Deviant (from Latin deviatio - deviation) behavior in modern sociology means, on the one hand, an act, actions of a person that do not correspond to norms or standards officially established or actually established in a given society, and on the other hand, a social phenomenon expressed in mass forms human activities that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms or standards in a given society.

The starting point for understanding deviant behavior is the concept of a social norm, which is understood as a limit, a measure of what is permissible (permitted or obligatory) in the behavior or activities of people, ensuring the preservation of the social system. Deviations from social norms can be:

positive those aimed at overcoming obsolete norms or standards and associated with social creativity, contributing to qualitative changes in the social system;

negative- dysfunctional, disorganizing the social system and leading it to destruction, leading to deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior is a kind of social choice: when the goals of social behavior are incommensurable with the real possibilities of achieving them, individuals can use other means to achieve their goals. For example, some individuals, in pursuit of illusory success, wealth or power, choose socially prohibited means, and sometimes illegal ones, and become either delinquents or criminals. Another type of deviation from the norms is open disobedience and protest, a demonstrative rejection of the values ​​and standards accepted in society, characteristic of revolutionaries, terrorists, religious extremists and other similar groups of people who are actively fighting against the society in which they are.

In all these cases, deviation is the result of the inability or unwillingness of individuals to adapt to society and its requirements, in other words, it indicates a complete or relative failure of socialization.

Deviant behavior is divided into five types:

Delinquent

Addictive

Pathocharacterological

psychopathological

Based on superpowers

1) Delinquent behavior - deviant behavior in its extreme manifestations, representing a conditionally punishable act. Differences between delinquent behavior and criminal behavior are rooted in the severity of the offenses, this behavior can manifest itself in mischief and desire for fun. A teenager “for company” and out of curiosity can throw heavy objects at passers-by from the balcony, getting satisfaction from the accuracy of hitting the “victim”. The basis of delinquent behavior is mental infantilism.

2) The addictive type is the desire to escape from reality by artificially changing one's mental state by taking certain substances or by constantly fixing attention on certain activities in order to develop and maintain intense emotions. Life seems uninteresting and monotonous to them. Their activity, tolerance of the difficulties of everyday life is reduced; there is a hidden inferiority complex, dependence, anxiety; the desire to tell a lie; blame others.

3) Pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior is understood as behavior due to pathological changes in character formed in the process of education. These include the so-called personality disorders. Many individuals have an overestimated level of claims, tendencies to dominate and rule, stubbornness, resentment, intolerance to opposition, a tendency to self-inflate and search for reasons to discharge affective behavior.

4) The psychopathological type of deviant behavior is based on psychological symptoms and syndromes that are manifestations of certain mental disorders and diseases. A variation of this type is self-destructive behavior. Aggression is directed at itself, inside the person himself. Autodestruction manifests itself in the form of suicidal behavior, drug addiction, alcoholism.

5) Hyper-Abilities-Based Type of Deviant Behavior

This is a special type of deviant behavior that goes beyond the usual, a person's abilities significantly and significantly exceed the average static abilities.

Deviant, deviant is an unusual, but at the same time stable deviation from statistical norms. In other words, a deviant behavior is considered to be a stable behavior, or one that is not typical of the general population.

Deviant behavior (from English deviation - deviation) - actions that do not correspond to officially established or actually established in a given society (social group) moral and legal norms and lead the violator (deviant) to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment.

Types of deviant behavior

The main types of deviant behavior: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, sexual deviations.

Currently, there is no single approach to the study and explanation of deviant behavior. A number of researchers, following E. Durkheim, believe that under normal conditions for the functioning of a social organization, deviant behavior does not occur so often, but in conditions of social disorganization, when normative control weakens, the likelihood of manifestations of deviation increases. Such situations include stress, intragroup and intergroup conflicts, abrupt changes in society.

From the point of view of the theory of anomie (R. Merton), deviant behavior grows if, in the presence of common goals, socially approved means of achieving these goals are available not to everyone, but to some people or social groups they are not available at all. From the standpoint of the concept of socialization, persons with deviant behavior become people whose socialization takes place in an environment where the factors predisposing to such behavior (violence, immorality, etc.) are considered normal, or the society treats them quite tolerantly.

