The main symptom of the disease manifests itself in the form of a symptom of an increase in body temperature. To detect the presence of fever in a baby is quite simple, for which you need to put your palm on his forehead. With an increased reading of the thermometer, the root cause of such a symptom should be identified, for which you need to consult a doctor. Often the cause of a high temperature in a baby is viruses, bacteria and infections that enter the body. In this material, we will pay attention to the question of how often it is allowed to bring down the temperature of a child.

When to lower the thermometer

It is possible to start lowering the temperature of the baby in the case when the thermometer readings exceed the value of 38 degrees. With slight fluctuations up to 37.5-38 degrees, the temperature does not need to be brought down. The body fights off the infection on its own. Minor and short fluctuations of the thermometer up to 37.2 degrees are considered normal, which is associated with the individual characteristics of the organism.

It is important to know! To correctly measure the temperature, it is necessary to keep a mercury thermometer in the armpit for at least 5-8 minutes. The correctness of its readings depends on how long the crumb thermometer will hold.

When the mark on the thermometer rises to 38 degrees, there is a violation of the functioning of vital organs and systems. Premature, underdeveloped, as well as babies who are at risk, the temperature should be knocked down already at a value above 37.2 degrees, but it is necessary to notify the local doctor. If a child's thermometer readings do not exceed 38 degrees, but at the same time his skin becomes pale, his condition deteriorates sharply, and muscle pains also appear, then you should immediately start giving antipyretic drugs.

How often can you bring down the temperature

The question of how often you can bring down the temperature of a child is quite popular. This is due to the fact that after one dose of antipyretic drugs, the body temperature may rise again after a while, when the effect of the drug is completed. It remains to find out how many times you can bring down the temperature of the child, if it rises after a while.

Per day, children under three years of age are allowed to bring down the temperature no more than three per day. Often the effect of the first dose of antipyretic lasts up to 4-5 hours. If after a specified period of time the thermometer readings begin to increase again, then you need to repeat the procedure for taking the medicine.

It is important to know! The most effective and popular antipyretic drugs for children are Nurofen and Paracetamol.

If, after the third dose of the antipyretic drug, the child's temperature continues to rise, then you need to call a doctor or go to the hospital. You can bring down the temperature of a child over the age of 3 years no more than 4-5 times a day. If a child has a high temperature for more than 2 days in a row, and gets off only with the help of antipyretics, then, in this situation, you need to consult a doctor or notify him by phone.

How many days you can bring down the temperature of a child depends on the age of the baby and his condition. If the thermometer readings barely show 38 degrees, then it is forbidden to rush to stuff the baby with medicines to reduce the heat. If the readings of the thermometer increase rapidly, then urgent measures must be taken.

How to lower the thermometer reading

You can give antipyretic drugs to a child no more than three times a day. Parents need to note the time between each dose of antipyretic. It is strictly forbidden to give the medicine again earlier than after four hours. If the temperature begins to rise earlier, then this indicates the complexity of the disease. How many times you need to give the baby a medicine for fever also depends on physiological features organism.

To reduce the readings of the thermometer, you must also resort to the following actions:

• undress the child completely, removing warm clothes from him, and replace them with clean and dry ones;
• ventilate the room;
• apply wet wipes to the heels;
• provide the child with complete peace of mind.

About how many times a day it is allowed to give the baby antipyretic drugs, you need to check with the local doctor. It is impossible to give a child a lot of antipyretics at once, but when it comes to his life, it is necessary to draw appropriate conclusions.

It is important to note such a factor that oral administration of the drug gives a result after 25-30 minutes, and rectal suppositories after 35-40 minutes. About how much of a particular antipyretic drug should be given to a child can be read in the instructions. After using antipyretics, you can exercise drug treatment causes of the disease. The doctor prescribes the treatment regimen and the necessary drugs.

The quantity, quality and frequency of urination in a child can tell a lot about the state of his genitourinary system and overall health. Therefore, these indicators should certainly be paid attention to, especially if any changes in the usual urination regimen are noticed. But not always the features and differences in these processes indicate the development of the disease, although most often they have a specific reason.

Often, parents notice that the child has begun to urinate frequently or, conversely, rarely pees, and this, of course, immediately alarms and worries. Is it worth worrying in such cases, and are there any norms for urination for children at all - we'll talk about this today.

How often should a newborn urinate?

