The formation of a hotbed of war in the Far East. The Japanese ruling circles have for many years nurtured extensive plans of conquest and actively prepared to carry them out. These plans were set forth with the utmost frankness in the "Tanaka Memorandum" filed Japanese emperor in 1927. The author of this memorandum, who was then the Japanese Prime Minister, demanded the capture of Northeast China (Manchuria) and Mongolia, the war with the Soviet Union and the capture of the Soviet Far East and Siberia, establishing Japanese dominance over all of China, and then over Southeast Asia and India.

The Japanese imperialists took the first step towards the implementation of this program in 1931-1932, by capturing Northeast China.

International situation 1930-1931 characterized by aggravation of relations between the USSR and the capitalist countries. Under these conditions, one could count on the fact that the Western powers would not oppose the Japanese aggression in North China, which was clearly aimed against the USSR.

On September 18, 1931, Japanese troops stationed in the South Manchurian zone railway, began to occupy Northeast China. As a pretext for this occupation, the Japanese authorities used the false report that the Chinese had blown up the South Manchurian Highway.

The Chinese ruling circles offered no resistance to the Japanese invaders. In February 1932, Japanese troops completed the occupation of the entire Northeast of China. On March 1, 1932, the Japanese authorities officially announced the creation of a new "state" on the occupied territory, the so-called Manchukuo. The last Chinese emperor, Pu Yi, who was overthrown in 1912, was placed at its head. The first hotbed of a new world war was created in the Far East.

In October 1931, the Council of the League of Nations considered the Chinese government's complaint against Japan's aggression. The majority of the members of the Council supported the resolution obliging Japan to withdraw its troops from China within three weeks. Japan voted against this resolution and thereby disrupted the adoption of a decision on the issue under discussion (since decisions of the Council of the League of Nations could only be taken unanimously).

In December 1931, the Council of the League of Nations appointed a commission to investigate the Sino-Japanese conflict on the ground and make recommendations to the League of Nations.

In January 1932, US Secretary of State N. Stimson sent a note to the governments of Japan and China, in which he declared that the US government did not recognize the situation created by Japan's unilateral actions, but the Stimson Doctrine did not provide for any effective measures to protect territorial integrity China.

In fact, both the League of Nations and the US government abstained from providing any assistance to China and thus gave Japan a free hand for further acts of aggression.

The discussion of the Sino-Japanese conflict in the League of Nations was the beginning of the "non-intervention policy."

Despite the fact that the League of Nations actually recognized Japan's dominance in Northeast China, it caused outrage among the Japanese military. . March 27, 1933 Japan withdrew from the League of Nations. At the same time, she began to occupy a number of provinces in northern China.

The aggressive actions of Japan and the policy of non-resistance to them on the part of the Western powers encouraged all the supporters of the redistribution of the world in Europe and, above all, in Germany.

Japan's capture of Northeast China aggravated Soviet-Japanese relations. The Manchurian authorities and the Japanese military began to organize new provocations on the CER and along the Soviet Far Eastern borders. The Soviet government, striving to strengthen peace in the Far East, at the end of 1931 turned to Japan with a proposal to conclude a non-aggression pact. However, Japan rejected this proposal.

The Soviet Union did not recognize the Japanese occupation of Northeast China. In December 1932 were restored diplomatic relations between the USSR and China, torn in 1929 through the fault of the Kuomintang government.

Establishment of a hotbed of war in Europe. A new impetus to the aggravation of the international situation in Europe was given by the seizure of power in Germany by the National Socialist Party. The views of the Nazis had long been known to the international community. Back in 1924, A. Hitler in " mein kampf” outlined the program for the conquest of Europe by the Germans and the establishment of world domination.

Declaring the Germans a "superior race", a "race of masters", he called on them to acquire "living space" for themselves, to enslave and exterminate the "inferior races". A. Hitler drew up an extensive program of German expansion both on the European continent and in the colonies. However, he emphasized that new territories should be sought primarily in the east of Europe, at the expense of Soviet Union, he called on the Germans to a total, exterminating war that did not know the difference between front and rear.

During the years of the world economic crisis, the Nazis launched an agitation for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, for the arming of Germany, for a forcible redistribution of the map of Europe.

A. Hitler's coming to power in 1933 in Germany caused concern to the international community. The very first steps of the new German government in the international arena showed that this concern was well founded. The Fascist Party created a threat to the security of all European states. Through her efforts, Germany was turned into a hotbed of war in Europe.

In June 1933 in London opened international economic conference. The head of the German delegation at this conference made a statement in which he demanded the transfer of Soviet Ukraine and other outlying territories of the Soviet Union to Germany.

This statement caused great indignation in democratic circles and an official protest from the Soviet government.

At the Geneva Conference on Disarmament, which resumed its work, the German delegation demanded in an ultimatum that Germany be recognized as "equal in rights" with other powers in the field of armaments. However, she was denied this. On October 14, 1933, Germany left the disarmament conference, and a few days later announced its withdrawal from the League of Nations. With this, the Nazis freed their hands for the unilateral elimination of the military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles.

In March 1934, the German Reichstag approved the military budget, which provided for large appropriations for the maintenance of the air force, forbidden to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. In July 1934, Hitler tried to take over Austria. German troops were concentrated on the Austrian borders. The Nazi coup took place in Vienna. The Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss was assassinated. Austria escaped the German occupation in 1934, only because the Italian fascist dictator, B. Mussolini, who himself sought to take over this country, opposed this.

In January 1935, in the Saar region (France), a plebiscite (survey of the people) took place, provided for by the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazis, skillfully speculating on the natural desire of the population of the Saar to return to Germany and cruelly persecuting all supporters of maintaining the existing situation in the Saar, secured a majority of votes. The Saarland was returned to Germany, which greatly increased its military-industrial potential.

In March 1935, the German government passed a law re-establishing universal military service in Germany. The German General base. Germany also recreated its military aviation and submarine fleet.

