Objective of the project. To contribute to the development of a caring attitude towards environment. Objectives: Objectives: - expand ideas about the rare animals around us; - develop cognitive interest in rare animals living on the territory of the Republic of Mari El; - conduct research work to study information about rare animals listed in the Red Book of Mari El. Application of the project. The project can be used as a visual aid in promoting respect for the environment.

Content. 1. Red is the color of danger. 1. Red is the color of danger. 2. Rare animals national park"Mari Chodra". 2. Rare animals of the Mari Chodra National Park. 3. Why have these animals become scarce in nature? 3. Why have these animals become scarce in nature? 4. Remember this! 4. Remember this! 5. Love your little brothers! 5. Love your little brothers! 6. About the author. 6. About the author.

About 600 animals are listed in the Red Book. This includes rare animals of our republic: among mammals - the muskrat, among birds - the golden eagle, the osprey, the short-tailed snake eagle, the gyrfalcon, the peregrine falcon, the black stork, the white-tailed eagle, the red-breasted goose, and the imperial eagle.

Once upon a time in the past, our rivers were full of fish, and our forests and meadows were home to many game birds and valuable animals. In pre-revolutionary years, hundreds of thousands of muskrats alone were caught every year. It seemed to the person that such abundance would always exist.

You can catch and bring home young wild animals only if the chick or baby is injured, freezing, or its parents have died, and it needs human help. After recovery, they need to be released into the wild. But you don’t need to bring babies home just for fun – you’ll destroy them. No need to collect eggs wild birds, destroy their nests, minks, lairs of animals, anthills. This will not bring you joy, but will bring great misfortune to the birds and animals.

I want to talk about squirrels. We can admire squirrels in suburban forests and city parks. There are still a lot of them. But people often catch squirrels, destroy squirrel pantries, take away supplies and leave the animal in a difficult situation. But squirrels have so many enemies: stoats, martens, weasels.

The following materials were used in the presentation: 1) The Red Book. Animal world./ Yoshkar-Ola,) A.A. Pekpaev. We study nature./ Yoshkar-Ola,) Flora and fauna of Mari El./ Yoshkar-Ola, 1978.

Goals:

1. Generalize knowledge about forest animals.

2.Introduce the fauna of Mari El.

3.Prove to students that in nature everything is interconnected.

4. Explain to children why a person should know natural connections: in order not to violate them, because violating these connections entails bad consequences.

5. Teach children to base their behavior in nature on the basis of knowledge about interactions in it and an appropriate assessment of the possible consequences of their actions.

1. Setting goals.

Today we will teach you an unusual lesson - and the lesson is a journey. And where we will go, you will find out from the riddle:

The hero stands rich,
Treats all the guys:
Vanya - strawberry,
Tanya - a little bone,
Mashenka is like a nut,
Petya - russula,
Katya - raspberries,
Vasya - a twig.
- What kind of hero is this?

During the trip, you guys must prove that everything in nature is interconnected and the violation of these connections entails sad consequences (both for nature and for man himself). By studying these connections, we will get to know the owners of the forest and remember the rules of behavior in nature.

To go on a trip we must choose transport.

Children: We will go on foot so as not to scare away the birds, animals and insects.

2. Repetition of what has been covered.

But before we go, let's remember the rules of behavior in nature.

Here we are. First stop “Green World”

Almost half of the territory of our republic is occupied by forests. Pine forests move into dense forests. The local forests have their own charm, their own colors, due to the combination of different tree species. The spruce is turning blue, and the light foliage of the birches, which make up a quarter of all the forests of the republic, stands out among the dark green needles.

What other trees grow in our forests?

And now I invite you to play, and a game called “Recognize a plant by its leaf”

Remember what forests grow in our area?

Tell us about coniferous forests.

About mixed forests.

About deciduous forests.

Why do plants grow in layers here?

What do these plants have in common?

(lily of the valley, lady's slipper, wolf's bast)

Children: These are rare and endangered plants that grow in our republic and they are listed in the Red Book of Mari El

What can be concluded?

Why do we need to protect the forest?

What proverbs about the forest do you know?

3. New topic.

Next stop: “Kingdom of Animals”.

To get to this kingdom you must remember what animals live in our forests.