And let's start, perhaps, from the very beginning - the neonatal period. A newly born baby is able to pee for the first time already during and immediately after birth. Other newborn babies urinate for 12 hours, and usually manage to do this several times during these half a day. And even the complete absence of urination in a newborn for 24 hours from the moment of his birth can be an absolute norm. In general, in the first knocks of his life, the baby pees infrequently.

Baby urination in general has some features. In particular, the urine of a newborn may be orange or reddish, which is not at all a deviation or a violation, it simply contains a large amount of urate salts, giving it a characteristic color. After 2-3 days, the child's urine should acquire a normal shade for him - light yellow - or become completely transparent.

The number of urinations of a newborn largely depends on how many days have passed since the birth, what kind of air surrounds the baby, what type of feeding he is on. Therefore, there can be no clear and common norms for all. However, pediatricians are guided by the following average age indicators:

• an infant from birth to 6 months on average urinates 20-25 times a day, 20-30 ml at a time;
• from 6 months to 1 year - an average of 15-16 times a day, 25-45 ml at a time.

The total daily volume of urine at the age of 1 month to 1 year is 300-500 ml.

How much should a child write

As the child grows, more and more factors will influence the number of urinations and the pattern of bladder emptying. Among them are the amount of fluid consumed per day, the time of year and the air temperature in the room, the physical, mental and emotional health of the crumbs, and even the characteristics of his character. Thus, more impressionable, vulnerable individuals may empty more often than self-confident or calm children. The reason for more or less frequent urination may be the anatomical features of the organs of the genitourinary system, for example, the increased size of the bladder (then the need to empty it occurs less frequently).

In pediatrics, they are guided by a table compiled by the Soviet doctor, academician Albert Papayan, which offers average norms for the frequency and volume of urination in children of different ages and allows you to find the answer to the question of how often a child should urinate:

It is impossible not to say that during the period of weaning children from diapers, they begin to urinate quite often. This is fine. The child's bladder needs to get used to being in control of this process, and the adjustment period takes some time. At first, the baby will be written more often, but over time, episodes of urination will occur with increasing intervals. But during the period of introduction of supplementary feeding or complementary foods (when the baby is less often applied to the breast), the frequency and amount of urination, on the contrary, may decrease.

In general, than older child, the less often, but in large portions, he empties the bladder, the volume of which also increases, and the better he is able to control the work of the bladder, that is, write not very often. It should be understood that it is possible to focus on the norms given in the table provided that the baby is healthy and is in normal conditions, that is, does not overheat and does not overcool, consumes a sufficient amount of liquid, does not get sick. In addition, do not worry if the child urinates less often, but the daily volume of urine excreted is normal.

Urination norms in children and deviations

Significant deviations from the proposed benchmarks should be cause for concern. Even the smallest children can experience such painful conditions as oliguria (a decrease in daily urine volume by 20-30%), polyuria (an increase in daily urine volume by 50% or more), enuresis (bedwetting) and others.

Urinary retention in children can be caused by large body fluid losses (due to vomiting, diarrhea, overheating, high body temperature, insufficient fluid intake), impaired kidney or heart function.

If a child pees very often, then the list of “suspects” includes hypothermia, stress, use a large number liquids or diuretic products (watermelon, melon, cucumber), bathing in salt water, as well as more serious causes - worms, anal fissures, diabetes insipidus, kidney failure.

Only a doctor can determine the exact cause of the disorder, as well as its presence in principle. Therefore, if any suspicions arise, it is necessary to contact a pediatrician who will refer the child for the necessary studies and then, possibly, a specialist consultation. You can take a urine test yourself by contacting a paid clinic.

The reason for going to the doctor should be not only changes in the number or frequency of urination, color, transparency and smell of urine, but also the child's feeling of discomfort or pain at the time of emptying. Normally, children's urine is transparent, does not contain impurities (mucus, flakes, blood), has a light yellow color. dark urine may be evidence of urinary retention, and very light - their increase.

In the meantime, the reason for the deviation is not clarified, you should not take any therapeutic measures on your own, even the most, in your opinion, simple and harmless. So, warming up the perineum of a child (which mothers and grandmothers often do, thinking that the child is too cold) can lead to a worsening of the condition if a urinary tract infection is the cause of frequent urination.

Take care of your kids!