On March 7, 1936, the German government officially announced the cancellation of the paragraph of the Versailles Peace Treaty regarding the creation of the Rhine demilitarized zone. On the same day, German troops entered the Rhine zone and began building military installations in it.

Unilateral termination by Germany of the military articles of the Treaty of Versailles and rapid growth German army brought Europe close to war.

Under these conditions, in December 1933, the Soviet government proposed to create a system collective security, in which the aggressor state had to meet the resistance of all European countries. To promote this idea, the tribune of an authoritative international organization- The League of Nations, where the USSR joined in 1934. In 1935, the Soviet Union signed agreements with France and Czechoslovakia that provided for assistance, including limited military assistance, in the event of an attack by an aggressor. Moscow condemned fascist Italy, which started an aggressive war in Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia), provided assistance to anti-fascist forces in Spain (1939), as well as to China.

Anschluss of Austria 1938. By the end of 1937, Nazi Germany had basically completed preparations for big war. At a meeting with A. Hitler, a question of fundamental importance was resolved: in which direction fascist Germany would strike the first blow - against the USSR or against Western countries. Management Nazi Germany decided to start the struggle for world domination with an attack on England and France, in order to go to war with the USSR. The fascist leadership considered the capture of Austria and Czechoslovakia and the "neutralization" of Poland as a necessary prerequisite for a successful military campaign against the West.

In February 1938, changes took place in the leadership of Nazi Germany. A. Hitler took over the command of the Wehrmacht as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. A. Ribbentrop became Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Putting open acts of aggression on the agenda, the Nazis fully took into account the well-defined readiness of the Western powers to give Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Balkans to A. Hitler. In return, the governments of the leading European states expected to receive guarantees from Germany for the security of the Western European countries and the preservation of their colonial possessions. Austria became the first victim of Nazi Germany in Central Europe.

At dawn on March 12, 1938, the 300,000-strong German army poured into Austria. A. Hitler announced the "reunification" - the Anschluss of Austria with Germany. Austria has become one of the provinces of the fascist Third Reich.

Britain, France and the United States officially recognized the capture of Austria. They closed their embassies in Vienna.

After the Anschluss of Austria, no European country could feel safe. Czechoslovakia was now surrounded on three sides, and the establishment of a direct German border with Italy, Yugoslavia and Hungary made it easier for the Nazis to expand into the Balkans.

Munich Agreement 1938. Partition of Czechoslovakia. The capture of Czechoslovakia would provide Germany with the acquisition of the richest industrial and agricultural resources. Inspired by the unpunished seizure of Austria, the Nazis, in accordance with the aggressive program formulated by A. Hitler on November 5, 1937, hastened to carry out a new aggressive action, now against Czechoslovakia, in order to open the way for a big war.

Highly industrialized, rich in coal reserves, iron ore and other raw materials, Czechoslovakia has long been the object of the aggressive plans of the German Nazis. The Nazis intended to eliminate the national statehood of the Czechs and Slovaks.

The head of the National Socialist Party in the Sudetes, G. Henlein, speaking on April 24, 1938 in Karlovy Vary, demanded complete autonomy for all Germans living in Czechoslovakia, and complete freedom of fascist propaganda. However, the development of events in May 1938 overturned Hitler's plans for the immediate capture of Czechoslovakia. Partial mobilization was carried out in the country. Czechoslovak troops occupied the border fortifications and were ready to meet the fascist invasion fully armed. According to the German plan "Grun", it was planned to use 30 divisions in the operation against Czechoslovakia.

On May 21, 1938, the British and French governments categorically warned Germany against a military attack on Czechoslovakia. They even declared that otherwise they would come out in defense of Czechoslovakia. Hitler entered into negotiations with them and demanded, first of all, to solve the Czechoslovak problem "by returning" 3 million Sudeten Germans to the Reich. As a result, on September 19, 1938, the governments of England and France delivered an ultimatum to Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia was to transfer to Germany the areas where the Germans made up more than half of the population. Mutual assistance pacts concluded by Czechoslovakia with France and the USSR were subject to annulment. In return, England and France promised Czechoslovakia a "guarantee" of its new borders. On September 21, 1938, the Czechoslovak government accepted the Anglo-French ultimatum.

On September 29, 1938, A. Hitler met in Munich with the heads of government of England (N. Chamberlain), France (E. Daladier) and Italy (B. Mussolini), who signed the document proposed by the Nazis on the division of Czechoslovakia. She was instructed to transfer the Sudetenland and the border regions to Germany within a week. Representatives of Czechoslovakia itself were summoned to Munich only to hear the verdict.

The next morning, September 30, 1938, the conditions under which the ruling circles of England agreed to extradite Czechoslovakia to fascist Germany became known. It was A. Hitler's "promise" not to attack England, recorded in the Anglo-German declaration signed by N. Chamberlain and A. Hitler. A similar Franco-German declaration was later signed. The Nazis could now develop plans for expansion to the East. The USSR was excluded from participation in the resolution of the military-political conflict that arose in Europe around Czechoslovakia.

The Munich agreement between the Western powers and A. Hitler was the biggest strategic miscalculation of the Western diplomacy of the 20th century. This dealt a heavy blow to the entire security system, and a global threat of fascism arose. After Munich, an irreversible process of rapid descent into war began.

Soon Germany occupied all of Czechoslovakia. Most of the country was included in the Third Reich under the name "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia". In Slovakia, a state dependent on Germany was created. The capture of Czechoslovakia opened the way for Hitler to expand into the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.

After Munich, Germany made claims to Poland, and the military danger increased enormously. The British leaders, who at first proclaimed that Munich had secured peace for a whole generation, took measures to strengthen the armament of their country in order to continue the Munich policy from a more advantageous position.

Goals:

1) to show the main trends in the development of international relations in the 20s, pointing out the peculiarities of the international situation during this period, emphasizing that it was characterized by the spread of pacifist sentiments between states;

2) to characterize the state of international relations in the 1930s, tracing the gradual growth of the crisis situation on concrete examples;

2) consider the goals and objectives in the field foreign policy leading countries of the world;

3) indicate the reasons why the Second World War could not be prevented.