And here we are in the kingdom of animals. We have already met some of them. Guess what animals the guys are talking about.

He loves the roots of trees, grasses, acorns, berries, mushrooms, worms, larvae of various insects, and enjoys grain from field crops and potatoes.

Enemies: wolves, bears, people.

Appearance: strong body covered with thick undercoat and bristles. The bristles protect the body well from scratches, and the undercoat protects from the cold.

Special features: Short legs, small eyes, a snout on an elongated snout. (boar)

In summer it feeds on grass, leaves, young shoots of trees and shrubs, mushrooms, and berries. In winter, he eats pine needles, tree bark, and looks for old dried grass.

Enemies: wolves, bears.

Appearance: among trees they are hardly noticeable, since their legs seem to be the trunks of young aspens, having a light color in contrast to their darker body.

Special features: Males have antlers (elk).

It eats various berries and mushrooms, flower buds, fruits, catches beetles and butterflies landing on trees, and on occasion destroys bird nests, drinking eggs and eating chicks. In winter, it eats pine and spruce seeds and stores for the winter.

Has enemies: marten, fox, eagle owl, owl.

Appearance: The color of the coat depends on the time of year. In winter – gray, in summer – red.

Special features: tassels on the tips of the ears, fluffy tail(squirrel).

It feeds on grass, roots of trees and herbs, berries, mushrooms, insect larvae, fish, but its main food is meat - small animals, but can also attack large weakened animals. Sometimes he can approach a village and kill a cow, horse or sheep.

Enemies: Wolf, for which he is a strong opponent; Human.

Appearance: brown skin, strong teeth, sharp claws.

Special features: He is called the master of the forest or clubfoot (bear)

Why was he called that? (Honey means he knows, knows where there is honey.)

Teacher's story:

This animal is slightly smaller than a squirrel. The flying squirrel is characterized by a bushy tail and a leathery membrane covered with hair between the front and hind legs. The membrane serves as a planning device when moving from tree to tree, and the tail serves as a braking organ when landing. It makes its home in abandoned woodpecker hollows and squirrel nests. Lives in coniferous and mixed forests. It feeds on buds, seeds, mushrooms and berries. It does not hibernate and stores food for the winter in the summer.

Hedgehogs can be found in neglected gardens, parks and even in grain fields bordering the forest. During the day it hides under a pile of brushwood and leaves, among bushes, and at night it comes out to feed. During the night, the hedgehog sometimes walks up to 3 kilometers. In the dark, he finds food with the help of his subtle sense of smell, although vision and hearing help him to a certain extent. Beetles serve as food for him, earthworms, woodlice, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, mice, voles, shrews, as well as berries, acorns, fallen ripe fruits of apple trees, pears and other trees.

It is known that a hedgehog can detect the presence of an edible beetle at a distance of 1 meter by smell, and the approach of an enemy, for example, a dog, at a distance of 9 meters. In case of danger, the hedgehog curls up in balls, pressing its head to its belly and pulling its paws and tail under itself: the result is a prickly ball with needles sticking out in all directions. Hedgehog quills are modified hairs located only on the back; the muzzle and abdomen are covered with regular hair. When meeting forest animals, the hedgehog snorts and jumps, trying to prick the enemy. If this does not help, it curls up into a ball, exposing its prickly back to the attacking predator. Often, after pricking the face with needles, the attacker leaves the hedgehog alone. But this doesn't always happen. The hedgehog also has enemies, from which neither needles nor curling up into a ball can save it. So, during a night hunt, an eagle owl successfully attacks a hedgehog. It is not afraid of the animal's quills, because the toes of this bird are covered with durable scales. The soft plumage of the eagle owl makes its flight silent and allows it to catch its prey by surprise. There is no escape for the hedgehog from the fox, which carefully rolls it with its paw to the shore of a forest puddle or swamp and throws it into the water. The water penetrates the hedgehog's belly, and it straightens its back, stretches out its muzzle and swims to the shore. Here a fox waits for him, plunges its sharp teeth into the head, unprotected by needles, and gnaws the hedgehog to death. But when meeting with a viper, the hedgehog emerges victorious. He grabs her by the tail and immediately curls up into a ball. When a viper first tries to bite its enemy, it encounters needles. Meanwhile, the hedgehog gradually pulls the viper under him and then eats it. Perhaps the viper's venom does not affect the hedgehog, since the hedgehog is not sensitive to many toxic substances, eats foul-smelling bugs, and is not afraid of the venom of bees, bumblebees, the caustic blood of ladybugs, and hairy caterpillars.