Especially for - Larisa Nezabudkina

Very often, young mothers are overly worried about the health of their child, sometimes panicking at the slightest change in the behavior of the baby. One of the most frequently asked questions to pediatricians and more experienced mothers is the question - how many times should a monthly baby poop per day and in what quantity.

How much should a monthly baby poop

The second reason why this issue remains one of the main ones for all mothers is that the stool and its amount are individual for each child, and may vary depending on nutrition, the general condition of the body, drinking regime and so on.

We will try to answer in detail the question: “how much does a one-month-old baby usually poop on average?”

1. The approximate amount of feces of a one-month-old baby on breastfeeding is fifteen grams. Gradually, this amount will increase to 40-50 grams;
2. In a breastfed baby, the stool is usually a homogeneous yellow slurry with a sour milk odor. However, with this diet, stools with small lumps, sometimes greens (if in an infant) are also considered the norm.
3. The amount of feces in children with artificial feeding is greater, up to 40 grams.
4. When feeding babies with mixtures, the color of the feces can be light yellow or dark brown, and the smell is quite sharp. A small amount of mucus in the stool or small white lumps is considered normal. So excess milk fats that are not digested are removed from the body.

How many times a day should a monthly baby poop

A child of this age usually has stools on GV after each feeding, that is 8-9 times / day.

There are times when a child poops 1-2 times/week!!! but in large volume. If the child is in good health, colic is not bothered, then this frequency is normal for the child; Yes, yes, it happens.

Moms take note!

Hello girls) I didn’t think that the problem of stretch marks would affect me, but I’ll write about it))) But I have nowhere to go, so I’m writing here: How did I get rid of stretch marks after childbirth? I will be very glad if my method helps you too ...

The stool of artificial children is less common. Usually from 1 to 4 times / day . If this happens less often, it is considered constipation.

Main problems. When is the best time to consult a pediatrician?

1. If a month-old baby poops more than 10-12 times / day, and if the stool has a specific smell, it begins to foam and the color changes (turns green), then you should contact your pediatrician. Perhaps these are errors or more serious diseases.
2. If the child cannot poop already long time, while often crying, then he probably has constipation (?). It is best to deal with this problem with gentle methods - eating foods with a laxative effect, drinking plenty of mom. As a last resort, it is allowed. A reception medicines only on the recommendation of a doctor.
3. Often, such a phenomenon in infants, increased gas formation, causes trouble for the baby. This problem is also corrected with the help of nutrition, conduction.
4. Diarrhea in an infant ()

If the suspicions and concerns of the mother were confirmed, and the child really showed abnormalities or infection, then do not do it :

• Wean the baby from the breast and switch to IV;
• Limit feeding time "by the clock";
• Supplement the baby with water or tea;
• Engage in self-medication.

So, in this article we tried to answer the question of how much, on average, a one-month-old baby should poop in sufficient detail. The main thing that a mother needs to do is to carefully monitor her diet if the child is on breastfeeding, and the amount of formula given during artificial feeding. If you change the consistency of feces and the general condition of the baby, you should consult a pediatrician.

ARI or ARVI in a child, and indeed any illness, is always stressful for the whole family. And everyone wants this to happen as little as possible. Alas, childhood illnesses are inevitable. And some pediatricians believe that they are even useful.

The best pediatricians are much more worried than children from the FIC group (Frequently Ill Children) because of babies who absolutely do not suffer from respiratory diseases. They believe that acute respiratory infections are a kind of body training in the "battle" with viruses and bacteria.

Dangerous symptom

If a baby up to two or three years old has never had a rise in temperature, cough and runny nose, this in the vast majority of cases means that his body, in contact with the infection, does not give feedback. The danger that the child's immune system will “break down” and some more serious disease will occur is very high in this case. Therefore, you should not be very upset about ARI and SARS. Treat it like a normal growing up baby.

CBD group - what is it?

The definition of CBD is not a diagnosis, but a special medical term, under the "auspices" of which frequently ill children are combined into groups of increased medical attention. And then the question arises: often - how?

According to regulations World Organization health care group includes children who fall ill more than five times in one year. But each country has its own rules. For example, in the United States and Great Britain it is considered normal if a child attending a children's group has acute respiratory infections 8–10 times a year. In Ukraine, the abbreviation CHID applies to children if, under the age of three or four years, they have acute respiratory infections more than 4 times a year, after four years - more than 5 times a year.

