Type:

Class:

Squad:

Bats - Chiroptera

Systematic position

The smooth-nosed family - Vespertilionidae.

Status

3 "Rare" - 3, RD.

Global population endangered category on the IUCN Red List

"Low Risk / Least Concern" - Lower Risk / Least Concern, LR/lc ver. 2.3 (1994).

Category according to IUCN Red List criteria

The regional population is categorized as Near Threatened, NT. S. V. Gazaryan.

Belonging to the objects of action of international agreements and conventions ratified by the Russian Federation

Do not belong.

Brief morphological description

The sizes are small. Body length 34–49 mm, tail 30–46 mm, ear 11–15.5 mm, forearm 31–37 mm. Weight 3–9 g. Ear with a retracted apex, extended forward, protrudes beyond the tip of the nose, with a noticeable notch on its outer edge; 4-5 transverse folds. On the upper and lower jaws, the first small premolars are noticeably higher than the second. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The foot is small. Wool of medium length, slightly wavy; coloration of the upper side of the body from dark to light brown, without gloss, lower body ♂
light gray; the end of the muzzle is dark. In adults, the penis is without thickening in the lower part.

Spreading

In connection with the isolation of several new species that were previously part of M. mystacinus, its current distribution needs to be clarified. The global range of the whiskered bat in the former sense of this species (including the golden bat M. aurascens) covered the whole of Europe south of the 60th parallel, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Western and Central Asia, the Himalayas, Siberia to Transbaikalia, Mongolia and China. The picture of the distribution of the bat bat proper needs to be clarified both within the entire range and in the Russian Federation. The subspecies M. mystacinus caucasicus Tsytsulina, 2000 is described from the Caucasus. The regional range includes mountains and foothills on the territory of the region. The extreme western find in KK belongs to Gelendzhik, the northern boundary of distribution runs along the wooded slopes of the mountainous part of the region.

Features of biology and ecology

Sedentary species, closely associated with woody vegetation and forest landscapes. When choosing habitats, it prefers uncut oak and beech forests. It hunts in open spaces - under the crowns of tall forests, on edges, clearings, forest roads, over meadows and river banks. The feeding grounds of one individual are 20–35 hectares and are usually located at a distance of no more than 1 km from the shelter. Summer shelters - in hollows or under the bark of trees, as well as in human buildings. Brood colonies up to several dozen ♀
, in a brood usually one cub. Summer and barren ♂
♀
live separately, often staying in wintering shelters. Wintering takes place in caves and other dungeons. In the Caucasus, the places of mass wintering are unknown, only individual animals were found in the caves.

Numbers and trends

The abundance of this species is quite high in the KGPBZ and its environs, and is rare in other parts of the region.

Limiting factors

Reduction of the range and area of ​​habitats due to cutting down of massifs of primary forests and old hollow trees. Reducing the number of caves - winter shelters due to anxiety during their uncontrolled visitation by tourists, arrangement and operation for excursion purposes, archaeological sites. The use of pesticides in agriculture and forestry, the treatment of wooden structures with insecticides have a negative effect.

Necessary and additional security measures

Similar to those of the long-eared bat (Myotis bechsteinii).

Information sources

1. Kozhurina, 1997; 2. Benda, Tsytsulina, 2000; 3 Boye and Dietz 2004; 4. horaek et al., 2000; 5. IUCN, 2004; 6. Schober and Grimmberger, 1989; 7. Unpublished data of the compiler.

This is a small bat that has a body length of only 48 mm. Similar to the water bat, but slightly smaller than the latter.

The upper side of the body of the bat is colored gray-brown, the lower side is dark gray. The coloration of these mice is subject to strong variations: juveniles are colored darker. Dental 2.1.3.3/3.1.3.3 = 38. The ears are rather long. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe.

The mustachioed bat is distributed almost throughout the Eurasian continent, with the exception of the northern regions.

This mouse settles both in hollows and in buildings. It also lives in gullies and karst clefts. Bats usually do not form large clusters. Its flight is not particularly fast, which is obviously due to the structure of its relatively wide wings. As a rule, it flies among the crowns of trees, in forest glades, in the alleys of parks, etc. The night bat usually flies out to hunt; it flies out quite late, only with the onset of thick twilight. The bat usually hunts near water bodies. The bat feeds mainly on small insects.

The wing membrane connects to the base of the outer finger. There is no epiblem. The tail is elongated, in some individuals it can be equal to the length of the entire body. The ears are large, elongated and slightly extended forward. The skull has an irregular shape. The front part is slightly narrowed in front. They have a massive body. The hairline grows in a chaotic manner.

Dimensions: the length of the body of the mustachioed bat is 4-5 cm.

Colour: upperparts dark brown or dark grey. The underside of the body is white or grey-brown.

The mustachioed bat feeds mainly on invertebrates - various insects and their larvae (mosquitoes, houseflies, grasshoppers, cockroaches, butterflies, beetles and others). They fly out to hunt in the evening or at night. Catch insects at a height of 1-5 meters.