Of interest and popular in the 1960s. the concept of stigmatization, drawing attention to the social reaction to deviant behavior. According to this concept, deviation is the result of a negative social assessment, “sticking” a label of some kind of deviation on an individual (for example, “liar”, “alcoholic”, “drug addict”, “sexual maniac”) and the subsequent desire to isolate him, correct, cure and so on.

Numerous domestic and foreign studies of the psychology of deviant behavior are focused on the study of personal characteristics of deviants, their mental health, the problem of self-identification, the internalization of norms and values, the role of external and internal control, the development of methods of psychotherapy and mental correction of persons with various forms of deviation.

The study of deviance

The study of deviance is based on two different points of view.

G. V. Apinyan

ON THE CONCEPTS "DEVIATION", "DEVIANTITY", "DEVIANT BEHAVIOR"

The work is presented by the Department of Philosophy of the Russian State Pedagogical University. A. I. Herzen.

Scientific director- Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor A. A. Gryakalov

The concept of "deviation" should be considered as a category, i.e. the most general concept, which fixes the phenomenon itself, and the term "deviance" denotes the state of the subject of deviation, the term "deviant behavior" - a behavioral manifestation. Deviation has many types and forms: from collective to individual, from sacred and sacralized to play.

Keywords: deviation, deviance, deviant behavior, ex-trim.

NOTIONS OF "DEVIATION", "DEVIANCE", "DEVIANT BEHAVIOR"

The notion of "deviation" should be viewed as a category, i. e. the most general notion fixing the phenomenon itself. The term "deviance" denotes the state of a subject of deviation; the term "deviant behavior" means behavioral manifestation. Deviation has many types and forms: from collective to individual one, from sacred and sacralised to game ones.

Key words: deviation, deviance, deviant behaviour, extreme.

The problem of deviation (deviant behavior) is one of the central problems in modern psychology, sociology, adolescent pedagogy, political science, etc. Deviation has many forms and types. Collective, sacral in its essence, or being a game relic such: cult and ritual actions, traditional holidays, carnival, state and "folk" holidays.

Deviant behavior in extreme conditions: from pogrom, rebellion and revolution to vital situations during an earthquake or a terrorist act. This type of deviation has its own internal stages and forms of manifestations.

The deviation of the collective type is directly related to the deviant situation. Depending on the prevailing reference, the phenomenon acquires the character of control (including magical) or destructive

reactions. One of the options for deviant behavior are youth movements: from the “student revolution of 68.” to modern "extremals".

special shape deviations are deviant communities: institutionalized (pirate "brotherhood", mafia clans, etc.) and hierarchically structured (hooligan communities, criminal group, "gang").

Individual deviance can have a sacred character, its carriers are a shaman, holy fool, saint. Has a secular variant: dandy, philosopher, artistic or social bohemian, beggar or "clochard".

Among the types and forms of deviation, the personality of the creative (artistic, scientific) underground stands out - opposing itself to society and traditions, entering into conflict with them. Deviance and

destructiveness are essential features of the psychology of the underground (bohemia).

In the research literature, a number of concepts are used that characterize the deviation phenomenon we are considering. We believe it is necessary to "dissolve" these concepts.

In our opinion, the concept of "deviation" should be considered as a category, that is, the most general concept that fixes the actual phenomenon.

The term "deviance" denotes the state of the subject of deviation, and the term "deviant behavior" - a behavioral manifestation.

The categorical nature of the term "deviation" confirms the fact that it has an expanding character, includes a wide variety of phenomena in the subject of designation, the characteristics of which in this aspect also have a contextual and specific character. For example, modern youth movements and subcultures can be considered as forms of deviation, although these phenomena have a specific nature and functioning in society. Another example is the artistic underground and the behavior of creative individuals.

The uncertainty of the conceptual apparatus observed in deviantology is due to the fact that deviantology is a relatively young science, the conceptual apparatus of which is in development.

