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Morphological norms of the Russian language The presentation was prepared by students of group 473 Britsova A. Vasilyeva A. Melnikova D. Khusnutdinova E..

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Great about speech ... For an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecency as not being able to read and write. AP Chekhov Misuse of words leads to mistakes in the field of thought and then in the practice of life. DI. Pisarev

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Qualities of good speech Correctness, accuracy, consistency, purity, expressiveness, richness of speech, its appropriateness, compliance with the stylistic purpose

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About speech and its norms Correct speech- this is a speech in which all the norms of the literary language are observed. The norm of the literary language is a uniform, exemplary generally recognized use of elements of the language. Language norms of speech: orthoepic, word-formation norms, morphological, syntactic, lexical, stylistic, spelling, punctuation.

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Morphological norms. What it is? Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words of different parts of speech. Compare: Correct: their slide is prettier than three students Incorrect: their slide is prettier or prettier than three female students

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Remember: when forming forms of nouns, variant forms are dangerous. In the form I.p.pl. nouns can have variant endings; - s (-s) and -a (-s). slide No. 1 -Y (-I) -A (-Z) addresses, director, inspector, passport, vacation, tower, silk, dome, stamp, anchor, side, buffer, bill, evening, heap, gutter, millstone, inspector , boats, jacket, clover, bell, body, dome, ham, district, warrant, passport, quail, cook, cellar, professor, watchman, tenor, paramedic, weather vane, stack, stamp. Obstetricians, accountants, librarians, elections, leads, drivers, dispatchers, contracts, instructors, engineers, proofreaders, doctors, elevators, officers, players, policies, ports, printers, rectors, editors, warehouses, locksmiths, snipers, turners, to΄rts, trainers, wings, fleets, fronts, drivers.

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Formation of some forms of nouns: In the formation of forms of nouns, difficulties are associated with the choice of case endings. Zero endings were fixed in the form of R.p. plural words that are: names of units of measurement: one hundred amperes, arshin, bit, bon, watt, hectare, carat, roentgen; names of nationalities: many Armenians, Bashkirs, Romanians, Gypsies, Georgians, Ossetians, Turkmens, Moldavians: BUT: Bedouins, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Koryaks, Mongols, Mordvins, Negroes, Tajiks, Turks, Tungus, Uzbeks, Khakasses, Croats, Chukchi, Eskimos, Ethiopians, Yakuts, etc.;

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Formation of some forms of nouns: Names of paired objects: several boots, boots, trousers, boots, boots, galoshes, sneakers, armor, cuffs, moccasins, shoulder straps, boots, stockings, spurs, boots, shorts, epaulettes; BUT: socks, stockings, clips; And also for feminine nouns. on -NYA: desert - desert, dovecote - dovecote, nun - nuns, fable - fables, sheet - sheet, tower - towers; The words barges, keys, cemeteries, coordinates, pasta, fritters, marks, shoes. The endings -OV / -EV were fixed in the form of R.p. plural words that are the names of vegetables and fruits: a kilogram of pineapples, bananas, tomatoes, BUT: apples. Nouns on -EB most of them end in -II: coast - coasts, reflection - reflections, BUT: dresses, mouths, etc.

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endings genitive plural nouns slide No. 1 - zero ending -s Boot, felt boots, stocking, epaulette, stripe, epaulette. Socks, golfs, clips, key rings of Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Lezgins, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Turks, Gypsies. Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Mongols, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Yakuts, Croats. Apples, plums. Oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, pomegranates. Amperes, arshins, bits, watts, volts, radians, x-rays Acres, bytes, grams, carats, kilograms, hectares, rails. Grenadier, hussar, dragoon, lancer, partisan. Miners, sappers, midshipmen.

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Formation of some forms of nouns: In some cases, the endings of nouns in I.p. plural serve to distinguish the lexical meaning of words: knightly orders - breast orders, absences from classes - present passes. Do not allow "accumulation of identical cases" ("stringing of cases"): We started preparing for the elections; The issue will be considered by the commission appointed by the director. Correctly determine the gender of inflected nouns, for example: imported shampoo, beautiful tulle, old piano, useful vegetable, my birthday, spacious hall, steel rail, one reserved seat, left shoe, slipper, slipper, sneaker.

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slide No. 1 Neutral nouns without stress -e -ya R.p. pl.-II R.p. plural - OY Coast - coasts, pickles - pickles Fritters - fritters Dancer-dancer Exception words Upper - upper, lower - lower, dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, apprentice - apprentices: Roots - roots, rags - tatters, rags - rags, flakes - flakes .P. plural - HEY Shotgun-gun Rook-rook Exception words: spear - spears.