In the spring (April), the hedgehog produces 5–7 blind hedgehogs with soft whitish needles, which she feeds with milk. Until the age of one month, the cubs are in a nest built by the female in the form of a hut made of dry leaves, brushwood, and moss. If a person or animal discovers the nest, the hedgehog carries her babies in her teeth to another den. After 1.5 - 2 months, the hedgehogs leave the nest, but begin independent life only late in the fall.

Most characteristic feature A fox can be considered its fluffy tail, which it uses as a steering wheel, making sharp turns during pursuit. The fox covers itself with its tail, curling up into a ball while resting and burying its nose at the base. It is in this place that the fragrant gland is located, emitting the smell of violets. Foxes go hunting at any time of the day. It is widely believed that they carry chickens and other poultry, climbing into the courtyards of villages. However, such cases are rare. The main prey of foxes are rodents. In summer, foxes also eat insects, berries and fruits of various plants. And at any time of the year, the fox, as people say, mouses: it finds the holes of field and forest mice, tears them apart and eats them. When in some years the number of rodents decreases for one reason or another, foxes are forced to attack hares, partridges, or eat carrion. If foxes do not find enough food in natural conditions, then they approach human habitation, even visiting the outskirts of cities, where at night they look for everything edible among garbage bins. In March or April, the fox gives birth to blind cubs. After 2 - 3 weeks, the fox cubs become sighted, and after a month they begin to leave the hole. However, they continue to live in the hole

3–4 months. While the cubs live in the hole, the mother fox guards them and does not let anyone get close. If, for example, a dog or a person appears near the hole, then the adult fox resorts to “cunning” - she tries to lead them away from her home, luring them with her. At the same time, it makes dull sounds, reminiscent of a dog barking. If people have been near the hole, then the fox drags the entire brood in its teeth to another, safe place. With age, the fox cubs begin to move further and further from the hole, and their parents stop bringing them food. Eventually the children begin to hunt on their own. At the end of summer, fox cubs leave their native nest and begin to lead a solitary life. At this time, foxes are attacked by wolves and eagle owls, from which the foxes do not always manage to escape.

Guys, do you think there are evil animals?

Which animals would you classify as evil?

And here's what the wolves say about themselves.

People have given us a death sentence, and in some places it is being carried out. The verdict contains four charges:

1. Destruction of domestic animals.
2. Destruction of wild animals.
3. Spread of dangerous diseases.
4. Attack on a person.

I want to question the last point of the charge - assault on a person. Many tales have been written about such attacks. A wolf rarely attacks a person. Have you ever wondered why the “old” wolfmen are very brave people? There are fellows who, going into the forest for wolf cubs, are armed only with a bag. This man is waving his weapon, and there is a grin on the wolfman’s face: the wolfman won’t touch him! A gun can only cause harm.

They are also cruel: they pay more for adult wolves. Some wolf keepers, having found a den, do not take the wolf cubs, but twist their legs with wire so that they cannot walk, and leave them to suffer until the fall. Poor, crippled animals will not crawl far from the lair, but the adults will not abandon them either, they will feed them. In the fall this man will come, find grown-up cripples and, lo and behold, he has extra money in his pocket.

When the wolf cubs are born, the she-wolf lies with them in the den, then carefully crawls out of the hole, but does not go far. Later she herself scours the area. And so, then the nannies - “aunts”, “uncles” nurse the grown-up wolf cubs. They play with them, feed them with meat swallowed during the hunt and, of course, keep a vigilant guard. The wolf father also does not forget his duty. He is always there.

In general, wolves have angelic patience towards babies. The father wolf will return from the hunt, tired, wants to sleep, but he will have no peace! You have to entertain your children. And the attitude towards children, even strangers, deserves not only praise but imitation! If the parents die, another wolf, finding the cubs, will feed them, give them water and teach them to live. Wolves have a friendly family.