Reliance on the material covered:

knowledge of the results of the First World War (grades 9 and 11) and grade 9 material on this topic.

Basic concepts:

appeasement policy, collective security.

To help the teacher:

historical calendar

1922 - an attempt to resolve the issue of the return of Russia's debts to Western countries at a conference in Genoa,

1923 Ruhr conflict

1924 - adoption of the Dawes plan to reduce the annual amount of German reparations,

1924 - 1925 - recognition of the USSR by the leading countries of Europe,

1925 - the preparation by the League of Nations of a conference on disarmament,

1925 - Rhine Guarantee Pact for the observance of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (Locarno),

1926 - Germany becomes a member of the League of Nations,

August 27, 1928 - the signing by the countries of the Briand-Kellogg pact on the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means,

1931 Japanese troops invade Manchuria,

1932 - Franco-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact,

1932 - The Lausanne Conference, which decided to stop collecting reparations payments from Germany,

1932 - 1934 - Geneva Conference on Disarmament,

1933 . - Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations

1933 . - Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations

1934 - admission of the USSR to the League of Nations,

1935 - treaties of France, Czechoslovakia and the USSR on mutual assistance,

1935 - introduction of universal conscription in Germany,

March 1935 . - transfer of the Saarland to Germany,

1935 - 1936 . - italy's takeover of ethiopia,

March 1936 . - occupation of the Rhineland by Germany,

1936 - 1939 - Spanish Civil War,

October 1936 - cooperation agreement between Germany and Italy ("Axis Berlin - Rome"),

November 1936 . - Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan

1937 Japanese invasion of Northern China,

November 1937 . - Italy's accession to the Anti-Comintern Pact ("triangle Rome - Tokyo - Berlin"),

1937 - Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations

March 1938 - capture of Austria by Germany ("Anschluss of Austria"),

September 1938 . - Munich agreement of Germany, Italy, France and England on the question of Czechoslovakia,

March 1939 - occupation of all Czechoslovakia by Germany,

May 1939 - battles of the Soviet-Mongolian troops with Japan in the area of ​​the Khalkhin-Gol river,

August 1939 . - negotiations between England, France and the USSR in Moscow,

August 23, 1939 - a non-aggression pact between the USSR and Germany, a secret protocol on the division of spheres of influence in Europe.

We distinguish two periods in international relations 1920-1930s:

First period. Stabilization period (1920s):

1. The Ruhr conflict is settled (1924).

2. Signing of the Locarno agreements (1925).

3. Germany is admitted to the League of Nations (1926).

4. Briand-Kellogg Pact (1928).

5. Solution of the problem of German reparations (1932).

Question: How can you evaluate these five events?

It should be especially emphasized that these events are based on the line of concessions to Germany, as new politicians come to power in Western countries.

Together with the students, let us recall the names of those who came to power in the 1920s. (USA - W. Harding, C. Coolidge, G. Hoover; Great Britain - R. MacDonald, S. Baldwin; France - E. Herriot, A. Briand, R. Poincaré.). They believe that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh in relation to this country and it is necessary to soften it.

In addition, we note that all these events will stabilize the international situation.

Second period(1930s). Here we distinguish three lines in international relations:

The line of aggression, which is personified by Germany, Italy and Japan. They were interested in changing the status quo. Let us highlight the fact that the national-state inferiority complex gave rise to revanchist sentiments in Germany and contributed to the coming to power of Hitler and his party. Let us point out the reaction of the population to this situation (2, pp. 53-55). Let us single out the situation in Great Britain, which was one of the victorious countries (2, p. 72). The textbook gives a very good chronology of this line (2, p. 118);

The line towards the creation of a system of collective security pursued by the Soviet Union, but this policy is very controversial, especially in the second half of the 1930s. Let's define the concept of "collective security". This is a system of world order in which the world community collectively opposes the aggressor state;

Appeasement policy, its main exponents are Great Britain and France. They were more interested than others in maintaining the order established by the Treaty of Versailles. When considering this line, one should reflect on the reasons for such a policy, highlighting both its positive aspects and its negative manifestations. The fact is that, on the one hand, the leaders of these countries understood that Germany needed to make concessions (the Treaty of Versailles was very difficult for the country), but on the other hand, they understood that concessions could be made up to a certain limit. Such a limit was the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in March 1939 (2, p.118-120; p.122-124).

Particularly careful analysis requires 1939 (2, p. 120-122), when it became clear to the Western powers that Germany had crossed the line, which should be followed by tough steps on the part of Great Britain and France to curb Germany's aggressive activities. The teacher needs to clearly state the positions of the leading European powers on the further formation of some kind of alliances and agreements, and this period ends with an analysis of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact and the secret additional protocol to it on August 23, 1939 (2, p. 124-125, back 3, 5).

In the final part of the lesson (or give a homework assignment), you can fill out the following tables (optional).

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Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

General didactic goal: create conditions for the generalization and systematization of the knowledge gained by students, as well as methods of activity using the technology of critical thinking.

Lesson Objectives:

• educational: contribute to the identification of the causes and consequences of the emergence of a policy of appeasement and collective security, the causes and essence of the foreign policy of the USSR, the establishment of the causes of the Second World War;
• developing: to promote the formation of skills to establish cause-and-effect relationships, determine the main patterns of the historical process, generalize and systematize facts; to promote the development of communication skills in a cognitive search - listen to opponents, correctly build speech phrases, conduct polemics and find a compromise solution in a dispute;
• educational: promote the adoption of a value orientation based on the denial of aggression as a way to resolve conflicts.

Lesson equipment: Aleksashkina L.N. Russia and the world in the XX - beginning of the XXI century: 11th grade / L.N. Aleksashkina, A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin. - M .: Education, 2007; Antonova T.S. History of Russia: XX century. Computer (multimedia) textbook / T.S. Antonova, A.L. Kharitonov, A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. – M.: Clio Soft, 2004; Gevurkova E.A. Tasks for independent work on the history of the USSR: 11th grade: Book. for the teacher / E.A. Gevurkova, A.G. Koloskov. - M .: Education, 1991; computer presentation for the lesson, multimedia projector.