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slide #1 cf. in I.p. on -CE in R.p. plural on -EC Saucer - saucer, mirror - mirror, towel - towels, heart - hearts, Exception: sun - suns In R.p. plural at a number of nouns. zh.r. And generic ending - zero or - HER Waffle - waffles, loop - loops, shoe - shoes, barge-barge, earring - earrings, cuff-cuffs, tablecloth - tablecloths. If the noun before-NYA there is a soft ending vowel: goddess-goddesses If the noun has. before -НЯ there is a consonant solid ending: fable-fables

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FORMATION AND USE OF COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Features of the use of adjectives

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simple form Complex (composite) form Formed with the help of the suffix -EE (-EE): more beautiful - more beautiful; using the suffix -E: high - higher, expensive - more expensive; using the suffix -SHE: thin - thinner; - from other bases: good is better. It is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective: stronger, more beautiful, less significant, less clear. Ways of forming the comparative degree of adjectives

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Simple form Complex (composite) form Formed with the help of suffixes -EYSH (-AYSH): the most beautiful, the highest; with the help of the suffix -Ш: higher, lower; sometimes the prefix NAI- is added to the named suffixes: the highest; from other bases: good - the best Formed by adding the words most, most, least to the adjective: the most beautiful, the strongest; adding to the simple comparative degree of the adjective the words of all, everything: all the nicer, the most beautiful Superlative degree

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IT IS NOT POSSIBLE the thinnest, smarter, least beautiful. thinnest or thinnest, smarter or smarter, least beautiful or more beautiful. Note! It is unacceptable to connect in one design simple and complex shapes comparative and superlative degree:

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Agile - more vigorous and more combative, Flexible - more flexible, Deep - deeper, Bitter (experience) - bitterer, Bitter (honey) - bitterer, Small - smaller, Narrow - narrower, Bad - worse, Good - better. Remember!

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On the forms of short adjectives Of the variant forms of short adjectives in -EN and in -ENEN, the forms in -EN are more often used in the modern literary language. For example: immoral, meaningless, insensitive, sickly, ambiguous, natural, artificial, frivolous, slow, powerful, courageous, ignorant, peculiar.

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Let's practice! Read. Indicate what mistakes were made when using the degrees of comparison of adjectives. Orally correct the sentences. 1) The speech of the grandmother is brighter and more expressive than the speech of other characters in the story. 2) The words of Luke make the strongest impression on the inhabitants of the rooming house. 3) Olga was younger than Tatyana. 4) Due to heavy rains, the expedition worked in more difficult conditions. 5) We returned home by the shortest route.

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DECLECTION OF QUANTITATIVE NUMBERS AND THE USE OF COLLECTIVE NUMBERS

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A numeral is a part of speech that includes words denoting the number, number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answering the questions how much? which? Quantitative denote the number of items: five thousand sixty-two; distinguish 1) integers (ten, one hundred), 2) fractional (two-fifths, five point seven hundredths), 3) collective (two, five) Ordinal - numerals denoting the order in counting: first, tenth, one hundred and sixtieth

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Declension of cardinal numbers (how many?) Composite: all words, all parts decline: R.p. (none) seven hundred eighty-two etc. (what?) seven hundred and eighty-two and a half: one and a half hundred I., V. - one and a half (m., Wed), one and a half (female) one and a half hundred R., D., T., P. - one and a half, one and a half hundred forty, ninety, one hundred: I., V. - forty, ninety , one hundred R., D., T., P. - ending -a.

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Declension of quantitative names of numerals Tens: both parts end in the same way fifty, fifty. Hundreds: both parts are inclined, in case of difficulty, substitute instead of the word hundred - note I., V. five notes - five hundred. R. five notes - five hundred. D. five notes - five hundred T. five notes - five hundred P. about five notes - about five hundred

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Declension of ordinal names of numerals (which?) Only the last word is declined until one thousand six hundred and eighty-six (year) in two thousand five hundred and ninety-seven (year) When specifying the date after the ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the fifth of January, before the first of September

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Let's practice! Read the sentences aloud, correctly forming the endings of the numerals and the nouns that agree with them. 1. The abstract contains an appendix with 25 diagrams... 2. The student is missing 9 books. 3. 11 more people were added to 247 applicants.

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The combination of collective numbers with nouns Collective numbers (from 2 to 10): two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. 1) with nouns denoting males (two friends, three brothers); with nouns children, people, as well as with nouns denoting the names of animal cubs (four children, seven kids); with nouns that have only the plural form and designate the names of paired or compound objects (two sledges, four gates); with personal pronouns (two of us, five of them).