And I want to talk about hunting. Imagine. Forest. Two wolves rushed after a group of moose. A limping elk stands out from the group, and the wolves overtake him. It seems like a heinous crime has been committed. But if you check this moose, you will find the following: the moose is missing a front hoof, its lungs are diseased, its intestines are corroded by microbial poisons, and its heart is weak. If the sick elk had remained alive, it would have become a walking source of infection.

We are wolves - the main orderlies of the forest. If there are no large animals, we eat small rodents - pests Agriculture. The wolf is useful again! We catch pike in the spring in the channels, and sometimes we are forced to eat berries and insects. We are very undemanding animals.

Teacher: You listened to what the wolves could tell us. And what conclusion will we draw?

Summary:

Indeed, everything in nature is useful. There is something good to be found in every animal. Let's take care of all living things, all animals, be it a fox, a squirrel or a wolf, a cat or a snake!

What unites these animals?

Summary:

Most of the plants and animals listed in the Red Book are protected by adults. For this purpose, the Bolshaya Kokshaga nature reserve was created; reserves: Ust-Kundyshsky, Vetluzhsky, Pektubaevsky, Morkinsky, Emeshevsky, Vasilsursky Dubravy and national park Mari Chodra. Perhaps, when you grow up, you will participate in this work. But don’t forget that you can already do a lot by protecting the plants and animals that are around you.

Third stop “The Kingdom of Birds”

The forest would be boring without birdsong. So we’ll try to guess some birds by their voices (listening to the recording “Voices of Birds”)

Problem situation

Imagine, we are walking through the forest and we see a chick falling out of the nest. What are you going to do?

Summary:

In July there will be a lot of fledglings everywhere. Young blackbirds, buntings, finches, and flycatchers leave their nests. They left, although they can’t fly. This is how nature intended them to be. They don’t know how to fly, but they know how to hide, become invisible, so that no predator notices them. And their parents find them and feed them. They even talk, call the chicks, and the chicks respond to them with special, inaudible sounds, accessible only to the bird’s ear.

What can you say about these birds?

Today we visited plants and animals, and now we will prove that in nature, different plants and animals do not exist on their own. And they are connected by invisible threads.

Give examples.

Summary:

B. Zakhoder’s poem talks about exactly this

About everything in the world.

Everything, everything
In the world,
Needed in the world!
And midges are no less necessary than elephants.
You can't do without ridiculous monsters
And even without evil and ferocious predators!
We need everything in the world!
We need everything -
Who makes honey and who makes poison.
Bad things for a cat without a mouse
A mouse without a cat can do no better.
Yes, if we are not very friendly with someone -
We still really need each other
And if someone seems superfluous to us,
This, of course, will turn out to be a mistake.

4. Consolidation of what has been learned

Fourth stop “Forest School”

What are we going to do at this station?

(textbook by A.I. Dubrovina, S.S. Okisheva “Native Land”. pp. 22 – 23

What animals live in the forest?

What animals were brought to our republic?

Name rare and endangered animals.

What birds live in our forests?

Name the rare and endangered ones.

Summary:

Animals, birds, insects are the masters of the forest, and we are guests. And they should behave accordingly:

All kinds of animals are important, all kinds of animals are needed. Do not touch, do not kill, do not offend the animals you meet, not a slippery bug-eyed frog, not a creeping snake, not a gray clumsy toad, not a spider in a web, even if they seem clumsy and ugly to you.

They are the masters here, and you are the guests. Each of them does their own useful work in nature.

Do not try to “save” the chicks. Sometimes you think the bird is in trouble. Here she is running away from you,

Jumping on the ground. Poor thing! Can't fly yet! If it disappears, someone will eat it! No, it won’t disappear if you don’t catch it and take it away from its native place.

10th student:

Please don't take hedgehogs out of the forest! Neither little ones nor adults. Unfortunately, it is not so difficult for a person to capture a hedgehog. But is it really a matter of coming to visit and dragging the owner out of the house! A hedgehog is needed in the forest. The hedgehog is an insectivorous animal. He performs an important service. And then the hedgehog is one of the most ancient. They appeared on earth tens of millions of years ago, when the owners of the planet were monstrous lizards, like the Gorynych snakes. Here they are vintage hedgehogs! They must be protected, which means not touched.