Deviant, or deviant (from lat. eulayo - deviation), behavior is always associated with some discrepancy between human actions, actions, activities, values, rules (norms) and stereotypes of behavior common in society or its groups, expectations, attitudes. This may be a violation of formal (legal) or informal (morality, customs, traditions, fashion) norms, as well as a “deviant” lifestyle, a “deviant” style of behavior that does not correspond to those accepted in a given society, environment, group.

The development of more or less stable and uniform definitions of deviant behavior is hampered by the multiplicity and ambiguity of its manifestations, as well as dependence

evaluation of behavior as "normal" or "deviating" from the values, norms, expectations (expectations) of society, group, subculture; the variability of assessments over time, the conflict of assessments of various groups that include people, and finally, the subjective ideas of researchers (deviantologists).

Deviant behavior is behavior that does not conform to norms and roles. At the same time, some sociologists use expectations (expectations) of the corresponding behavior as a reference point ("norm"), while others use standards, patterns of behavior. Some believe that not only actions can be deviant, but also ideas, views.

Deviant behavior is often associated with the reaction of society to it, and then deviation is defined as a deviation from the group norm, which entails isolation, treatment, imprisonment or other punishment for the offender.

Based on the most general ideas, we can give the following definition: deviant behavior is an act, an action of a person (a group of persons) that does not correspond to officially established or actually established in a given society (culture, subculture, group) norms and expectations.

At the same time, “officially established” means formal, legal norms, and “actually established” means moral norms, customs, and traditions.

In deviantological studies, it was originally specified (or understood from the context) in what sense the expression "deviant behavior" is used - as a characteristic of an individual behavioral act or as a social phenomenon. Later, the terms “deviation” (“deviation”), “deviance” or “social deviation” (“social deviation”) began to be used to refer to the latter. As a complex social phenomenon, deviations are defined as "such violations of social norms that are characterized by a certain mass character, stability and prevalence under similar social conditions" .

IN English language, on which most of the world's deviantological literature is written, to characterize the corresponding social phenomenon, the property of society to generate "deviations", the word deviance is usually used - deviance ("deviation" is an inconvenient grammatical form for the Russian language).

The following definitions of deviance are more common than others: difference from norms or from acceptable (permissible, accepted) standards of society; some behavior or physical manifestation that is socially defiant and condemned because it deviates or from the norms and expectations of the group.

The modern Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior (2001) distinguishes three main approaches to defining deviance: deviance as behavior that violates norms (R. Akers, M. Clinard, R. Meier, A. Liska, A. Thio); deviance as a "reactive construction" (D. Black, N. Becker, K. Erickson, E. Goode); deviance as a violation of human rights (N. Schwendinger, J. Schwendinger).

According to criminologists (N. Hess, S. Scheerer), crime (a type of deviation, but what has been said can be applied to its other forms) is not an ontological phenomenon, but a mental construct that has a historical and changeable character.

Crime is almost entirely constructed by controlling institutions that set norms and assign meanings to actions. Crime is a social and linguistic construct.

The public or state assessment of manifestations of deviance, the very attribution of certain forms of activity to deviant ones, is the result of the conscious work of power, ideological institutions that form public consciousness. A huge role in such "design" activities belongs to the political regime.

When determining deviation, the conjugated concepts of “pathology” and “norm” are most often used.

The term "pathology" ("social pathology"), as it seems to us, is unfortunate. The word "pathology" comes from the Greek "suffering" and "word, teaching" and literally means the science of disease processes in the body of living beings (human and animal). In a figurative, etymologically inaccurate sense, pathology is a painful violation of the structure, functioning or development of any organs or manifestations of living organisms (pathology of the heart, pathology of the stomach, pathology of mental development). Transfer of a medical (anatomical, physiological) term to social sphere is ambiguous and bears a "biological" load, "biologises" a social and cultural problem. In addition, even in medicine, where this term came from, the concepts of norm and pathology are debatable. I. P. Pavlov, I. V. Davydovsky considered the disease as a variant of the norm, and the so-called pathological processes and diseases as features of adaptive processes.

Finally, deviations can be useful, progressive, while the term "pathology" is perceived as something negative, undesirable.