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both both both, both, both only with masculine, neuter nouns Both brothers, on both canvases, both, both, both only with nouns female both sisters, on both sides

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Let's practice! Make up word combinations of numerals, BOTH, BOTH with the following words in the forms of the nominative and dative cases. Sample: Both students; to both students. Institute, session, speech, dean, signature, exam, statement, student, face.

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Formation of forms of the imperative mood of some verbs Features of the use of verbs Verb PUT - only with a prefix! Put, put Infinitive Sing. Plural look look look go go go go climb climb climb climb climb, climb climb, climb lie lie lie down touch touch touch touch put put put put put

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LESSON - presentation WITH ELEMENTS OF DISCUSSION “Morphology and culture of speech. Morphological norms of the Russian language. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Olekminskiy district MBOU "Dabanskaya secondary school" Zhirokhova Valentina Alexandrovna, teacher of Russian language and literature of the first category slide No. 1

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For an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write. A.P. Chekhov slide No. 1

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The most important qualities of good speech Correctness Accuracy Consistency Purity Expressiveness slide number 2

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Correct speech is speech in which all the norms of the literary language are observed slide No. 3

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The norm of the literary language is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements slide No. 4

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Language norms of speech Orthoepic Norms of word formation Morphological Syntactic Lexical Stylistic Spelling Punctuation slide No. 5

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Slide 8

Morphological norms of the language are the norms of education various parts speech. shaping of nouns and adjectives; shaping verb forms; declension and compatibility of numerals; differentiation of functional homonyms. slide number 7

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Epigraphs of the lesson The surest way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to how he speaks. DS Likhachev Misuse of words leads to errors in the field of thought and then in the practice of life. D.I. Pisarev. slide number 9

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How are the words grouped? Justify your answer. Determine the gender of nouns, select definitions. slide No. 10 1 group Kashnet, kimono, tornado, Hindi, salami 2 group Pony, chimpanzee, tsetse, cockatoo, iwashi 3 group Miss, fraulein, dandy, lady, couturier 4 group Ontario, The Times, Sukhumi, Congo, Gobi 5 group CIS, UN, Moscow State University, Hydroelectric Power Station, FSB 6 group Luna park, cape, female ambassador

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Group 1. slide No. 11 words gender definition Muffler Medium Silk Kimono Medium Bright Tornado Male Destructive Hindi Male Difficult Salami Female Delicious

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1. Words denoting inanimate objects are usually neuter; The masculine gender includes the words: brie, suluguni (cheese), coffee, penalty, ha, tornado, sirocco (wind); names of languages: Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and others; The feminine gender includes the words: salami (sausage), kohlrabi, broccoli (cabbage), avenue, street (street) and others. slide number 12

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Group 2 slide No. 13 words genus definition Pony Male Affectionate Chimpanzee Male Huge Tsetse Female Rare Cockatoo Male Bright Iwashi Female Delicious

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2. Animal names are usually masculine, but may also be feminine when referring to a female. The feminine gender includes the words: tsetse (fly), ivasi (fish). slide number 14

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Group 3 slide No. 15 word gender definition Miss Female Young Fraulein Female Charming Dandy Male Prudish Lady Female Old Couturier Common gender Known

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3. Words denoting people have a gender corresponding to the gender of the designated person. The common gender includes animated nouns that equally name both men and women: vis-a-vis, parvenu, protégé, Yankees. Most indeclinable job titles are masculine, even if they are women: She is an experienced couturier. He is a famous couturier. slide number 16

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Group 4 slide No. 1 word gender definition Ontario Middle Famous "Times" Female Daily Sukhumi Male Sunny Congo Female Full-flowing Gobi Female Lifeless

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4. The genus of indeclinable proper names is determined by the generic concept (city, river, desert, newspaper, magazine, etc.) slide No. 1

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Group 5 slide No. 1 word gender Verb CIS Middle Formed by the UN Female Declared MSU Male Announced a hydroelectric power station Female Launched by the FSB Female Warned

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Group 6 slide No. 1 word gender definition Luna park Male Interesting Cloak tent Female Tarpaulin Female Ambassador Female Beautiful

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5. The gender of compound words is determined by the main word. CIS (Commonwealth independent states). 6. The masculine gender includes the words: university, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Housing Office. Genus compound nouns is determined by two rules: If the 1st part does not change, then the genus is determined by the 2nd part: sword-fish (female), Tsar Cannon (female); If both parts are inclined, the gender is determined by the first word: sofa-bed (m.r.), monastery-fortress (m.r.), dress-suit (cf.r.). slide number 1