11th student:

Forest courtesy rule. It is for the benefit of the guests, i.e. for you and me. Sometimes guests in the forest scream, sing, and holler. Because of this noise, the forest stands scared and hidden. And none of the screamers will know what is happening. She doesn’t recognize how the chiffchaff shadows, as if she’s dropping droplets. Like a chaffinch sings its sunny song, or like it warns about rain: it has a different song for rain - like a creaky door creaks. They won’t hear how the woodpecker hammers away in his smithy, or how the squirrel clicks when he’s angry. And when someone elusive rustled in the grass, they wouldn’t even notice. What they came with is what the noisy guests will leave with. As if he didn’t find the owners of the house.

So we returned from our trip.

Who lives in the forest?

What should we remember about them?

What conclusion should be drawn?

Shellfish

In total gastropods about 90 thousand species; in Mari El there are only 69 of them. All of them have adapted to different lifestyles and nutritional patterns. Some filter food from organic suspensions of water, others feed on detritus - organic matter, consisting of decay products of living organisms and plants, and for predatory forms the main prey is bivalves.
Representatives of the prosobranch subclass live in water. They are found in our forest lakes: Yalchik, Konanier, Mushender, Glukhoy, Okunev and others.
The family of pond snails, the most common pulmonary snails in our reservoirs, is represented in the republic by a much larger number of species. Of these, the most famous common pond snail. From early spring to autumn, you can observe these snails crawling in the coastal strip of lakes such as Glukhoe, Konanier, Martyn, Sharskoye and others. There are especially many of them in the middle of summer in thickets of water lilies, water lilies and hornwort.
Bivalve mollusks also live in our reservoirs: barley and toothless mollusks. Their characteristic feature is the presence of a bivalve shell and lamellar gills.
In the lakes Marier, Yalchik, Tsurkan, Lisiem and others live the wedge-shaped, thick and ordinary pearl barley, whose shell is stronger and more flattened laterally than that of the toothless barley, which also belongs to the family of pearl barley. Their shell is thin-walled, fragile, with a rather weak mother-of-pearl layer and without locking cavities.
In the Mari Republic, three types of toothless are known: ordinary, narrow and fish. The first is found everywhere where there is no fast current, and the narrow toothless is found only in two lakes - Marier and Mushender. The toothless fish is very common in our rivers and lakes. There is especially a lot of it on Lake Kichier.

Insects

In Russia, silkworm breeding first began in 1596 in the village of Izmailovo, near Moscow. Currently, it is widespread in our country. Even in the Republic of Mari El, where, it would seem, the conditions are not very suitable, where it is too cold for such heat-loving creatures, they began to engage in sericulture.
The first industrial feeding of oak silkworms in our country began on collective farms Krasnodar region in 1937. And in 1941, some collective farms of the Mari Republic began sericulture.
There are about two thousand species in the mosquito family, but the most common are the squeak and malaria mosquitoes. The squeaker is very common in our region, and it haunts us at every step in the summer. The malaria mosquito is very rare in the Mari Republic.
Our republic is included in the zone of increased numbers of beetles - wireworms. Their number under various agricultural crops reaches from 18 to 44 copies per square meter. Among them, click beetles are especially numerous: sowing, striped, dark, shiny, wide, red-tailed. According to experts, crop yield losses from wireworms amount to up to 38 percent.
Among the insects of the Republic of Mari El, although they have been studied relatively little, there are species listed in the Red Book of Russia. These are from the beetles: the fragrant beetle, the hermit, the alpine longhorned beetle, the moss bumblebee, the Shrenka bumblebee, the sporadicus bumblebee, the Baikal bumblebee, the steppe bumblebee, the lesus bumblebee, the carpenter bee, and from butterflies: the peacock's eye, the death's head hawk moth, the oleander hawk moth, hera bear, lady bear, crimson order ribbon, blue order ribbon, saddle owl, swallowtail, podalirium, apollo, mnemosyne, polyxena, gero sennitsa, great quail.