The starting point for understanding deviations is the concept of the norm. In the theory of organization, the most general - for the natural and social sciences - understanding of the norm as the limits, the measure of the permissible has developed. These are such characteristics, "boundaries" of properties, parameters of the system, under which it is preserved (not destroyed) and can develop. For physical and biological systems, these are the allowable limits of structural and functional changes, under which the safety and development of the system is ensured. This is a natural, adaptive norm that reflects the patterns of the system's existence. So, the biological system exists under certain "standards" of body temperature (for a person from +36 to +37 ° C), blood pressure (for a person 120/80 mm Hg), water balance, etc.

Social and cultural norms express historically established in a particular

limits, measure, interval of permissible (permissible or obligatory) behavior, activities of individuals, social groups, social organizations.

In contrast to the natural norms of the flow of physical and biological processes, social and cultural norms are formed (constructed) as a result of the reflection (adequate or distorted) in the minds and actions of people of the laws of the functioning of society. Therefore, these norms can either comply with the laws of social development (and then they are “natural”), or reflect them incompletely, inadequately, being the product of a distorted (ideologized, politicized, mythologized) reflection of objective laws. And then the “norm” itself turns out to be abnormal, while deviations from it are “normal” (adaptive).

It should be noted that there are many classifications of social norms for various reasons. So one of the possible classifications is proposed and substantiated by T. Shipunova.

Certain types, forms, patterns of behavior are “normal” or “deviant” only from the point of view of the prevailing (established) social norms in a given society in given time("Here and now"). What counts as a deviation depends on time and place. Behavior that is "normal" in one set of cultural attitudes will be seen as "abnormal" in another.

And finally, organization and disorganization, "norm" and "anomaly" (deviation), entropy (measure of chaos, disorder) and non-gentropy (measure of organization, ordering) are additional (in the understanding of N. Bohr). Their coexistence is inevitable, they are inextricably linked, and only their joint study can explain the processes under study. "Order and disorder coexist as two aspects of one whole and give us a different vision of the world".

It is deviations as a general form of change that provide “mobile equilibrium” (A. le Chatelier) or “stable

voe disequilibrium ”(E. Bauer) of the system, its preservation, stability through changes. Another thing is that the change itself can be evolutionary (to promote development, improvement, increase the degree of organization, adaptability) and involution. But since everything that exists is finite (mortal), insofar as involutionary, entropic processes are natural and, alas, inevitable. In this sense, deviation is a breakthrough of total life activity through (through) the social form.

The problem of functions of deviance, admissibility and limits of the use of the term is the subject of scientific discussion. So, A. M. Yakovlev defines the functions of organized economic crime as the desire to provide by illegal means an objective need that is not adequately satisfied by normal social institutions. It is no coincidence that the discussion of these topics in Russia fell on pre- and “perestroika” times, in the conditions of the destruction of the socio-economic system, the activation of deviant forms in economic and social life. Criminal ties and relations, elements of economic crime arise where and insofar as there is an objective need for organization and coordination economic activity does not receive adequate reflection in the organizational and regulatory structure of the economy as a social institution.

The functionality of the "shadow economy", including illegal entrepreneurship and corruption ties, is studied in detail in the works of I. Klyamkin, L. Timofeev, T. Shanin and others. The works of V. Reisman, L. Timofeev are devoted to the analysis of the function of a bribe, corruption.

With the advent of "glasnost", the removal of the taboo on the study of the negative aspects of Russian reality, it became possible to analyze deviation facts, in particular those that take place in the army. In 2001, A. G. Tyurikov’s book “Military Deviantology: Theory, Methodology, Bibliography” was published, and in October 2003, a scientific

conference on the theme "Deviantology in Russia: history and modernity".

The book by S. Palmer and J. Humphery lists the latent functions of deviant behavior: group integration; influence on the formation of the moral code (rules) of society; "vent" for aggressive tendencies; "flight" or safe "valve"; a warning signal of imminent social change; an effective means of social change; a means of achieving and growing (strengthening) self-identification; A

as well as other functions. The functionality of organized crime was considered in the book "Criminology" (St. Petersburg, 2002).

