Nouns are divided into three types according to the type of declension:

1. Feminine nouns with ending -a, -i(Earth);
2. Nouns male with a null ending, neuter nouns with ending -o-e(house, field);
3. Null feminine nouns (mouse).

In Russian, a special group is made up of heterogeneous nouns: burden, crown, flame, udder, banner, tribe, stirrup, time, name, path.

A significant group of nouns does not change in gender and number, they are called indeclinable; depot, foyer, aloe, coffee, coat, attache and others.

Adjectives change by gender, number and case in the singular. In the plural, the case endings of adjectives of all three genders are the same: new tables, books, pens.

There are certain rules for declension and numerals. For example, the numeral one is declined as an adjective in the singular, and the numeral two, three, four have special case forms that are similar to the endings of adjectives in the plural.

Numerals from five to ten and numerals -twenty and -ten decline according to the third declension of nouns.

The numerals forty, ninety have two case forms: forty and ninety.

For numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, and for all numerals, both parts are inclined to -hundred.

Good afternoon I have a question about declension of surnames. I read the information posted on the site about this, but did not come to a definite conclusion. So, the surname is Novik. She declines if it is a male surname (the diploma was issued to Igor Novik), and does not decline if it is a female one (the diploma was issued to Anna Novik). But what about the plural? If this is a male surname, it will decline: the diploma was issued to Igor and Oleg Novik. What if it's female? Diplomas were given to Anna and Elena Novik (or Noviks?). And what about the plural if there is no reference to the gender in the text? For example, did you come to visit the Novikov family? And if it is known that there are only women in the family (but this is not reported in the proposal)? For example, "we came to visit the Novik family (or Novikov?). Anna, Elena and Olga met us..."

We give an excerpt about similar surnames from the "Handbook of Spelling and Style" by D. E. Rosenthal.

Surnames referring to two or more persons are put in the plural form in some cases, in the singular form in others, namely:

Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; Also father and son Oistrakhi;

2) with two female names Irina and Tamara Press;

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Paul and Eslanda Robson, August and Carolina Schlegel, Richard Sorge's associates Max and Anna Clausen, Ariadne and Peter Tur; Seryozha and Valya Bruzzak, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;

Mr and Mrs Rainer, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations husband and wife, brother and sister husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;

5) at the word spouses The surname is put in the singular form, for example: the Kent couple, the Thorndyke couple, the Noddack couple;

6) at the word brothers Brothers Grimm, Brothers Schlegel, Brothers Schellenberg, Brothers Pokrass; the same with the word sisters: Press sisters, Koch sisters;

7) at the word family the surname is usually put in the singular form, for example: with The Oppenheim family, the Gamal family.

	Question #289994

Hello! Can you please tell me if the surname is inflected in this case? Ivan and Isabella Kovtunovich(s)? And whether to incline such a surname with male names - Ivan and Sergey Kovtunovich (s)? Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Right: Ivan and Isabella Kovtunovich, Ivan and Sergey Kovtunovich.

Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are put in the plural form in some cases, in the singular form in others:

1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakhi;

Irina and Tamara Press;

3) if the surname is accompanied by a male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadna and Petr Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;

4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns, indicating a different gender, for example: Mr and Mrs Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations husband and wife, brother and sister The surname is more often used in the plural form: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;

5) at the word spouses The surname is put in the singular form, for example: Consorts Kent, Consorts Major;

6) at the word brothers the surname is also usually put in the singular form, for example: brothers Grimm, brothers Spiegel, brothers Schellenberg, brothers Pokrass; the same with the word sisters: Koch sisters;

7) at the word family Oppenheim family.

	Question #289907

Hello. Clintons or Clintons? I think the second option is correct, but the quote is the first... Over 15 years, $10 million was sent to help the Clintons.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The “Handbook of the Russian Language: Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing” by D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova contains a recommendation to put a foreign surname in the singular form, if it is accompanied by words spouses, family. Recommendations on the use of the surname with the word couple not in the reference book, but it is logical to assume that in this case the singular number is preferred.

	Question #288805

Does the surname Kim in the plural decline: "spouses Kims" or "spouses Kims", "Natalya and Oleg Kims" or "Natalya and Oleg Kims"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In such cases, with the words spouses, family Surnames are usually put in the singular: the Kim spouses.

If the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it also retains the singular form: Natalia and Oleg Kim.