Fish

The Republic of Mari El is located in the middle reaches of the great Russian river Volga. Many large rivers republics such as Vetluga, Rutka, Bolshaya and Malaya Kokshaga, Ilet, Sura, Bolshoi Sundyr and others flow into the Volga. It is through them that fish penetrate into all the reservoirs of the region. In the Volga, according to experts, there are 69 species of fish, and in our republic there are 42 species, 38 of which are permanent residents.
More than half of total number species are made up of fish from the carp family. These include bream, carp, crucian carp, ide, gudgeon, tench, sabrefish, rudd, roach, bleak and others. In second place in number is the perch family, represented by 4 species: pike perch, perch, ruff, and bersh. Of the catfish, pike, and cod families, we have only one species each: catfish, pike, and burbot.
In the past, before the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, many fish, especially sturgeon, which included such valuable species as sterlet, beluga, sturgeon, as well as cyprinids, rose annually in the spring from the Caspian Sea to the upper reaches of the Volga to spawn. Now a dam has blocked their path, and the fish can no longer reach our region. Therefore, many species are found less and less often in our country, and white fish and herring have disappeared altogether.
The species composition of fish inhabiting individual reservoirs of the republic is far from the same. The larger the body of water, the richer it is in fish. The greatest diversity is observed in Lake Yalchik, where 12 species of fish are found. In small lakes species composition very poor. Among them there are completely isolated reservoirs, such as lakes Glukhoe and Kuzhuer, in which you can only catch perch, pike and crucian carp.

Amphibians

The Mari Republic is home to 11 species of amphibians: three species of newts, two species of toads, four frogs, the common spadefoot and the red-bellied toad.

Birds

In our fauna, chickens are represented by the pheasant family, which includes quail, gray partridge, pheasant and the grouse family, of which four species live in the Mari Republic: partridge, black grouse, wood grouse and hazel grouse.

Predator birds

In the Mari Republic there are 25 species of diurnal birds of prey from three families: hawks, ospreys and falcons. Some of them - osprey, golden eagle, imperial eagle, white-tailed eagle, short-eared eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon - have become so rare that they have become extinct. In many countries, including ours, they are protected and listed in the Red Book.
The osprey family is represented by only one species - the osprey, which feeds mainly on fish. That is why it can be found on the Volga, Vetluga, near lakes Lugovoe, Maryer, and the Nolka and Tolman fish farms. Its plumage is grayish-brown with streaks, and there are black stripes on the sides of its head. While hunting for fish, the bird flies slowly over the water, and sometimes, fluttering its wings, hovers in the air, looking for prey.
Of the hawk family, 18 species live in our region: the buzzard, the black kite, the goshawk, the golden eagle, the imperial eagle, the short-tailed snake eagle, the white-tailed eagle, the buzzard or buzzard, the field harrier and others. The largest bird, the golden eagle, has become very rare among them. In the Republic of Mari El, it nests in the territory of the Iletsky forestry and the former Mari State Reserve. The plumage of the golden eagle is dark brown, sometimes in reddish and dark gray tones. The legs are covered with feathers up to the toes. He hunts hares, wood grouse, ducks, and feeds on carrion.
But the birds from the falcon family are medium in size, their wings are long, pointed, and their tails are narrow. Their flight is rapid with frequent flapping of their wings. They feed mainly on freshly hunted animals and only in rare cases on carrion. Of the falcons, we have the real falcon or peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, saker falcon, hobby hobby, merlin, kestrel and falcon. The food of the peregrine falcon and the gyrfalcon, included in the Red Book, are exclusively small birds, which they catch in flight. True, in Rus' falcons were also trained to catch hares and foxes.

