection
3. Combustion in high temperature furnaces
4. Autoclaving

At landfills, the volume of solid waste is reduced by pressing in special installations. The first two methods are acceptable only for syringes and needles belonging to hazard class “B”. Epidemiologically hazardous instruments must be burned.

Burning

Disposal in the form of incineration is carried out in several ways. The most common is using incinerators - special high-temperature furnaces. Despite all their advantages, incinerators are sources of dioxins, carcinogenic substances, and pollute environment mercury compounds and neurotoxins that destroy nervous system. Ash from incinerators is also toxic and poses a risk of leaching toxins into aquifers.

A more environmentally friendly way is combustion in a plasma furnace. The principle of its operation allows you to safely destroy syringes and needles. The smoke generated during combustion passes through the slag layer, where it is neutralized and partially dissolved. Then it enters a special chamber, where it undergoes 5-stage purification, and then is released into the atmosphere. The plasma furnace operates on the territory of the capital’s 1st Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital.

Pyrolysis is a two-stage combustion, which involves the preliminary decomposition of waste in an oxygen-free environment and its afterburning in a chamber to safe fractions.

Sterilization

In Russia, units that combine two functions – a chopper and a sterilizer – are gaining popularity. Used disposable syringes of hazard classes “B” and “C” are loaded into such an autoclave. They are crushed and sent to be sterilized with hot steam under high pressure. After the procedure, sterile Class A waste is transported to a landfill and buried.

Disposal methods and disinfection involve the processing of polymer materials into secondary raw materials. The algorithm of actions is quite long. Disassembled instruments are first sent for preliminary cleaning, then they are crushed, washed, dried, granulated and sent to a secondary raw materials plant. The disposal and disinfection method is environmentally friendly - no harmful substances are formed during the processing process and it is economically feasible. Today it is being improved to become widespread. The biggest disadvantage of the recycling method is the need for sorting, since the body, piston and needle holder consist of different types plastic polymers.

Today, scientists around the world are busy with the problem of creating biodegradable polymers. After disinfection, such syringes will decompose in solid waste landfills to safe fractions. As for the instruments currently in use, it is necessary to be guided by the requirement for disinfection, destruction and disposal of syringes and other items.