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1. a) manage seventy-six days; b) do not argue; c) this fabric is lighter; d) a kilogram of tomatoes. 2. a) by the year two thousand and eight; b) put on a shelf; c) a lot of cherries; d) experienced drivers. 3. a) a few tomatoes; b) very cold; c) up to two thousand and twenty-two; d) old professors. 4. a) for both girls; b) over four thousand meters; c) several young men; d) I'll try. 5. a) a pair of shoes; b) several towels; c) experienced doctors; d) about five hundred kilometers. 6. a) the strongest wrestler; b) healthy gums; c) forty rubles; d) a few herons. slide number 1

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Remember: you can’t mix the simple and compound forms of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives slide No. 1 Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives Comparative degree Superlative degree simple compound simple compound -E, -EE -EE -SHE MORE LESS + the original form of the adjective -EYSH- -AYSH- MOST MOST LEAST OF ALL + original form of adjective

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Remember: when forming forms of nouns, variant forms are dangerous. In the form I.p.pl. nouns can have variant endings; - s (-s) and -a (-s). slide No. 1 -Y (-I) -A (-Z) addresses, director, inspector, passport, vacation, tower, silk, dome, stamp, anchor, side, buffer, bill, evening, heap, gutter, millstone, inspector , boats, jacket, clover, bell, body, dome, ham, district, warrant, passport, quail, cook, cellar, professor, watchman, tenor, paramedic, weather vane, stack, stamp. Obstetricians, accountants, librarians, elections, leads, drivers, dispatchers, contracts, instructors, engineers, proofreaders, doctors, elevators, officers, players, policies, ports, printers, rectors, editors, warehouses, locksmiths, snipers, turners, to΄rts, trainers, wings, fleets, fronts, drivers.

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Endings of the genitive plural of nouns slide No. 1 - zero ending -s Boot, felt boots, stocking, epaulette, stripe, epaulette. Socks, golfs, clips, key rings of Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Lezgins, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Turks, Gypsies. Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Mongols, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Yakuts, Croats. Apples, plums. Oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, pomegranates. Amperes, arshins, bits, watts, volts, radians, x-rays Acres, bytes, grams, carats, kilograms, hectares, rails. Grenadier, hussar, dragoon, lancer, partisan. Miners, sappers, midshipmen. slide #1 cf. in I.p. on -CE in R.p. plural on -EC Saucer - saucer, mirror - mirror, towel - towels, heart - hearts, Exception: sun - suns In R.p. plural at a number of nouns. zh.r. and a general kind of ending - zero or -HER Waffle - waffles, loop - loops, shoe - shoes, barge-barge, earring - earrings, cuff-cuffs, tablecloth - tablecloths. If the noun there is a vowel ending in front of the soft: goddess-goddesses If the noun has. before -Н there is a consonant solid ending: fable-fables Compatibility of collective numerals slide No. 1 Collective numerals are combined Collective numerals are not combined with noun. m.r. and common gender, naming males: a friend - two friends, an orphan - three orphans 1. with nouns denoting females: two girls, but you can’t say: two girls. 2. with noun. having forms ONLY plural: day - four days 2. with noun. m.r., naming animals: two sheep. (you can't have two wolves, but you can have two cubs) 3. with noun. children, guys, people, the face of two children, three guys, four young people, two strangers. 4. with personal pronouns: there are two of us, there were five of them. 5. with substantiated numerals and adjectives denoting persons: two, three unknown persons entered.

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References: A.G. Narushevich "Methods of preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language: lesson planning, lesson organization, exercise system." M. Pedagogical University"The First of September", 2010 A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova "Russian language". M "Enlightenment" 2009 N.V. Egorova and other "Lesson developments". M. "WAKO", 2008 T.S. Kudryavtseva and others. "Russian language" M. Bustard, 2002 slide No. 1

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What is grammar

Grammar studies the formation and formation of thought according to the laws of the Russian language, i.e. construction of a phrase expressed by various units of speech. Grammar is divided into morphology - the study of word forms and syntax - the study of the laws of construction of a phrase, sentence, complex syntactic whole (STS).

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Answer the questions:

What is a part of speech? What are the parts of speech? List all parts of speech. What groups are all parts of speech divided into? Which parts of speech are modifiable and which are immutable? What parts of speech have the following grammatical categories: declension, conjugation, inclination, aspect, tense? What other grammatical categories for different parts of speech can you remember? What is the grammatical meaning of a word?

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Noun.