	Question #287231

Greetings! I'm working on the subject of surname declension. There is very little information about plural forms. Can you please tell me how the plural form for surnames ending in -uk/-yuk will look like? For example, Vlasyuk. Will we visit Vlasyukov or Vlasyuk? I would be grateful if you recommend a source (give a link) for independent study of the topic.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Options are possible. For example, with two male names, the surname is put in the form of plural. numbers (we will visit Yuri and Nikolai Vlasyukov), with two female names, a single number is chosen. At the words brothers, spouses, family the surname is usually put in the singular form (Vlasyuk brothers, Vlasyuk spouses, Vlasyuk family), but with words husband and wife more common plural: husband and wife Vlasyuka. See: Rosenthal D. E., Dzhandzhakova E. V., Kabanova N. P. Reference book on the Russian language: spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. 7th ed. M., 2010 (section "Declination of some names and surnames").

	Question No. 283207

Tell me if the spelling of the sentences is correct: "35 books have been written about the story of the Bell family, which was attacked by a mysterious spirit. All of them tell how a curse fell on the respectable and respected Bell family." Should the surname "Bell" be inflected?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

At the words spouses, family a foreign surname is usually put in the singular form: about the history of the Bell family, on the Bell family. Instead of curse better write a curse. Everything else is correct.

	Question #270255

There is reference material on my topic on your site, but questions remain. Hello, now :)) Karmanovich or Karmanovich family? And non-Russian surnames like Khatit, Our are inclined in the plural? i.e. our brothers or ours? Spouses Hatit or Hatita etc.? Thank you in advance!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons, in some cases are put in the form of plural. numbers, in others - in the form of the singular. It depends on the context. At the words spouses And brothers the surname is usually put in the singular form: wife Hatit, Nash brothers. At the word family a non-Russian surname is also usually put in the singular form.

	Question #267802

Please tell me,
in the sentence "The spouses refused social services at home at the time of the visit by the specialists of the department" is "at the time of the visit by the specialists of the department" a phrase clarifying the meaning and is it necessary to separate it with commas?
thank you in advance

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

This is not a qualifying construct, no additional punctuation marks are required.

	Question #260436

Hello!
Please tell me how the name of the deceased wife of the President of Poland will sound in Russian: Kaczynska or Kaczynska? Or are both options acceptable?
Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct in Russian: Kaczynska.

	Question No. 254502

To question No. 254477: why is "Popelyuk dynasty" correct, but "Romanov dynasty"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Non-standard Russian and non-Russian surnames (i.e., surnames arranged in a way other than suffixes -ov / -ev, -in) are usually put in the singular form when accompanied by the words brothers, sisters, spouses, family, dynasty etc., cf.: Petrov brothers, But Brothers Grimm, Ivanov family, But the Zhuk family. Similarly: Romanov dynasty, But Popelyuk dynasty.

	Question #246491

Can you please tell me if the names are inclined in the following cases: the Clintons arrived on vacation; Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt visited the theater; Husband and wife Robson made the trip?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

If the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt.

At the words spouses, family, brothers the surname is usually put in the singular form: the Clinton spouses.

With combinations husband and wife, brother and sister The surname is more often used in the plural form: husband and wife Robson.

	Question #243967

Good afternoon. Please tell us about the etymology of the word "marriage" - in the sense of the union of spouses and, if possible, about the etymology of the word "spouse". Thank you!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Marriage("marriage") - a Slavic word, historically associated, apparently, with the verb take(the exact etymology has not been established). Spouse- derived from sprushti"pull, connect, harness." Initial spouse turned into spouse under the influence of words with a prefix su-. Spouses literally - "in one harness."

	Question No. 241215

Hello Gramota.ru!
Help the proofreader of a newspaper published in Russian.
How should surnames be spelled correctly in such combinations:

Demidchik brothers or Demidchik brothers, Kreidich brothers or Kreidich brothers, Gleb brothers or Gleb brothers, Gusik brothers or Gusik brothers;

Alla and Alexander Batsuk or Alla and Alexander Batsuki, Vera and Andrey Dokuchits or Vera and Andrey Dokuchitsy, Natalya and Vyacheslav Lut or Natalya and Vyacheslav Luta, Irina and Denis Oleinik or Irina and Denis Oleinik, Ekaterina and Dmitry Moschik or Ekaterina and Dmitry Moshchiki,

spouses Samoylyuk or spouses Samoylyuks, spouses Talashkevich or spouses Talashkevichi, spouses Cheberkus or spouses Cheberkus, spouses Selyukh or spouses Selyukha;