Broods appear in June-July. Young individuals begin to lead a lifestyle on their own within a month after birth.

The mustachioed bat can be found throughout Europe, Asia, China, near the Black and mediterranean seas. They live in various areas, can be found on the plains, in the mountains, forests, steppes and deserts. They live in various caves, attics, walls, crevices.

Mustachioed bat – Myotis mystacinus Kuhl, 1817

Order Chiroptera - Chiroptera

Family Smooth-nosed bats - Vespertilionidae

Category, status. 3- rare view. It is included in the Red Books of the Leningrad and Smolensk regions, the republics of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia. It is under the protection of the Berne Convention (Appendix II). Guarded in Western Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic republics under the 1991 Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats (EUROBATS).

Short description. Small bat. Body length 39-46 mm. Forearm length 30-35 mm. The wingspan is 19-23 cm. The coloration of the back is dark, brown-brown. Lower body grayish tones. The fur is thick, long. The epiblema is undeveloped. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. By outward signs difficult to distinguish from Brandt's bat.

Range and distribution. Distributed throughout Europe, in northern Africa, Southwestern and Central Asia east to Mongolia; in Russia - the south and east of the European part, the Caucasus, Southern Urals and Northern Caspian mountainous areas south of Western and Eastern Siberia, Transbaikalia. Inhabits different landscapes from the forest zone to deserts (1).

In the Pskov region, it is known from the discovery of two females in the village of Trutnevo, Gdovsky district (2).

Habitats and features of biology. Settles in hollows of trees, human buildings. Late departure, active all night. It occurs singly or forms small colonies. Flies out to hunt in thick twilight. Feeds over forest roads, glades, park alleys, over reservoirs, along forest edges. The flight is fast, maneuverable. Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. In late June - early July, the female brings one cub. A sedentary species that does not make long-distance migrations.

The number of species and limiting factors. There are no long-term observations of the distribution and state of the population. The limiting factors include: low reproductive ability, felling of hollow trees, disturbance in the locations of brood colonies and wintering grounds.

Security measures. Organization of specially protected natural areas on wintering grounds and in places where brood colonies are located.

Information sources:

1. Pavlinov et al., 2002; 2. Chistyakov, 2002; author data.

Compiled by: D. V. Chistyakov.

Myotis mystacinus Kuhl, 1819

Order Bats - Chiroptera Family Smooth-nosed, or Common bats - Vespertilionidae

Short description. Bat small sizes. The coloration on the back is brown. The fur is slightly disheveled, uneven. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer finger of the hind limb. The length of the foot does not exceed half the length of the leg. There is no epiblem. The ear is elongated along the head and protrudes 1-3 mm beyond the tip of the nose. The apex of the ear is narrow, mastoid elongated. A recess on the outer edge and 4-5 transverse folds are clearly visible. The tragus is pointed, evenly tapering towards the apex, exceeding half the length of the auricle. The base of the tragus and the inner edge of the ear are the same color as the entire auricle.

Habitats and biology. Most of the finds are confined to the mountain-steppe landscape. In the Irkutsk region, the only find was made on the river. Urik. Biology is poorly understood. Well-known shelters in the Chita region are confined to outbuildings or stone cracks. Lives in small groups of 3 to 18 animals. There is usually one calf in a litter. Departure is late, but often occurs at dusk. Active all night. It hunts flying at a height of 1-6 m, usually above water bodies and near tree crowns. The flight is fast, with rather sharp turns. The young will be born in June-July. In the northern regions, it flies south for the winter [b].

Spreading. Widespread Paleoarctic species. Inhabits Europe, Northwest Africa and open landscapes of Asia to Mongolia and Northeast China. In the Irkutsk region, one reliable find is known in 1959 in the Cheremkhovo district on the river. Urik. It is possible that the meetings of myotis in the Nizhneudinsk region in the Bol cave belong to this species. Nizhneudinskaya and in the Olkhonsky district in the vicinity of the village. Mal. Kocherikovo (3). Winter finds in the Irkutsk region are not known. No bones were found in the caves.

population. Low, single occurrences in the Irkutsk region. In the Chita region, in the steppe regions, it is more common and second in number only to the two-colored kozhan.

Limiting factors. Not known, due to the fact that the species is located on the outskirts of its range. The negative impact of fires and deforestation, as well as the destruction of temporary shelters from dry trees with hollows and lagging bark, is not excluded.

Conservation Measures Taken and Recommended. Special protection measures have not been developed. Need to find out state of the art species and, if new habitats are discovered, take measures to protect them. Attract bats by hanging birdhouses and other artificial shelters in the woods.

Information sources: 1 - Botvinkin, 2002; 2 - Catalog..., 1989; 3 - Lyamkin, 1983; 4 - Ovodov, 1972; 5 - Rosina, Kirilyuk, 2000; b - Flint et al., 1970.

Compiler: V.V. Popov.

Artist: D.V. Kuznetsova.