- a category of children prone to a high incidence of acute respiratory diseases due to transient, correctable violations in the body's defense systems. The group of frequently ill children includes children suffering from more than 4-6 episodes of acute respiratory infections per year, which can occur in various clinical forms. Frequently ill children should be examined by a pediatrician, ENT doctor, allergist-immunologist; the diagnostic algorithm includes: UAC, sowing from the mucous membranes of the pharynx and nose, detection of infections by PCR, allergy tests, immunogram examination, radiography of the paranasal sinuses and chest. Often sick children need sanitation of foci of chronic infection, etiopathogenetic therapy of acute respiratory infections, vaccination and non-specific prophylaxis.

General information

Frequently ill children (FIC) - children who carry acute respiratory infections more often than conditionally healthy children(i.e. more than 4-6 times a year). The concept of "frequently ill children" is not a diagnosis and an independent nosological form: it can hide various diseases of the respiratory system (rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, laryngotracheitis, bronchitis, etc.). In pediatrics, the term "frequently ill children" is used to designate a group of dispensary observation and mainly reflects the multiplicity and severity of infectious morbidity. Sometimes, to emphasize the protracted nature of respiratory infections in this category of children, the concept of “frequently and long-term ill children” (CHCD) is used. In Western countries, in relation to such patients, the term "children with recurrent acute respiratory infections" is used. According to epidemiological data, frequently ill children account for 15-40% of total number children.

Causes

It is believed that the main cause of frequent recurrent respiratory diseases in children are non-specific disorders of immunological reactivity, affecting all parts of the immune system. As studies show, even in the period of complete clinical well-being in frequently ill children, the functional activity of T-lymphocytes is reduced; helper/suppressor ratio changed; hypo- and dysgammaglobulinemia, phagocytosis disorders, a decrease in the level of lysozyme and secretory IgA, an increase in the content of pro-inflammatory interleukins and other changes are noted. These shifts cause an increased tendency for children to develop repeated respiratory infections and bacterial complications. At the same time, insufficient reserve capabilities of interferonogenesis (antiviral protection) contribute to the maintenance of sluggish inflammation in the child's body.

Thus, although there are no gross primary defects in the immune system of frequently ill children, there is an extreme stress of the immune response and depletion of the reserves of anti-infective defense mechanisms. Apparently, a transient change in homeostatic balance develops against the background of massive and prolonged antigenic effects on the child's body.

In the anamnesis of frequently ill children, the pathology of the perinatal and neonatal periods is often traced: intrauterine infections, asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, prematurity, etc. In infants, malnutrition, rickets, anemia, hypovitaminosis, dysbacteriosis; at an early age, helminthiases and chronic infections of the nasopharynx - adenoids, rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, etc.

The disruption of already imperfect adaptive mechanisms can be facilitated by the early transfer of a child to artificial feeding, environmental problems, poor child care, passive smoking, irrational use of medicines (antipyretics, antibiotics, etc.), and allergic aggravation. Often ill children often have a lymphatic-hypoplastic anomaly of the constitution (diathesis). Sometimes a seemingly normally developing child moves into the category of frequently ill children after he starts attending preschool. educational institutions, which is explained by the high level of contact with sources of infection.

The causative agents of repeated infections in frequently ill children in most cases are viruses (influenza and parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, adenoviruses), atypical microorganisms (causative agents of chlamydia and mycoplasmosis), bacteria (hemophilic bacillus, staphylococci, streptococci, marocella, pneumococci, etc.).

Characteristic

On average, most children suffer 3-5 episodes of acute respiratory infections per year; at the same time, the highest incidence is observed among children of early, preschool and primary school age. In the first three years of life, children suffer from acute respiratory infections 2-2.5 times more often than children over 10 years old.

The criteria for classifying children as frequently ill are: the frequency and severity of acute respiratory infections, the presence of complications, the duration of the intervals between episodes of morbidity, the need for antibiotics for treatment, etc. The main among these indicators is the number of repeated episodes of acute respiratory infections, taking into account the age of the child (A.A. Baranov, V.Yu. Albitsky, 1986). The category of frequently ill children can be classified as:

• the first year of life, who have had 4 or more cases of acute respiratory infections per year;
• from 1 to 3 years old, who have had 6 or more cases of acute respiratory infections per year;
• from 4 to 5 years who have had 5 or more cases of acute respiratory infections per year;
• older than 5 years who have had 4 or more cases of acute respiratory infections per year.