Lesson preparation: study group, the class is divided into several discussion groups. Each of them receives a task to study the problems of international relations in the 20-30s of the XX century:

A) the policy of appeasement;
B) collective security policy;
C) the foreign policy of the USSR.

Each group includes students in the following roles:

• leading- organizes the discussion of private tasks in the group, involves all participants;
• erudite- is a source of information for the whole group;
• analyst- questions all hypotheses and assumptions, organizes controversy;
• recorder- fixes everything that relates to solving the problem, evaluates each participant in the discussion in writing.

Lesson plan:

I. Definition of the topic, goals and objectives of the lesson.

II. Assimilation, generalization, systematization of knowledge.

1. "Era of Pacifism".
2. Hotspots of military danger and rapprochement of aggressors.
3. Reasons for underestimating the danger to the world.
4. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security: essence, attempts at implementation and collapse.
5. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s.

III. Consolidation. Problem solving.

IV. Summarizing.

During the classes

I. Definition of the topic, goals and objectives of the lesson.

1. Introductory word of the teacher.

The year 2009 marks a tragic date - exactly 70 years ago the bloodiest, most destructive, most cruel of all wars began - the second World War.

(A fragment of the beginning of the war is shown.)

What happened 70 years ago, when the world, having not yet recovered from the horrors of the First World War, was drawn into the crucible of the Second World War? Why?

2. Frontal conversation according to the scheme.

(Presentation - slide number 2)

1. What do the symbols I, II on the diagram mean? ( First and Second World Wars).
2. What are their time frames? (1914-1918, 1939-1945)
3. What became the watershed between the 20s and 30s? (world economic crisis)
4. PS: Based on the proposed scheme, formulate the topic of today's lesson. (International relations in the 20-30sXX century)

3. Modeling the situation to determine the objectives of the lesson and setting a problem task.

(At each desk there is a red ribbon that divides the desk into two unequal parts (one is more, the other is less)

1. Based on the topic of the lesson, what do you think the ribbon on the desk symbolizes? (difference in position of winners and losers).
2. How do those who have little space feel? (uncomfortable, as if you were deprived of something, you want to move the tape, increase your part of the desk).
3. Which states, under the terms of the Versailles-Washington system, felt humiliated and destitute? (Germany and Italy).
4. And what about those who have a lot of space? (The desire to keep the benefits for themselves).
5. Which countries emerged victorious from World War I? (England, France, USA)

Teacher's word: I think that the simulated situation will help to better understand what moods dominated the public consciousness of various countries in the 20-30s. And now, using the diagram again, let's try to determine the purpose of the lesson (WHY appears on the diagram?) (Presentation - slide No. 3)

PPZ: What led to World War II?

Could it have been prevented?

You will answer this question at the end of the lesson. But our lesson is not easy, the lesson of research and takes place in an unusual form - this is a lesson of open thoughts: each of you can speak on the problems of today's research that are most interesting to you, observing the order and rules of speaking. In addition, everyone is a member of a creative group that has been researching problems: group 1 - appeasement policies; group 2 - collective security policies; Group 3 - foreign policy of the USSR.

In today's lesson, we need to understand the following issues: why the “era of pacifism” is being replaced by aggression, what are the reasons for the emergence of a policy of appeasement and collective security, why there is a change of orientation in the foreign policy of the USSR at the end of the 30s.

II. Assimilation, generalization, systematization of knowledge.

1. Testing "Era of Pacifism".

Peer review in pairs. (Annex 1)

2. Hotspots of military danger and rapprochement of aggressors.

But in the early 1930s, significant changes took place in international relations. And they were connected with the violation of the terms of the Versailles-Washington system.

Each group has cards on the tables: "Japan", "Italy", "Germany". You must choose one of the cards and answer the question:

How is this state guilty of violating the terms of the Versailles-Washington system?

(Answers are accompanied by showing on the map and in the course of presentation the position of each power - Presentation - slide No. 4). (Annex 2)

3. Reasons for underestimating the danger to the world. Frontal conversation.

1. Why do you think the democracies failed to assess these events as a real threat existing world?
2. What was the difference between the international situation in the 1930s and in 1914?
3. How did the global economic crisis affect international relations in the 1930s?
4. What is the position of the United States in the current events?

(Presentation - slide number 5)

Answers: International relations in the 1930s were different from those on the eve of the First World War. In the 1930s, only a small group of countries wanted war, while the majority did not. There was a real opportunity to put out the hotbeds of war, everything depended on the ability of the world community to organize joint actions.

The first test of this ability was the economic crisis. It was global, and it was wiser to deal with its consequences together.

However, the inability to act together was revealed: the USA set the highest customs duties, Great Britain set the exchange rate of the pound, which created conditions for the expansion of exports of British goods. Other countries followed suit. A real customs and currency war began, which disorganized world trade and deepened the crisis. Each country tried to shift the burden of the crisis onto others, economic rivalry increased, and the ability to act together was lost. There was no understanding of the integrity and indivisibility of the world.

The growing tension in the world gave rise in the United States to the desire to retire to their "American fortress". The richest country with colossal resources and the ability to influence world events, as it were, fell out of world politics. This dramatically increased the aggressors' chances of success.

Hitler's rise to power was not immediately perceived as a radical change in German policy. For a long time, he was seen only as a strong national leader, striving to restore justice for Germany. The plans of the Nazis to redistribute the world were not taken seriously at first. The death camps had not yet worked, and the peoples of Europe had not experienced the horrors of occupation. All this was ahead. To many politicians, Hitler seemed like a leader to do business with.

4. Appeasement policy and collective security policy: essence, implementation, causes of failures.

(Presentation - slide number 6)

Since 1936, two opposite directions in international relations have been formed in Europe: the policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security.

A) The policy of appeasement. Message from a student from group 1.

An active supporter of this policy was the Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1937-1940, Neville Chamberlain.