Morphological norms associated with the use of a noun

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gender of nouns

Make up adjective + noun phrases, determine the gender of the noun data: shampoo, migraine, parcel post, potato, piano, cello, veil, report card, tulle, corn, surname, penalty, weekend, bulletin. How right? Dahlia or dahlia Reserved seat or reserved seat Rail or rail Shoes or shoes Rate or rates Ink or ink; quarry or career

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Common nouns

What nouns belong to this group? How to determine the gender of these nouns? "Who is bigger?" Write down as many common nouns as you can.

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Poor thing, vagabond, beech, bully, warrior, upstart, unfortunate, dirty, tall, fidget, bully, vicious, crippled, couch potato, good fellow, mumbling, ignorant, ignorant, touchy, half-educated, fidget, glutton, crybaby, hard worker, lazy, self-taught, an orphan, a sleepyhead, a namesake, a clever girl, a hypocrite, a sneak, etc. Tall, governor, bigwig, bouncer, fool, kid, hare (gray) - only masculine.

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Gender of nouns denoting professions

Federal (m.r.) Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel visited (m.r.) Moscow. A highly qualified (m.r.) architect Petrov prepared (m.r.) a preliminary design of the building. Compose with noun. doctor, director, coach of the proposal so that it is clear whether it is a woman or a man.

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They are a violation of the norm of the word: Doctor, doctor, assistant professor, hairdresser, rector, etc. Both male and female versions are acceptable: Janitor - janitor Nurse - nurse Teacher - teacher Conductor - conductor Giraffe - giraffe Swan (white) - swan princess (in poetry; a winch should be said about a female swan)

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Gender of indeclinable nouns

M.R.: noun denoting persons of the male sex (porter, maestro), names of animals and birds (cockatoo, pony, flamingo). Female: nouns denoting females (Miss, Frau) Cf.: nouns denoting the names of inanimate objects (coats, movies, metro)

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Determine the gender of indeclinable common nouns: chansonnier, kangaroo, pani, ingenue (stage role of a young simple-hearted girl), yankee, coffee, koala, vamp, referee, olivier, avenue Determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns: Baku, Missouri, Congo, AMC, Ontario, MFA

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Number of nouns

Form the plural form. I.p. from noun: pharmacist, confectioner, director, engineer, accountant, doctor, lecturer, locksmith, driver, choice, contract, anchor, poker. Tooth (human, mechanism) Root (plants, dried seasoning) Leaf (paper, plants) Sable (fur, animal) Order (award, knightly) Bread (cereal in the vine, baked product) Pass (document, absence) Bottom (barrels, ocean)

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Remember!!!

The ending -i (s) have the words: accountants, elections, contracts, engineers, instructors, conductors, designers, lecturers, officers, reports, editors, rectors, sectors, locksmiths, cakes, fronts, drivers have the words: addresses, bills, director, doctor, boat, tunic, bell, body, dome, district, warrant, vacation, passport, cook, cellar, professor, grade, stamp Equal options: tractors - tractors, searchlights - searchlights, cruisers - cruisers, years - years and some. others

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The use of the form R.p. plural

Form the form R. P. pl. from noun: tomato, apple, tangerine, cherry, Armenian, Moldavian, Yakut, Chukchi, boot, tights, shorts, sock, stocking, desert, nun, fable, song, village, meditation, camping, dress, sapper, probationer, partisan, soldier, kilogram, hectare, centner, x-ray, school, poker, dream, prayer, hoof

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Morphological norms associated with the use of an adjective

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Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Remember how the degrees of comparison of adjectives are formed. Form all adjectives from the data below possible forms degrees of comparison: strong, beautiful, businesslike, hard, dexterous, dry, wide, bitter, small, light, lame

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Remember:

the combination in one construction of a simple and compound forms of a comparative and superlative degree does not correspond to the norms of the literary language and is a gross mistake. Expressions are unacceptable: more interesting, worse, somewhat more detailed, the strictest, etc. The only exceptions are a few constructions that have traditionally fixed the combination of the word “most” with the form of the superlative degree of the adjective: the nearest (time), the shortest (path), in the closest possible way, etc.

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The use of short and full forms of adjectives.

Dependent words can only be in the short form of adjectives: During the month, the sister was sick (with what?) with the flu. You can not: "sick with the flu." The full and short forms are not used simultaneously as homogeneous members offers. You can not speak and write: The young man is solid and very smart. Correct the mistake.

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Short form for –en (not –enen)!!!

Senseless - meaningless Inactive - inactive Countless - countless Majestic - majestic Ambiguous - ambiguous Malignant - malignant Artificial - artificial Courageous - courageous Ignorant - ignorant, etc.