In conclusion, let's make an assumption. The category "deviation" is applicable not only to social and cultural phenomena, but can also be considered from an anthropological and biological perspective, as a designation of a phenomenon outside of conformist existence and behavior with results and consequences. Deviation is a form of appearance of the vitality of a person and societies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Cohen A. Study of the problems of social disorganization and deviant behavior // Sociology today. M., 1965.

2. Klyamkin I, Timofeev L. Shadow way of life: a sociological self-portrait of the post-Soviet society. M., 2000; informal economy. Russia and the world / ed. T. Shanina. M., 1999; Reisman V. M. Hidden lies: bribes: "crusades" and reforms. M., 1988; Timofeev L. Institutional corruption: essays on history. M., 2000.

3. Youth movements and subcultures of St. Petersburg / ed. V. V. Kostyusheva. SPb.,

4. Prigozhim I. Philosophy of instability // Questions of Philosophy. 1991. No. 6. S. 46-52.

5. Shipunova T. V. Introduction to the synthetic theory of crime and deviance. SPb., 2003. S. 20-35.

6. Yakovlev A. M. Sociology of economic crime. M., 1988.

7. McCaghy Ch, Carpon T. Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and Interest Groups. third edition. Macmillan College Publishing Company, Inc., 1994; McCaghy Ch, Carpon T, Jamicson J. Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and Interest Groups. Fifth Edition. Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

1. Koen A. Issledovaniye problem sotsial "noy dezorganizatsii i otklonyayushchegosya po-vedeniya // Sotsiologiya segodnya. M., 1965.

2. Klyamkin I., Timofeyev L. Tenevoy obraz zhizni: sotsiologicheskiy avtoportret postsovetskogo ob-shchestva. Moscow, 2000; Neformal "naya ekonomika. Rossiya i mir / pod red. T. Shanina. M., 1999; Reysmen V. M. Skrytaya lozh": vzyatki: "krestovye pokhody" i reformy. Moscow, 1988; Timofeyev L. Institutsional "naya korruptsiya: ocherki istorii. M., 2000.

3. Molodezhnye dvizheniya i subkul "tury Sankt-Peterburga / pod red. V. V. Kostyusheva. SPb., 1999.

4. Prigozhim I. Filosofiya nestabil "nosti // Voprosy filosofii. 1991. N 6. S. 46-52.

5. Shipunova T. V. Vvedeniye v sinteticheskuyu teoriyu prestupnosti i deviantnosti. SPb., 2003. S. 20-35.

6. Yakovlev A. M. Sotsiologiya ekonomicheskoy prestupnosti. Moscow, 1988.

7. McCaghy Ch., Carpon T. Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and Interest Groups. third edition. Macmillan College Publishing Company, Inc., 1994; McCaghy Ch., Carpon T., Jamicson J. Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and Interest Groups. Fifth Edition. Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

DEVIANCE

(from lat. deviatio - deviation) - English deviation; German Abweichung; deviants. Characteristics of behavior that does not coincide with social. norms and values ​​accepted in society. cm. DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

Synonyms:

See what "Deviance" is in other dictionaries:

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 deviation from the norm (18) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

deviance- and, well. deviant adj. Deviation from the norm, expressed in violation of generally accepted norms of behavior. In a sick society, many members of which, especially children and youth, suffer from deviance and intellectual weakness, there is a person who ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

deviance- - a sociological term denoting behavior that deviates from socially acceptable standards and role expectations. It can be described as a violation of social norms and rules. Deviant behavior is not necessarily criminal (for example, mentally ... ... Social Work Dictionary

deviance- deviance, and ... Russian spelling dictionary

DEVIANCE- (from lat. deviatio deviation) eng. deviation; German Abweichung; deviants. Characteristics of behavior that does not coincide with social. norms and values ​​accepted in society. See BEHAVIORAL BEHAVIOR... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology

DEVIANCE- - a social, socio-psychological phenomenon, expressed in relatively massive, statistically stable forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms in a given society and ... Terminological juvenile dictionary