In his opinion, the main danger was not in the actions of Germany, but in the possibility of losing control over the development of events. He believed that the First World War arose precisely because the great powers temporarily lost control over the development of events. As a result, the local conflict over Serbia escalated into a world war. In order to prevent such a danger, it is necessary not to lose contacts with all participants in the international conflict and try to solve the problems that have arisen on the basis of mutual concessions. In fact, this meant that Hitler put forward more and more new claims, they became the subject of discussion, after which it was necessary to make more and more concessions to Germany. Such a policy required sacrifices and territorial concessions from third countries, i.e. those to whom Germany made claims.

B) Collective security policy.

Message from a student from group 2.

The policy of collective security was proposed by French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou. This policy was aimed at maintaining the status quo in Europe, the immutability of the existing borders. The states interested in this had to conclude agreements on mutual assistance among themselves. The participation of the USSR in this system Barthou considered vital. The conductor of this policy in our country was the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR M.M. Litvinov. In the course of implementing this course, the Soviet Union managed to consolidate its position:

• in 1934 the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations as a member of its Council;
• in 1935, a Soviet-French agreement on mutual assistance was signed (the text of the agreement is on the tables and the respondent can refer to it);
• in 1936 an agreement was signed with Czechoslovakia;
• in 1935, the 7th Congress of the Comintern set a course for the development of an anti-fascist struggle.

Why did other states not support the policy of collective security?

Answers:

1. The USSR did not have a common border with Germany. In order to fulfill their promises under the treaty, its troops must be allowed through the territory of Poland or Romania, but the governments of both sides were more afraid of the USSR than Germany and categorically refused to make promises regarding a possible passage Soviet troops through its territory.
2. The military potential of the USSR was estimated extremely low after the mass repressions among the command staff of the Red Army.

Outcome: France in 1938 abandons the policy of collective security and trails behind the British policy of appeasement.

C) Implementation of appeasement policy.

• Frontal conversation.

1. Remember what, according to Hitler, was the historical mission of German fascism?

Answer: The conquest of world domination. And for this it is necessary: ​​to eliminate the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, to create a powerful army, to unite all Germans in a single state, to conquer the necessary "living space" in the East.

2. What points of this plan have already been implemented by Hitler?

Answer: Partially liquidated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles regarding the restrictions of Germany, created a powerful army. It was possible to proceed with the implementation of the next stage - the unification of all Germans in a single state.

• Computer presentation prepared by 1 creative team..

3. German Field Marshal W. Keitel said after the end of the war: “During the Munich period, Germany was not prepared for an armed conflict. If in March 1938 the Allies had allowed the Czechoslovak Republic to mobilize, Hitler would not have been able to occupy even Austria…” Was the concession to Hitler by the Western powers in Munich due to the clear military superiority of Germany or other circumstances?

The content of the presentation: In 1938, Hitler decided to start implementing his foreign policy program: redistribution of borders in order to include all regions inhabited by Germans in Germany. First on the list was Austria, the birthplace of Hitler. Hitler ultimatum demanded that power in Austria be transferred to the local Nazis. They invited the German troops to help them restore order. On March 12, 1938, the Wehrmacht invaded Austria. Its independence was liquidated, it became a province of Germany. Although the majority of Austrians enthusiastically accepted the accession, seeing only in it the future of the country. But one way or another, a sovereign state ceased to exist in Europe. Nobody could stop it.

Following this, Hitler put forward claims to Czechoslovakia, demanding that the Sudetenland, populated mainly by Germans, be annexed to Germany. But Czechoslovakia proved to be a hard nut to crack. She had one of the best armies in Europe and was not going to give in. Hitler decided to achieve the secession of the Sudetenland, frightening the great powers with the prospect of new war. September 30, 1938 in Munich, with the participation of England, Germany, Italy and France, it was decided to satisfy Hitler's claims. Czechoslovakia, which was not even invited to the conference, lost 1/5 of its territory, the border was 40 km from Prague.

(Reply to PZ)

4. What are the results of the policy of appeasement by the end of 1938?

Answer: Germany has become the strongest state in Europe. Hitler believed in his impunity. This hastened the start of the war. The West was blind: the assessment of the collusion is enthusiastic: “Peace to this generation!”

D) The collapse of the policy of appeasement. Teacher's story.

What actions of England and France indicated that their policy of appeasement had suffered a complete collapse?

Answer: March-April 1939 England and France provide guarantees of military assistance to all states bordering Germany in the event of a German attack on them.

5. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s. ( Presentation - slide number 7)

A) The reasons for the rapprochement of the USSR and Germany .. Frontal conversation.

1. What conclusions did the Soviet leadership make for itself after the signing of the Munich Agreement?

Answer: They are trying to push the USSR away from active participation in European affairs. An attempt to direct German aggression to the East, against the USSR.

2. How did Soviet-Japanese relations develop in 1938-1939?

Answer: In the summer of 1938, Japanese troops invaded the territory of the USSR near Lake Khasan. In the summer of 1939, the Japanese army provoked a conflict in the Khalkhin Gol region, in Mongolia, which was connected with the USSR by a military treaty. The USSR could find itself in a state of war on two fronts.

3. Why did Germany begin to look for ways of rapprochement with the USSR in 1939?

Answer: Poland was now the main object of claims for Hitler. But England and France provided Poland with guarantees of military assistance. By attacking it, Germany risked being at war with England and France. The capture of Poland brought Germany to the border with the USSR, and if the USSR continues its anti-German policy, then Germany will be in a state of war on two fronts. Having learned about the guarantees to Poland and the firm intention of England and France to comply with them, he banged his fists on the marble of his desk, promising to brew England's "devil's potion". This potion was the rapprochement with the USSR.

B) Working with documents. (Appendix 3 - Worksheet No. 1)

1. Hitler's statement to the High Commissioner of the League of Nations in Danzig on 11 August 1939
2. From the speech of V.M. Molotov at the session of the Supreme Soviet on May 31, 1939.