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slide 1

Preparation for the exam
Morphological norms

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Morphological norms. What it is?
Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words of different parts of speech. Compare:
That's right: accountants get down prettier three students
Incorrect: the accountants are prettier or the three female students are prettier

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Typology of tasks
Specify the error in the formation of the form of the word: 1) lie down on the floor; 2) the most beautiful; 3) a pair of socks; 4) five hundred years.

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The following topics should be repeated:
I. Gender of nouns. II. Formation of nouns and adjectives. III. Declension and compatibility features of numerals. IV. functional homonyms. Delimitation of functional homonyms.

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independent
official
Noun Adjective Numeral Pronoun Verb Adverb
Preposition Particle Union
Morphological norms. Parts of speech.
Each part of speech has a specific set of grammatical forms and grammatical categories. Therefore, in order to correctly form the desired form of a word, it is necessary to establish its belonging to a part of speech.

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Features of the use of nouns
The use of gender forms
All nouns, with a few exceptions, refer to one of the three genera: house, country, village. Difficulties in determining the gender of nouns arise when determining the gender of such nouns as roofing felt, tulle, shampoo; when determining the gender of indeclinable nouns (proper and common nouns); when determining the gender of nouns, which are the names of persons by profession, position.

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Gender of indeclinable nouns of foreign origin
The masculine gender includes nouns that are: the name of males: attache, couturier, dandy; animal names: pony, kangaroo, chimpanzee, exceptions: tsetse (female), hummingbird (female): coffee noun. The feminine gender includes: nouns denoting females: lady, madam, frau. The neuter gender includes: nouns-names of objects: coats, movies, menus, taxis.

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gender of nouns
The gender of proper names and some common nouns is determined by the common name: Tbilisi (city) - m.r., Mississippi (river) - f.r., Ontario (lake) - cf.r. The genus of compound words is determined by the type of the leading word: ROO - district department of education (m.r.). The gender of nouns, which are the names of persons by profession: manager Eliseev - manager Eliseeva; singer-singer, student-student; Ivanov's secretary, engineer Rodionov.

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The use of number forms of nouns
Most nouns in Russian can have singular and plural forms: table - tables. Masculine nouns ending in a consonant nominative case plural have, as a rule, have endings -И (-Ы): lawyers, keys, factories. However, a number of similar nouns in the nominative plural end in the stressed -А (-Я): at home, evenings.

Slide 10

Remember
The ending -Ы (-И) have the words:
pharmacists doctors speakers matchmakers
librarians instructors sentences sectors
bunkers conductors reports locksmiths
accountants constructors auditors cakes
elections consuls editors fronts
contracts lecturers directors chauffeurs
engineers officers rectors navigators

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Remember
The ending -A (-I) have the words:
addresses (but forever and ever) of the director of pearls
sides of Dr. Millstone's bill
century master gutter watchman
tenor passport number boats
Paramedic's Cook County Uniform
farm cellar order bells
silk train release stern
Professor's bin sail body
stamp grade domes

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The use of case forms of nouns
A pair of boots, felt boots, epaulettes, boots, stockings A pair of socks
Buy pineapples, oranges, tangerines, peaches, eggplants, tomatoes, tomatoes.
Several amperes, arshins, hertz, microns, watts, volts, ohms, x-rays. Several hectares, grams, kilograms, kilometers, meters, newtons, centners.
Live among the British, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Turks, Lezgins, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Gypsies. Live among the Bedouins, Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Mongols, Negroes, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Yakuts.
Detachment of hussars, dragoons, partisans, soldiers. A detachment of midshipmen, miners, sappers.
Particular difficulties arise in the formation of forms of the genitive plural of nouns
Masculine nouns

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Feminine nouns
Several fables, barges, waffles, weddings, gossip, herons, nannies, sheets, shoes
A few stakes, skittles, handfuls, candles (but the game is worth the candle)
neuter nouns
no saucers, towels, apples
no knees
Nouns that are used only in the plural
no attacks, darkness, weekdays, frosts
no rake, twilight, rags, manger

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Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives
Features of the use of adjectives

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simple form
Complex (composite) form
It is formed with the help of the suffix -EE (-EE): more beautiful - more beautiful; using the suffix -E: high - higher, expensive - more expensive; using the suffix -SHE: thin - thinner; - from other bases: good is better.
It is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective: stronger, more beautiful, less significant, less clear.
Ways of forming the comparative degree of adjectives

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simple form
Complex (composite) form
It is formed with the help of suffixes -EYSH (-AYSH): the most beautiful, the highest; with the help of the suffix -Ш: higher, lower; sometimes the prefix NAI- is added to the named suffixes: the highest; from other bases: good is the best
It is formed by adding to the adjective the words most, most, least: the most beautiful, the most powerful; adding to the simple comparative degree of the adjective the words of all, everything: all the nicer, the most beautiful
Superlatives