Brothers Eduard and Vladimir Demidchik or brothers Eduard and Vladimir Demidchik, brothers Alexander and Vyacheslav Gleb or brothers Alexander and Vyacheslav Gleb;

spouses Lyudmila and Vasily Tishuk or spouses Lyudmila and Vasily Tishuk; spouses Elena and Stepan Shuplyak or spouses Elena and Stepan Shuplyak;

The Kivachuk couple or the Kivachuk couple,

The couple of Lyudmila and Vladimir Kivachuk, or the couple of Lyudmila and Vladimir Kivachuk, or the couple of Lyudmila and Vladimir Kivachuk, or the couple of Lyudmila and Vladimir Kivachuk;

The Stasyuk family or the Stasyukov family, the Elk family or the Elk family;

The family of Natalya and Igor Stasyukov, or the family of Natalya and Igor Stasyuk, or the family of Natalya and Igor Stasyuki, or the family of Natalya and Igor Stasyuk.

This is very important for my competent work. The number is going to press! Please, I really need it!!!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Recommendations are as follows. If the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form. If the surname has two female names, or if the surname is accompanied by a male and a female name, then the surname retains the singular form.

At the words spouses, family, brothers the surname is usually put in the singular form.

	Question #240838

Can the use of the word "spouse" be considered incorrect? I have always believed that it is necessary to say this when talking with a stranger, and when communicating with acquaintances, use "husband, wife." Today I listened to an excerpt from a book of essays by journalist A. Zimin, which describes a real episode when a certain lady, who considers herself to be the highest educated caste and considers everyone who uses irregular shapes of speech, pariahs and renegades, declares (I do not quote verbatim, but the meaning is preserved) that it is the use of "spouse (a)" that is the division between the upper and lower classes, akin to simple speech and indicates the speaker's non-participation in a cultural society. Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Use of words spouse And spouse in ordinary speech is not welcome, but not so much because it seems to indicate some kind of division into “higher” and “lower” castes, but because such use contradicts the stylistic norm of the modern literary language, gives speech mannerism, some sweetness and is qualified by a number of linguists as a manifestation of "speech philistinism".

Before words spouse And spouse did not have such stylistic shades, cf. lines from "Eugene Onegin" (Lensky's poems to Olga): "A cordial friend, a welcome friend, Come, come: I am your husband! ..". However, in modern speech, the words spouse And spouse are of an official nature (in the official chronicle you can find the following combination: the President's wife visited...). In ordinary speech, the correct use of the word spouses in the plural in relation to a couple: young spouses, spouses Ivanovs. But in the singular in ordinary speech, the use of these words is regarded as bad form: such expressions as me and my wife (husband), my (my) husband (wife) should be avoided and said me and my husband / wife, my (my) wife (husband).

	Question #212874

"in the event (,) if the spouses have not reached the age of majority, it is necessary to conclude a marriage contract ..." do you need a comma? Thank you

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

On this page, you can view the declension of the word "husband" by cases, both in the singular and in the plural. Husband is a 3 letter word. Word declension table "husband" by cases is given below. Through the search, you can find other words you need.

Plural

Singular

It is important to know about the declension of words

Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.

The main part of the numerals is declined according to the third declension.

The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension.

The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in indirect cases - forty, one hundred ..

When declining compound ordinal numbers, only their last part changes Collective numbers (two, three, etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting baby animals, or nouns that have only the plural form.

Combinations of compound numbers ending in two, three, four with nouns that do not have a singular form are not allowed. Only combinations like twenty-one days, twenty-five days are possible.

The numeral pronoun both has two generic forms: both are masculine and neuter gender both are feminine. The same applies to the numeral one and a half.

Adjectives are a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what ?, what ?, what ?, what? The adjective is in the same case form, number and gender as the noun it depends on.

In the singular, adjectives change by gender and case. The gender of plural adjectives is not determined.

Plural adjectives cannot be gendered.

The change of nouns in cases is characterized by a change in their endings, which are called case forms. In total, there are six cases in Russian, each of which has its own auxiliary question.

Form nominative case called straight (or initial), all the rest - indirect.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by asking a question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be recognized by the auxiliary questions that are answered by the circumstances.

Video lesson in Russian "Change of personal pronouns by cases"

For masculine nouns Czech includes nouns that end in:

• hard consonant: brambor, pilot, dům, pes
• into a soft consonant: nůž, konec, boj, křiz
• some animate nouns ending in a vowel: neposeda, přednosta, škůdce, soudce

The masculine gender in Czech is divided into animated And inanimate nouns. This affects the endings of nouns when we work with cases. Feminine and middle are not divided into animate and inanimate.