D.'s study is based on two different t. sp. The first considers D. as an unusual, but at the same time stable deviation from statistical norms. Dr. In other words, a stable way of acting, behaving or thinking is considered deviant, which is not ... ... Psychological Encyclopedia

the state of socio-psychological maladjustment (deviance)- behavior that is contrary to legal and (or) moral norms accepted in society; Source: Recommendations: Recommendations for the design of centers for social assistance to families and children ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

secondary deviance- a process during which, after an act of primary deviation of one's behavior, an individual accepts a deviant identity, that is, reconstructs his Self in an appropriate way. Thus, the individual accepts and thereby transforms into the quality of his Self such ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

"LABELING" THEORY- (LABELLING THEORY) In the sociology of deviance, the expressions "labeling theory" and "societal reaction theory" are often used interchangeably: both equally emphasize that within the framework of sociological explanation ... ... sociological dictionary

Books

• Deviance in the consumer society, . The collective monograph is devoted to the study various kinds deviance (crime, drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, etc.) in the modern consumer society. Outlining empirical…
• Deviance, crime, social control in postmodern society Collection of articles, Gilinsky Ya. They present…

Contrasting oneself with society, one's own approach to life and socially normative behavior can manifest itself not only in the process of personal formation and development, but also follow the path of all kinds of deviations from the acceptable norm. In this case, it is customary to speak of deviations And deviant behavior person.

What it is?

In most approaches, the concept deviant behavior associated with deviant or asocial behavior of an individual.

It is emphasized that this behavior is actions (of a systemic or individual nature) that are contrary to the norms accepted in society, regardless of whether they (the norms) are legally fixed or exist as traditions, customs of a particular social environment.

A person manifests himself in this way due to inadequate personal formation in the process of socialization and development moral standards, principles and rules. The own behavior of such a person (from the point of view of the standards of public morality) is controlled to a very small extent.

Pedagogy and psychology, being sciences about a person, the features of his upbringing and development, focus their attention on the general characteristic features of deviant behavior:

• the anomaly of behavior is activated when it is necessary to comply with the (important and significant) social standards of morality accepted in society;
• the presence of damage that “spreads” quite widely: starting from one’s own personality (auto-aggression), surrounding people (groups of people), and ending with material objects (objects);
• low social adaptation and self-realization (desocialization) of an individual who violates the norms.

It can be stated with certainty that deviation And social maladaptation/isolation- equivalent concepts, since a person cannot successfully exist in a certain (normal, everyday) social environment. That is, he has deviations from the point of view of the average behavior characteristic of most people as representatives of society.

Therefore, for people with deviations, especially for adolescents (it is this age that is unusually prone to deviations in behavior), specific properties are characteristic:

• affective and impulsive response;
• significant (charged) inadequate reactions;
• undifferentiated orientation of reactions to events (they do not distinguish between the specifics of situations);
• behavioral reactions can be called persistently repeated, long-term and multiple;
• high level of readiness for antisocial behavior.

Types of deviant behavior

Social norms and deviant behavior in combination with each other give an understanding of several varieties of deviant behavior (depending on the direction of behavior patterns and manifestations in the social environment):

1. asocial . This behavior reflects the tendency of the individual to commit acts that threaten well-being. interpersonal relationships: violating the moral standards that are recognized by all members of a certain microsociety, a person with deviation destroys the established order of interpersonal interaction. All this is accompanied by multiple manifestations: aggression, sexual deviations, gambling, dependency, vagrancy, etc.
2. antisocial , another name for it delinquent . Deviant and delinquent behavior are often completely identified, although delinquent behavioral clichés relate to narrower issues - they have violations as their “subject” legal regulations, which leads to a threat to the social order, a disorder in the well-being of the surrounding people. It can be a variety of actions (or lack thereof) directly or indirectly prohibited by the current legislative (regulatory) acts.
3. Autodestructive . It manifests itself in behavior that threatens the integrity of the individual, the possibilities of its development and normal existence in society. This type of behavior is expressed in many ways: through suicidal tendencies, food and chemical addictions, significant life-threatening activities, as well as autistic/victim/fanatic behavior patterns.