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Should be remembered
It is unacceptable to combine in one construction simple and complex forms of comparative and superlative degrees: more interesting, the strictest, worse. The exception is several constructions that fixed the combination of the word most with the form of the superlative degree of the adjective: the nearest (time), the shortest (path), the closest (image). Of the variant forms of short adjectives in -EN and in -ENEN, forms in -EN are more often used in the modern literary language. For example: immoral, meaningless, insensitive, painful, ambiguous, natural, artificial, frivolous, slow, powerful, courageous, ignorant, characteristic, etc.

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Declension of cardinal numbers and the use of collective numbers
Features of the use of numerals

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A numeral is a part of speech that includes words denoting the number, number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answering the questions how much? which?
Quantitative denote the number of items: five thousand sixty-two; distinguish 1) whole (ten, one hundred), 2) fractional (two fifths, five point seven hundredths), 3) collective (two, five)
Ordinal - numerals denoting the order in counting: first, tenth, one hundred and sixtieth

4. When declining compound cardinal numbers, all the words of which they consist change
case 7495
I.p Seven thousand four hundred ninety-five
R.p. seven thousand four hundred ninety-five
D.p. Seven thousand four hundred ninety-five
V.p. seven thousand four hundred ninety-five
etc. seven thousand four hundred ninety-five
P.p. About seven thousand four hundred ninety-five

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5. The numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred have two case forms - one and a half, one and a half hundred and one and a half, one and a half hundred.
6. Ordinal numbers are declined, like adjectives, they change according to cases, numbers and gender: seventh car, fifth place. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last number is declined.
case 1912
I.p. year one thousand nine hundred and twelve
R.p. year one thousand nine hundred and twelve
D.p. one thousand nine hundred and twelve
V.p. year one thousand nine hundred and twelve
etc. year one thousand nine hundred and twelfth
P.p. (Oh) 1912

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Should be remembered
When specifying the date after the ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the first of September, before the twelfth of December, the eighth of March.

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Task A3 tests the graduates' knowledge of the norms of the formation of various parts of speech. When completing the task, special attention should be paid to the formation and declension of the forms of numerals, the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives, nouns I.p. and R.p. plural

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Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Comparative degree SIMPLE \u003d base of the initial form + suffix -EE- (light + ee \u003d lighter) COMPOUND \u003d more (less) + initial form (more (less) light)

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Superlatives SIMPLE \u003d base of the initial form + suffix -EISH- (light + eish \u003d brightest) COMPOUND \u003d most. most, + initial form (lightest, lightest); Comparative simple degree + all (lighter than all) DON'T: MORE BEAUTIFUL CORRECT: MORE BEAUTIFUL or MORE BEAUTIFUL

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Formation of numerals

When declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word changes (twenty-sixth, two thousand and eighth) When declining complex and compound cardinal numbers, EVERY component changes (with one thousand five hundred and sixty three) 3. Numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred, forty, ninety, one hundred have only two case forms: I.p. and V.p. - one and a half, one and a half hundred, forty, ninety, one hundred Other cases - one and a half, one and a half hundred, forty, ninety, one hundred

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If the numeral one hundred is part of a complex numeral, then it changes in a special way (by analogy with the word WINDOWS): I.p. (V.p) five hundred windows R.p. about five hundred windows - zero ending D.p. to five hundred windows T.p., five hundred windows P.p. about five hundred windows

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The numeral both is used with masculine and neuter nouns (both friends, both friends, both windows, both windows) The numeral both is used with feminine nouns (both students, both students) !!! The numerals both and both are NOT USED with nouns that have only the plural form (gate, trousers, sleigh ...), i.e. you can’t speak at both gates, both sleighs (here you need to use the turnover for both: at both gates)

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Collective numerals (two, three, four and others) do not combine with nouns denoting females, and with masculine and feminine nouns denoting the names of adult animals. That's right: two friends, three days, five of us. Four moose, six guys, seven people BUT: three women, four bears, two cats

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Declension of pronouns

1. The initial H is added to personal pronouns of the 3rd person if they are after simple prepositions (in, without, before ...) or after adverbial prepositions. Managers R.p. (around, in front, near, past ...) For example: without him. around them 2. After adverbial prepositions governing D.p. (contrary. According to, contrary to, towards ...) the initial H is not added to personal pronouns of the 3rd person.