Animals Mari El

The fauna of the Mari El Republic is quite rich and diverse. But this is also one of the traditional sources of human existence since ancient times. And although now it is losing its meaning, it still exists. For example, in 1993 alone, wild ungulate meat worth 33 million rubles was sold in the republic.
It should be noted that the reduction in forest area, pollution of water bodies, and excessive hunting have led to the disappearance of certain animal species and a decrease in the number of squirrels, hares, ermine, marten, otter, and badger. Due to the fault of man, over the past hundred years in our region they have completely disappeared. reindeer, whooper swan, gray goose.
Also in late XIX centuries, the muskrat was widespread in the Mari region. Because of the great value of the furs of these animals, thousands were caught. In 1913, more than 60 thousand muskrat skins were sold at the Nizhny Novgorod fair alone. But in the 1920s there were forest fires across the republic, the rivers—the muskrat’s favorite habitats—shallowed, and hunting was too irrational, and as a result, the muskrat disappeared from us. In 1963, an attempt was made to acclimatize these animals on Malaya Kokshaga, where 173 muskrats were released, but they did not take root.
Even now, not all is well with the protection of animals in the republic, although the state spends a lot of money on this. In 1993, for example, the government allocated about 50 million rubles for the protection, reproduction of wild animals and the maintenance of the ranger service. but the number of violations of animal protection rules during this period did not decrease and amounted to 313 cases. Fines amounting to about two million rubles were imposed on poachers.
Behind Lately Both the government and conservation enthusiasts are making a lot of efforts to acclimatize fur-bearing animals, organize nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, and create fur farms. In 1993, a state reserve“Bolshaya Kokshaga”, where hunting for wild animals and fishing is completely prohibited, where all animals live in freedom, but under the protection of reserve staff. To enrich the fauna with valuable fur-bearing animals in the Gornomariysky region, in 1993, 50 bobak, the European marmot, were released.

The Republic of Mari El is one of the most environmentally friendly regions of Russia. The territory of the republic is located on the border of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Fifty-seven percent of the territory is mixed forests. Thanks to the wonderful environmental conditions, a rich fauna has been preserved on the territory of Mari El.

The Mari region is a fabulous landscape, a haven of silence, a place with a rich flora, as well as a kingdom of animals and birds. The nature of the republic amazes with its splendor and richness.

With its landscapes, Mari El resembles the nature of the Alps. There are also many rivers, lakes and protected forests.

Flora of the Republic of Mari El

The local forests are famous throughout Russia; they are the largest forest area on the Volga River. Forests are the main wealth of the republic, as they contain large reserves of wood. Valuable coniferous species predominate on the territory of the republic. In the south there are pine forests, and in the north there are spruce and fir. In the forests you can find all kinds of mushrooms and berries, as well as medicinal plants.

The left bank of the Volga, Lesnoye Zavolzhye, is covered with continuous forest. Coniferous and mixed forests predominate here. There are about seventy species of tree and shrub species. In the river valleys there are oak and linden forests. The forests in the region have been deforested quite heavily, but reforestation work is constantly being carried out in the areas of deforestation. On the territory of the republic you can also find aspen, alder, maple, elm, rowan, bird cherry, rose hips, honeysuckle, juniper, viburnum and many other plants.

Fauna of the Republic of Mari El

Forests, meadows, rivers, lakes and swamps are home to many different animals. More than forty species of fish live in the reservoirs, such as perch, pike perch, bream and many others. The amphibian world is represented by ten species of inhabitants - frogs, newts, toads. Six species of reptiles - viper, snake, spindle, copperhead. Here you can find two hundred and eighty species of birds - woodpeckers, tits, owls, cranes, eagles, goldfinches, herons and many others.

The Republic of Mari El is rich in mammals; there are about sixty species here. Among them are such representatives as wolf, fox, Brown bear, lynx, elk, bat. An equally large number of rodents are found here, for example, hares, beavers, squirrels, and muskrats.

The most frequently encountered representative of the animal world here is the elk.

It is not for nothing that the coat of arms of Mari El is decorated with the image of a moose - they have long been found in abundance in the Mari forests. And today their number in the republic is about 4 thousand.

Climate in the Republic of Mari El

The Republic of Mari El has a temperate continental climate. Winters here are quite long and snowy, and summers are relatively hot. The territory of the region is under the influence air masses Atlantic and Arctic.

In winter there are sharp drops in temperature, and in autumn and spring frosts are often observed.

The average annual air temperature in the east of the republic reaches two degrees Celsius above zero, and in the southwest up to three degrees.

The coldest month is January and the warmest month is July.

The warmest time of the year, when the temperature reaches above ten degrees Celsius above zero, lasts approximately one hundred and twenty-eight days on the territory of the republic.

Persistent frosts continue from the tenth of November to the twenty-fifth of March.

In winter there are often thaws.

The most a large number of precipitation occurs between April and October, when it is warm. During winter there is quite little precipitation.

The formation of snow cover occurs from the fifteenth to the twenty-fifth of November and this snow lies for about one hundred and fifty days.

Winds on the territory of Mari El are variable. Southern and southwestern winds predominate. Strong winds are typical in winter.