Why did England and France, realizing the military danger posed by fascist Germany, nevertheless avoid entering into an alliance with the USSR?

Why did the USSR begin to move away from the policy of collective security in August 1939?

Answer: The USSR insisted on granting it the right to send its troops to the territory of Poland and Romania to repel German aggression, establishing its control over Eastern Europe. The Soviet side saw in the position of Poland and Romania a pretext for dragging out the negotiations and proof that Britain and France did not want to really cooperate with the USSR, but used the negotiations as a means of putting pressure on Hitler in an attempt to negotiate with him.

C) The choice is made. Teacher's story.

In mid-August 1939, the USSR found itself at the center of world politics. His favor was actively sought by both Germany and her military opponents. The Soviet Union was faced with the problem of choosing between opposing opponents. The fate of the world depended on this choice. The turnaround took place on August 21, 1939. Stalin received a telegram from Hitler, in which he stated that he was striving for a non-aggression pact with the USSR and was ready to sign any additional agreement regarding the settlement of all contentious issues. It became clear to Stalin that the USSR could gain control of Eastern Europe, not in exchange for agreeing to participate in the war, but as a price for not participating in it. On the same day, negotiations with England and France were interrupted for an indefinite period. On August 23, a non-aggression pact was signed.

D) non-aggression pact. Secret protocols. Work with documents. (Appendix 4 - Worksheet No. 2).

1. Did the contract comply with the rules? international law?
2. Did it violate the interests of other states?
3. What benefits did each state receive by signing this document?
4. How would you rate this document?

III. Consolidation.

Teacher's word. The documents signed in Moscow completed the reorientation of the foreign policy of the USSR. The meaning of this turn cannot be unequivocally assessed - an attempt to ensure the country's security through a direct agreement with Germany. The USSR was turning into a non-belligerent ally of Germany. The image of a country that consistently opposed fascism and its aggressive policies was being destroyed, which in the historical perspective far outweighed the temporary advantages provided by the pact.

The immediate result of the signing of these documents was Hitler's final decision to launch aggression against Poland.

(Presentation - slide number 8)

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. The Second World War began - the bloodiest, most cruel, engulfing 61 states of the world, where 80% of the world's population lived. The death toll was 65-66 million people.

Answer on PPZ: Could World War II have been prevented?

IV. Summarizing.

V. Homework

After the First World War, international relations were determined by the Versailles-Washington system - a series of treaties and agreements in favor of the victorious countries. Germany was declared the sole culprit of the war and had to pay reparations - payments to other states affected by the war.

She lost part of the territory in Europe and her colonies, she had to reduce the army.

The Versailles-Washington system ignored the interests not only of Germany, but also of Soviet Russia. This circumstance contributed to the rapprochement of these two countries in the international arena. Germany bought raw materials and foodstuffs from the USSR, trained military personnel and tested equipment prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles on its territory.

The development of events showed that the economic revival of Germany was beneficial to the victorious countries, otherwise it was impossible to receive reparations. In the summer of 1924, at an international conference in London, the Dawes Plan was adopted, according to which American and British banks provided Germany with assistance in economic recovery. Strengthening economically, Germany was not satisfied with the unequal position in the system of international relations. An important diplomatic success for Germany was the Locarno International Conference of 1925. In general, it was held in the spirit of preserving the Versailles-Washington system. However, Germany refused to guarantee its eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia, considering them unfair. Despite this, the following year (1926) Germany was admitted to the League of Nations and given a permanent seat in its Council, like the other great powers. This was the first step towards a revision of the Versailles-Washington system.

France feared the revanchist aspirations of Germany. In 1928, French Foreign Minister Briand put forward the idea of ​​signing a treaty on the renunciation of war as a means of

national policy. All leading states, including the USSR, signed the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

The international situation was unstable. In 1925-1926 Anglo-Soviet relations escalated. The USSR was accused of interfering in the internal affairs of England. The reason was the material assistance provided by the Soviet trade unions to the British workers during the general strike. In 1927, the British government severed diplomatic relations with the USSR and annulled the trade agreement.

The global economic crisis that began at the end of 1929 also led to a restructuring of international relations. Lost stability financial and monetary system capitalist countries, including Germany. In 1929, a special committee led by Jung decided to reduce reparation payments. France and England, having ceased to receive reparations, also stopped paying their war debts to the United States. Taking advantage of this, Germany in 1932 achieved the final abolition of reparations. This led to the termination of the payment of debts, despite the resistance of the United States. Thus, under the impact of the global economic crisis, the entire system of post-war payments collapsed. In the same 1932, Germany, in principle, received recognition of its equality in the field of armaments.

Japan was the first country to reject the principles of the Versailles-Washington system and use force in the struggle for a new redivision of the world.

It competed with the United States in establishing dominance over China and in the basin Pacific Ocean. In September 1931, Japanese troops began the occupation of Northeast China (Manchuria). Capturing all of Manchuria, Japan created the puppet state of Manchukuo on the occupied territory. When, after long delays, the League of Nations condemned in its resolution the capture of Manchuria and demanded that it be returned to China, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in March 1933 and proceeded to occupy a number of other provinces of northern China.

The main focus of the Second World War arose in the center of Europe, in Germany. Here, in January 1933, a fascist dictatorship was established. The fascists of Germany intended to achieve by any means the lifting of the restrictions established at Versailles, to fight for the return of the colonies and additional territories for the Germans. They explained the economic difficulties in the country by the infringement of Germany on the international

arena and the lack of territories for the development of the German people. The secret armament of the country accelerated. In the autumn of 1933, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, withdrew from the Geneva Disarmament Conference, and was free to further violate the articles of the Treaty of Versailles. In March 1935, compulsory military service was restored in the country. A year later, German troops were brought into the Rhine demilitarized zone. Thus, the military articles of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno agreements of 1925 were violated. Germany accompanied these actions by refusing to participate in the creation of a European system of collective security, the project of which was actively discussed in Europe in the mid-1930s. All this testified to the preparation by the Hitlerite government of opportunities for unleashing war. And although in January 1934 a German-Polish treaty of friendship and non-aggression was signed in Berlin, the Nazis of Germany marked Poland as one of the first victims in the struggle for the redivision of the world.