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Possessive pronoun THEIR THEIR BOOKS IS IMPOSSIBLE: THEIR (gross mistake)

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With some verbs expressing emotional experiences (to be bored, yearn, cry, get bored), the preposition PO is combined with two cases - D.p. and P.p. IN dative case nouns are usually used: miss (what?) at home In the prepositional case, personal pronouns are used ONLY 1 and 2 persons of the plural: yearn (for whom?) About us, miss (for whom?) for you With other verbs with the preposition PO is used form D.p. of these pronouns: because of the hillock they shot at (to whom? 0 at us

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Formation of nouns

Plural forms I.p. and V.p. nouns Ending -s(-s): accountants, carts, elections, releases, contracts, engineers, designers, containers, lecturers, ports, sentences, rectors, syllables, snipers, cakes, drivers Ending -a(-s): addresses , sides, fans, centuries (kroie: forever and ever. For once), bills, monograms, director, doctor, huntsman, pearls, boats, clover, feed, domes, districts, warrants, passports, quail, watchman, haystacks, tower, black grouse, barn, farm, anchor

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Distinguish words - homonyms

Hogs (boars) Knees (part of a leg) Corps (trunks) Camps (political) Images (fiction) Orders (knightly) Occasions (reasons) Belts (geographical) Hogs (parts of a chimney) Knees (bends) Corps (military units) Camps (tourist) Icons (icons) Orders (insignia) Causes (harnesses) Belts (pieces of clothing)

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Noun endings R.p. plural

ZERO ENDING: The names of most paired items (boots, sneakers, stockings). BUT: socks Names of many units of measurement (watts, volts) Names of some nationalities (often based on H or R): British, Bulgarians, Georgians Names of persons according to their belonging to military units (grenadier regiment, company of soldiers). BUT: miners, sappers Some nouns that are used only in the plural: barges, pokers, weddings, fables Most nouns of the middle gender: winter quarters, meals, villages

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ENDING -OV: Some names of units of measurement: acres, hectares, grams, kilograms Names of many peoples: Mongols, Tajiks, Kalmyks Some nouns that are used only in the plural, and individual names of paired and compound objects: bronchi, shackles, frosts Names vegetables and fruits: oranges, tomatoes, BUT: pomegranate, apples

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Ending -HER: Some feminine nouns: mezzanines, dumbbells, sheets, palms, beds, sazhens ... - Some nouns that do not have a singular form: manger, weekdays

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1. Feminine nouns ending in -ya (unstressed position), in R.p. plural end in -y: minx - minx 2. Exist. zh.r ending in -ya (stressed position). In R.p. plural end in -ey: polynya - polynya 3. Exist. cf. ending in –e (unstressed position), in R.p. plural end in -y: festivities - festivities 4. Exist. cf. ending in –e (stressed position), in R.p. plural end in -her: gun - guns, BUT: dress - dresses, mouths - mouths REMEMBER: spear - spears

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Nouns of the middle gender that have a diminutive meaning and end in I.p. unit On -tse. As a rule, in R.p. plural They end in -ets: a mirror - a mirror, a hoof - a hoof, BUT: a swamp - swamps, a tree - trees, a window - windows, a lace - lace

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Indeclinable nouns

Masculine: - nouns denoting males (attache, maestro, couturier) nouns denoting the names of animals (kangaroo, chimpanzee). Exception: tsetse (fly), kiwi (bird) - f.r. Noun COFFEE, WHISKEY different countries(madame, miss, frau) Middle gender: noun denoting inanimate objects (purse, flower pot, citro) In proper names and some common nouns, the gender is determined by the grammatical gender common noun, acting as a specific concept: Tbilisi (city) - m.r., Ontario (lake) - cf.r., Aragvi (river) - f.r., salami (sausage) - f.r., kohlrabi (cabbage) - f.r.

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Use of verb forms

Common mistakes: The use of dialect-colloquial verb forms: we played (correctly: played) in the forest for a very long time. Mom waited for me that day (correctly waited) for a long, long time and did not wait (waited) Erroneous formation of the form of 1 person singular. present or future simple tense from a number of verbs: go, run, lie down, lie down (correct: go, run, lie down, lay down) Erroneous formation of participial forms on –sch from perfective verbs: thinking (this is not possible) Formation of gerunds from those verbs from which they are not formed: waiting, writing, shya Incorrect formation of special verb forms - participles and participles, for example. The formation of participles with the postfix -sya from irrevocable verbs: playing children (correct: playing children)

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The dependent word is placed with the sacrament and gerund in the same case as with the verb from which they are formed: to manage (what?) the laboratory - head, manage (what?) the laboratory

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Good luck on the exam!

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