Plural. animated

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	pan ove pan i	muž i	predsed ove	soudc ove soudc i	Jir í
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	pan ů	muž ů	predsed ů	soudc ů	Jir ich
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	pan y	muž e	predsed y	soudc e	Jir í

Following the example of the word pan– pan ove(pan i) words will be declined: syn, právník, lev, student, president, voják.

Following the example of the word muž– muž ove(muž i) the words will be declined: ředitel, držitel, uklízeč, cizinec, rodič.

Following the example of the word predseda– predsed ove the words will decline: bandita, starosta, kolega, hrdina, policista.

Following the example of the word soudce– soudc ove(soudc i) the words will be declined: správce, dárce, zrádce, vládce, průvodce.

Following the example of the word Jiri– Jir í words will be declined: krejčí, průvodčí, vedoucí, výpravčí, dozorčí.

It can be seen that the plural in the case "Who? What?" we got by adding the ending to the word -ove or -i.

Plural. inanimate

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	hrad y	stroj e
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	hrad ů	stroj ů
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	hrad y	stroj e

Following the example of the word hrad words will be declined: most, strom, obchod, pas, stůl, balkon.

Following the example of the word stroj words will be declined: počítač, cíl, míč, klíč, čaj, měsíc.

Now, in order to use our time even more rationally, we will put an adjective in front of these nouns in these three cases and see what ending it takes.

Inanimate masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -é : strom y(trees) jsou mlad é (young) .

Animated masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -í : muz i(men) jsou mlad í (young) .

From the topic Adjectives in Czech. Male gender. The only number we know is that in the Czech language there is also a so-called. "soft adjective"- characterized by a soft ending -í .

The most commonly used adjectives in this group are: mobilní, právní, cizí, krajní, denní, noční, místní, lokální, státní, poslední, finanční, ostatní, první, třetí.

Soft adjectives are not inflected for number and gender.

So, in order to distinguish by what type we need to inflect an adjective in the plural, we need to put the adjective from the plural into the singular - soft adjectives will remain with the ending -í , and solids in the singular will get their characteristic -ý .

You can double-check yourself for any word in the Czech language on the website slovnik.seznam.cz.

With adjectives, everything is very simple.
We enter them into our tables and get:

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	mlad í /ciz í	pan ove pan i	muž i	predsed ove (husite)	soudc ove soudc i	Jir í
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	mlad ech/ciz ich	pan ů	muž ů (přatel)	predsed ů	soudc ů	Jir ich
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	mlad é /ciz í	pan y	muž e	predsed y	soudc e	Jir í

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	Velk é /prvn í	hrad y	stroj e
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	Velk ech/prvn ich	hrad ů	stroj ů
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	Velk é /prvn í	hrad y	stroj e

Noun declension "days", "people", "guests"– common words in Czech:

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	Velk é /velcí/prvn í	dn y/dn i	lid é	host é
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	Velk ech/prvn ich	dn í /dn ů	lid í	host ů
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	Velk é /prvn í	dn i dn y	lid i	host y

In the masculine plural in Czech adjectives, in addition to endings, you need to pay attention to changes in letters in the word itself:

Similar endings:

As in Russian, different prepositions correspond to cases.

Whom? What? (Genitive = 2. pád)

od– odchazim od kamaradů (leaving friends)
do- do lesů (to the forest), nastupujte do vozů (get in cars)
bez– bez partnerů (without partners)
krom(e)– kromě manželů (except for husbands)
misto– misto rublů vezmi dolary (instead of rubles, take dollars)
podle– podle zakonu (according to laws)
podel / kolem– kolem hradů (around the forts)
okolo– okolo zamků (near/around castles)
u– u domů (at the houses)
bucket– zastavky vedle obchodů (stops near shops)
behem– během vikendů (during weekends/weekends)
pomoci– pomoci šroubováků (using screwdrivers)
za– za starých casů (in old times)

Whom? What? (Akuzativ = 4. pád)

pro– darky pro muže (Presents for men)
pred– dej stoly pred televizi (put tables in front of the TV)
mimo – (past, outside of something, apart from, apart from someone/something other than, beyond something)– ochrana dřevin rostoucích mimo lesy (protection of trees growing outside the forest), mimo soudy (not for ships)
na– pověste oblečení na věšáky (hang clothes on hangers)
pod(e)– všechno padá pod stoly (everything falls under the tables)
o– zvýšit o 2 stupně (upgrade by 2 levels), boje o poháry (battles for cups)
po– jsem po kotniky ve vodě (I'm ankle-deep (ankle - m. R.) in water)
v– věřit v zakony (believe in laws)