In an atmosphere of heightened international tension, many countries were looking for new allies. Attempts were made to create a system of collective security by concluding international treaties to present a united front against the aggressor. France, worried about the strengthening of Germany, began to look for a way to cooperate with the USSR (Russia was a traditional ally of France). The USSR was also looking for allies in the West and, with the support of France, in the autumn of 1934 joined the League of Nations. An attempt was made to conclude an Eastern Pact on mutual assistance in case of aggression. It was to be signed by a number of Baltic and Eastern European countries. However, this was not possible due to the opposition of Germany and Poland, who feared the growth of the influence of the USSR in Europe. In May 1935, bilateral Soviet-French and Soviet-Czechoslovak treaties on mutual assistance were signed. They could have become an obstacle to Hitler's aggression. But Western circles regarded the treaties with the USSR as a maneuver, and not as a long-term strategy, and were not going to fulfill their obligations.

The policy of condoning the aggressors led in the 1930s to an increase in hotbeds of war and international tension.

In the autumn of 1935, fascist Italy began an aggressive war of conquest against Ethiopia (Abyssinia). The Council of the League of Nations recognized Italy as an aggressor and decided to apply economic and financial sanctions against it. But lagging behind

barking and weak Ethiopia became an easy prey for the aggressor. On the shortest sea routes from Europe to Asia, another knot of military conflict began.

In July 1936, a fascist military rebellion broke out in Spain, led by General Franco. The country began a long Civil War. The ruling circles of the West proposed to adhere to the "policy of non-intervention" in relation to the events in Spain. Verbally agreeing to this, Germany and Italy supplied weapons and troops to General Franco, while the legal republican government of Spain was subjected under the slogan of "non-intervention" to a real blockade. Only the Soviet Union provided assistance to the Spanish Republic with weapons, food, and sent volunteers there. The "non-intervention policy" contributed to the victory of the rebels and the establishment of Franco's fascist dictatorship in Spain.

Gradually, the aggressors began to approach. In October 1936, a German-Italian agreement was signed on joint actions in international politics. In November of the same year, Germany and Japan signed the so-called Anti-Comintern Pact. They pledged to inform each other about the activities of the Comintern and to fight together against "international communism". In 1937, Italy joined the Anti-Comintern Pact. The signing of the pact strengthened the positions of the aggressors and contributed to the preparation of a war for the redivision of the world. The edge of the bloc was directed not only against the USSR, but also against the USA, Great Britain and France.

Germany played the main role in the alliance of aggressors. By 1938, her armed forces had grown so much that she was able to move on to a violent redrawing of the map. Central Europe. The policy of territorial seizures was carried out under the slogan of uniting all Germans in a single state. This slogan has already justified itself during the plebiscite on the ownership of the Saarland. The Saar region was under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years. After this period, she went to Germany in accordance with the results of the plebiscite (1935). In March 1938, the Nazi troops, under the slogan of the unification of the Germans in a single state, invaded Austria and occupied it. A few days later, this country was included in the German Reich. This accession (in German anschluss)

was violent and was an act of gross violation of the Treaty of Versailles. The governments of Western countries limited themselves to verbal protest and did not support the proposal of the USSR to convene international conference to organize a rebuff to the aggressors.

This behavior of the aggressors became possible due to the passive, wait-and-see policy of the European states and the neutrality of the United States. Leading politicians in the West have declared that their main goal is to prevent war, even if by making concessions to the aggressors (the so-called "appeasement" policy). In the United States, a law on neutrality was passed, which prohibited the sale of weapons and military materials to belligerents, without making any distinction between the aggressor and the victim of the attack.

Impunity encouraged Germany to new conquests. She demanded the transfer to her of the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, on whose territory the German national minority lived. To resolve this issue, in September 1938, a conference of the heads of governments of four countries was held in Munich: Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), England (Chamberlain) and France (Daladier). It went down in history as the Munich Agreement, or the Munich Deal. On it, Western circles decided the fate of Czechoslovakia. The Sudetenland was ceded to Germany. At the expense of Czechoslovakia, the territorial claims of the bourgeois-landlord Poland and Hungary were satisfied. Under pressure from Great Britain and France, the government of Czechoslovakia accepted the Munich Agreement without asking for help from the Soviet Union (under the terms of the Soviet-Czechoslovak Treaty of 1935, assistance could be provided only after a request for it and with the participation of France). The Munich deal was aimed at isolating the USSR in the international arena and at pushing Hitler's aggression to the East. By the summer of 1939, the fallacy of the policy of appeasing the aggressors was becoming more and more obvious. In March 1939, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist as an independent state and was divided into separate regions, more or less subordinate to Germany. In April 1939, Hitler announced the termination of the Polish-German non-aggression pact. Italy and Germany renounced all previous agreements and openly fomented war in Europe. March 23, 1939

Under the influence of these events, public opinion in Britain and France changed in favor of resolute opposition to aggression. The governments of these countries declared guarantees of the independence of Poland, Romania, Greece, entered into negotiations with the USSR on the possibility of cooperation. The position of the USSR in the international arena was extremely important. With the alliance of the USSR with England and France, a powerful bloc against the aggressor would have been created. By opposing them together with Germany, the USSR would have created a critical, hopeless situation for them, would have facilitated Germany's actions in the West. Even the neutrality of the USSR could be different and influence the development of events in different ways. The USSR offered England and France cooperation in the fight against the aggressors. However, the negotiations that had begun revealed a great deal of mutual distrust and began to drag on. The fluctuations of the Western partners led to the fact that the Soviet leadership went in parallel to rapprochement with Germany, so as not to be isolated. On August 12, 1939, negotiations of Anglo-French-Soviet military missions began in Moscow. But on August 17 they were suspended, and the Soviet-German negotiations at the level of foreign ministers intensified. On August 23, 1939, the Soviet-German non-aggression pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop pact) was signed. It consisted of the main text and a secret addition - a protocol in which the spheres of influence and interests of Germany and the USSR were distributed. The sphere of interests of the Soviet Union included the Baltic republics, Romania (the claims of the USSR to Bessarabia were recognized). The boundaries of the spheres of influence of the USSR and Germany were established in Poland along the lines of the Narew, Vistula and San rivers (Western Ukraine and Western Belarus went to the USSR). It was not just an agreement, but an agreement between two dictators on the future division of territories. He hastened the unleashing of the Second World War, ensuring Germany's neutrality of the USSR.