Forms of deviant behavior are systematized based on social manifestations:

• negatively colored (all kinds of addictions - alcohol, chemical; criminal and destructive behavior);
• positively colored (social creativity, altruistic self-sacrifice);
• socially neutral (vagrancy, begging).

Depending on the content of behavioral manifestations in deviations, they are divided into types:

1. addictive behavior . As an object of attraction (dependence on it) there can be various objects:

• psychoactive and chemical drugs (, tobacco, and medicinal substances, drugs),
• games (activating),
• sexual satisfaction,
• religion,
• shopping etc. .

1. Aggressive behavior . It is expressed in motivated destructive behavior causing damage to inanimate objects/objects and physical/moral suffering to animate objects (people, animals).
2. Victative behavior . Due to a number of personal properties (passivity, unwillingness to be responsible for oneself, to defend one's principles, cowardice, lack of independence and an attitude to submission), a person has patterns of victim actions.
3. Suicidal tendencies and suicides . - a type of deviant behavior that involves a demonstration or a real attempt at suicide. These behavioral patterns are considered:

• With internal manifestation (thoughts of suicide, unwillingness to live in the circumstances, fantasies about one's own death, thoughts and intentions regarding suicide);
• With external manifestation (suicide attempts, actual suicide).

1. Runaways and vagrancy . The individual is prone to chaotic and constant changes of place of residence, continuous movement from one territory to another. You have to ensure your existence by asking for alms, theft, etc.
2. Illegal behavior. Various manifestations in terms of offenses. The most prominent examples are theft, fraud, extortion, robbery and hooliganism, and vandalism. Starting in adolescence as an attempt to assert itself, then this behavior is fixed as a way of building interaction with society.
3. Sexual behavior disorder . It manifests itself in the form of abnormal forms of sexual activity (early sex life, promiscuity, satisfaction of sexual desire in a perverted form).

Causes

Deviant behavior is considered an intermediate link between the norm and pathology.

Considering what are the causes of deviations, most studies focus on the following groups:

1. Psychobiological factors (hereditary diseases, features of perinatal development, gender, age-related crises, unconscious drives and psychodynamic features).
2. Social factors:

• features of family education (role and functional anomalies in the family, material opportunities, parenting style, family traditions and values, family attitude to deviant behavior);
• the surrounding society (presence of social norms and their real/formal compliance/non-compliance, society's tolerance for deviations, the presence/absence of means to prevent deviant behavior);
• the influence of the media (the frequency and detail of broadcasting acts of violence, the attractiveness of images of people with deviant behavior, bias in informing about the consequences of manifestations of deviations).

1. Personal factors.

• violation of the emotional sphere (increased anxiety, reduced empathy, negative mood background, internal conflict, depression, etc.);
• distortion of the self-concept (inadequate self-identity and social identity, biased image of one's own self, inadequate self-esteem and self-doubt, one's strengths);
• curvature of the cognitive sphere (lack of understanding of one's life prospects, distorted life attitudes, experience of deviant actions, lack of understanding of their real consequences, low level of reflection).

Prevention

Early age-related prevention of deviant behavior will help to effectively increase personal control over negative manifestations.

It is necessary to clearly understand that already in children there are signs indicating the onset of deviation:

• manifestations of outbursts of anger, unusual for the age of the child (frequent and poorly controlled);
• the use of intentional behavior to annoy an adult;
• active refusals to comply with the requirements of adults, violation of the rules established by them;
• frequent confrontation with adults in the form of disputes;
• manifestation of malice and revenge;
• the child often becomes the instigator of a fight;
• intentional destruction of someone else's property (objects);
• causing harm to other people with the use of dangerous items(weapons).

A positive effect on overcoming the prevalence of deviant behavior has a number of preventive measures that are implemented at all levels of manifestation of society (national, legal, health, pedagogical, socio-psychological):

• testing yourself "for strength" (sports with risk, climbing mountains),
• learning new things (travelling, mastering complex professions),
• confidential communication (help to those who “stumbled”),
• creation.

Only with an adequate formation of a person as a personality in his mind is an understanding of deviant behavior created as an unacceptable and unacceptable form of interaction between the individual and society.

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