In addition, in children older than 3 years, when classifying them as frequently ill, an infectious index can be used, calculated as the ratio of the number of all episodes of acute respiratory infections per year to the child's age (in years). In rarely ill children, the infectious index usually does not exceed 0.2-0.3; in frequently ill patients it is from 0.8 and above.

ARVI prevails in the structure of infectious morbidity in frequently ill children. At the same time, respiratory infections in frequently ill children can occur in the form of damage to the upper respiratory tract (adenoiditis, tonsillitis, sinusitis), upper respiratory tract (rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, etc.), lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia). Frequently ill children tend to have a prolonged and complicated course of infections. In the structure of complications, they are dominated by sinusitis, purulent otitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatism.

Frequent infectious morbidity leads to a violation of the neuropsychic and physical development of children, the formation of vegetative-vascular dystonia, limited social contacts with peers, and poor academic performance. Quite often, children who are often ill have a lack of formation of visual-effective and visual-figurative thinking, a delay in speech development, violation fine motor skills.

Diagnostics

Examination and curation of frequently ill children should be carried out by a group of specialists, including a pediatrician, a pediatric otolaryngologist, a pediatric allergist-immunologist, and a pulmonologist. Since half of frequently ill children have chronic diseases of the ENT organs, it is necessary to perform rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, otoscopy, ultrasound of the sinuses to assess the condition of the adenoids, tonsils, sinuses, eardrums.

In order to detect atopy, allergy tests are performed, the content of total and allergen-specific immunoglobulins E (IgE) is determined. It is advisable to study the indicators of the state of immunity, including the levels of IgA, IgG, IgM.

To assess the microbiocenosis of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx in frequently ill children, bacteriological culture from the pharynx and nose is mandatory. To identify viral and atypical pathogens (RS virus, mycoplasma, chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, HSV types 1 and 2), smears and swabs are examined by PCR.

Of the additional laboratory tests, frequently ill children undergo a clinical blood test, general analysis urine, feces for dysbacteriosis, examination for helminthiases and giardiasis. Instrumental diagnostics is supplemented by radiography of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses, chest x-ray, FVD.

Treatment of frequently ill children

Since the concept of "frequently ill children" hides a wide range of individual problems, it is impossible to talk about a universal treatment algorithm. Nevertheless, the experience gained in pediatrics has made it possible to determine general approaches to the therapy and rehabilitation of frequently ill children, including increasing the body's resistance, sanitizing foci of chronic infection, etiopathogenetic therapy during acute respiratory infections, vaccine prophylaxis, cauterization of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, adenotomy, tonsillectomy, etc.

During periods of respiratory infection, frequently ill children are prescribed etiopathogenetic treatment: anti-inflammatory (fenspiride), antiviral (alpha interferon, umifenovir, rimantadine), local or systemic antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefixime, etc.).

To stimulate nonspecific protective factors, frequently ill children are shown taking bacterial lysates. It is necessary to correct the intestinal microflora with the help of probiotics and prebiotics. The possibility of observation of frequently ill children by a homeopath is not excluded.

Assigning a child to the group of frequently ill children does not exclude preventive vaccinations, but, on the contrary, is the basis for carefully thought-out individual vaccination. Thus, the frequent incidence of respiratory infections is the main indication for vaccination of children against influenza. Mandatory and additional vaccinations for frequently ill children should be carried out during periods of clinical well-being; in this case, the risk of developing post-vaccination complications does not exceed the average.

Prevention

Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely prevent the incidence of ARI in children, however, adults can reduce the frequency and severity of the disease. From the moment of planning pregnancy, it is necessary to conduct healthy lifestyle life, avoid exposure to adverse factors during gestation; after the birth of a child - exercise breast-feeding. With regard to frequently ill children, one should not neglect immunoprophylaxis and non-specific prevention of acute respiratory infections, timely treatment of concomitant infections.

The number of repeated episodes of acute respiratory infections per year in frequently ill children depends not only on the correctness of treatment, but, to a greater extent, on lifestyle during periods of clinical well-being. Planning and compliance with rehabilitation and recovery measures helps to prolong the period of remission, reduce the frequency and severity of episodes of acute respiratory infections.