Thus, the contradictions between the European states and their mutual distrust prevented the creation of a system of collective security. The fascist aggressors got the opportunity to unleash a war for the redivision of the world.

General history lesson Grade 9 "International relations in the 30s."

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

Lesson Objectives:

contribute to the identification of the causes and consequences of the emergence of a policy of appeasement and collective security,

the causes and essence of the foreign policy of the USSR, the establishment of the causes of the Second World War;

promote the adoption of a value orientation based on the denial of aggression as a way to resolve conflicts.

Lesson equipment:textbook, historical documents.

Lesson plan:

1. Introductory word of the teacher.

5. Munich Agreement 1938

6. Failure of the idea of ​​collective security.

During the classes:

In 2009, a tragic date was celebrated - exactly 70 years ago the most bloody, most destructive, most cruel of all wars - the Second World War began.What happened 70 years ago, when the world, having not yet recovered from the horrors of the First World War, was drawn into the crucible of the Second World War? Why?

Modeling the situation to determine the objectives of the lesson and setting a problem task. (At each desk there is a red ribbon that divides the desk into two unequal parts (one is more, the other is less)

Based on the topic of the lesson, what do you think the ribbon on the desk symbolizes? (difference in position of winners and losers).

How do those who have little space feel? (uncomfortable, as if you were deprived of something, you want to move the tape, increase your part of the desk).

Which states, under the terms of the Versailles-Washington system, felt humiliated and destitute? (Germany and Italy).

And what about those who have a lot of space? (The desire to keep the benefits for themselves).

Which countries emerged victorious from World War I? (England, France, USA)

Teacher's word: I think that the simulated situation will help to better understand what moods prevailed in the public consciousness of various countries in the 1920s and 1930s. Now, using the diagram again, let's try to identify the purpose of the lesson (WHY appears on the diagram?) What led to World War II? Could it have been prevented? You will answer this question at the end of the lesson.

2. The collapse of the Versailles-Washington system.

International relations in the 1930s were different from those on the eve of the First World War. In the 1930s, only a small group of countries wanted war, while the majority did not. There was a real opportunity to put out the hotbeds of war, everything depended on the ability of the world community to organize joint actions.The first test of this ability was the economic crisis. It was global, and it was wiser to deal with its consequences together.However, the inability to act together was revealed: the USA set the highest customs duties, Great Britain set the exchange rate of the pound, which created conditions for the expansion of exports of British goods. Other countries followed suit. A real customs and currency war began, which disorganized world trade and deepened the crisis.

Before the start of the global economic crisis of 1929-1933. relative stability was maintained in relations between states. But in the early 1930s, significant changes took place in international relations. And they were connected with the violation of the terms of the Versailles-Washington system.

Each group has cards on the tables: "Japan", "Italy", "Germany". It is necessary to choose one of the cards and answer the question: - How is this state guilty of violating the terms of the Versailles-Washington system?

Japan is a program for the expansion of the Far East under the slogan of creating a zone of prosperity.

Germany - revision of the Treaty of Versailles and the abolition of all military restrictions. Promotion of "equality" and "justice".

Thus, by 1936 .- The path to rearmament was cleared.

3. Failure of the League of Nations.

In the Charter of the League of Nations, Art. 16 provides for a system of sanctions against the country of the aggressor. But was the League of Nations able to use this article? When Japan captured Manchuria in 1931, the League of Nations demanded the withdrawal of Japanese troops. But Japan withdrew from the League of Nations.

In 1935, Italy committed aggression against Ethiopia, and the League of Nations again found itself powerless in the face of aggression.

And nothing was done when Germany and Italy openly supported Franco's fascist rebellion in Spain. And she did not oppose the annexation of Austria to Germany (Anschluss) in 1938, although this was forbidden.

4. Military-political bloc "Berlin - Rome - Tokyo".

The three powers that have embarked on the path of aggression have concluded military-political agreements.

October 1936 . - Italo-German agreement (Berlin Protocol) axis "Berlin-Rome".

November 1936 - German-Japanese agreement on the fight against communism (Anti-Comintern Pact). In 1937 Italy joined. Thus, a military-political triangle was formed.

5. Munich Agreement 1938

The accession of Austria to Germany was only the beginning of the policy of reunification. The next target of aggression was Czechoslovakia. Germany demanded to give up the Sudetenland, where most of the ethnic Germans lived, threatening war if they disagreed.

September 29-30, 1938 inMunich heads of government: Chamberlain (Great Britain), Daladier (France), Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy) signed an agreement on the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia.

6. Failure of the idea of ​​collective security.

In 1934 After the withdrawal of Germany and Japan from the League of Nations, the Soviet Union was invited to join it.

Spring 1939 the situation in Europe worsened. Czechoslovakia is occupied, the fascist Franco regime in Spain, France is surrounded by three fascist states. Italy took over Albania.

Stalin was distrustful of England and France, and this plays into the hands of Germany.

August 23, 1939 The Soviet-German non-aggression pact was signed, which provided for the neutrality of the USSR and Germany in the event of military conflicts of one of the parties. But this was a forced step for the USSR, because. gave a free hand to the Baltics and Finland, and the partition of Poland.

September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland. September 3, 1939 England and France declared war on Germany. The Second World War began - the bloodiest, most cruel, engulfing 61 states of the world, where 80% of the world's population lived. The death toll was 65-66 million people.

Could World War II have been prevented?

Homework: 19, page 150 answer questions; complete the workbook.