(1) International Narcotics Control Board
(International Narcotics Control Board - INCB). Created in 1964 with the aim
monitoring compliance by governments with contract treaties
role behind drugs; permitting needs assessment
narcotic drugs supplied by governments; control at a time
decided movement of psychotropic drugs. He can make decisions
on the establishment of an embargo on the importation of narcotic drugs into any country and
export of these funds.

(2) International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA
(International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA). Established in 1956 Statute of Agen
tstva entered into force in 1957. It is an independent intergovernmental
organization within the UN system. Its members are 124 countries
us. The functions of the Agency include:

to encourage and promote the development of atomic energy and the practical application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, as well as the conduct of research in this field;

to provide materials, services, equipment and facilities to meet the needs of research work in the field of nuclear energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;

promote the exchange of scientific and technical information;

to encourage the exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

(3) World Organization for tourism - WOT (World Tourism Organization -
WTO). Created in 1975 to promote the development of tourism as a means
contributing to economic development, strengthening peace, prosperity
understanding, increasing mutual understanding between peoples, universal respect
and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(4) International Trade Center UNCTAD/WTO- ITC (International
Trade Center UNCTAD/WTO, ITC). GATT was created in 1964 with the aim of

promoting the development of exports from developing countries. Since 1968, it has been jointly run by GATT/WTO and the UN through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Assistance in the establishment of their export promotion services and the training of the necessary personnel for this (see 5.4 for details).

WTo/ 5 ^ world Trade organisation- The WTO (World Trade Organization - in IQq! *"" was established in 1995 on the basis of an agreement signed in Marrakesh 4. Replaced the GATT, which was transformed in accordance with the results of the Uruguay Round (see details 5.2).

Chapter 3

International economic organizations in the system of regulation of economic cooperation and branches of the world economy

3.1. Organizations of the UN system

Table 1

Name of the organization	Number of members	Year of creation
1. United Nations Development Program
(UNDP)
2. United Nations
for Industrial Development (UNIDO)
3. International Atomic Agency
Energy (IAEA)
4. Food and agriculture
economic organization
(FAO)
5. International Fund for Agriculture
economic development (IFAD)
6. International maritime
organization (IMO)
7. International organization
civil aviation (ICAO)
8. World Organization
for tourism (HERE)

3.1.1. United Nations Development Program- UNDP (United Nations Development Program- UNDP)

Established in 1965 to combine the UN Expanded Program of Technical Assistance and the Special Fund into one program. It is the largest UN system funder of multi-sectoral economic and technical assistance.

UNDP Goals:

Assistance to developing countries in their efforts to accelerate
economic and social development by providing them with a systematic
assistance related to their national development plans;

Helping developing countries achieve higher
the level of economic and social well-being of the population of these
countries.

UNDP technical assistance activities include:

Provision of consulting and expert services, organization
seminars and training of national specialists abroad;

Innovative and effective ways reforming its operational
activities in the field of socio-economic development, as well as
ways to implement the decisions of the global environmental forums
environment and development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), population and development
(Cairo, 1994), social development (Copenhagen, 1995), regulations
women (Beijing, 1995), human settlements (Istanbul, 1996);

Strengthening own capacity at the center and in the field by increasing
solving the effectiveness of the activities of the institution of UN Resident Coordinators
in countries, as well as strengthening cooperation with other organizations;

Focusing on key aspects of “sustainable human
development” (poverty eradication, environmental restoration,
employment, assistance to women and socially vulnerable
disadvantaged population groups);

Training of national managerial personnel, implementation of poly
tics and reforms of the public sector in the field of economic management,
including creating an enabling environment for the private sector, especially in
countries in transition;

Providing relief in emergencies with a focus on the transition from emergency relief to long-term development.

UNDP assistance is provided only to or through governments. UNDP is the main organization of the UN system for providing technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition. UNDP's annual resources are based on voluntary contributions and in a five-year cycle (1992-1996) amounted to approximately $1 billion annually. The main donors of the Program from the group of industrialized countries are: USA (199.5 million dollars), Japan (98.1 million dollars), the Netherlands (97.4 million dollars), Denmark (92.8 million dollars). dollars), Sweden (79.2 million dollars), Germany (61.5 million dollars) and Norway (75.2 million dollars). Among developing countries, the largest contributors were: India ($5.1 million), China ($2.8 million), Saudi Arabia ($2.0 million) and Thailand ($1.9 million). .).

UNDP technical assistance is generally funded from the following sources:

from the central budget of the Program since 1997 (first year

program cycle): 55% of all resources are country programs

e resources that are divided between countries in accordance with the accepted

kaloy, taking into account indicators of per capita income of GNP, as well as special

details of the political and economic situation in specific countries; 11.8% -

national (regional, interregional and global) programs

s; 1.6% - UNDP programs financed by it through specialized

other United Nations agencies; 0.5% - program activities in the line of development

the State of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC);

from multilateral trust funds administered jointly by UNDP with other international organizations: the Global Environment Facility (GEF); Multilateral Fund for the Montreal Protocol; “Potential of the 21st” for the implementation of the agreements within the framework of the “Agenda for the 21st Century” program; United Nations Development Fund for Women; United Nations Capital Development Fund; HIV/AIDS Foundation.

important integral part The general financial policy of UNDP in recent years has been the development of a strategy to mobilize third-party funds for the implementation of development projects and programs. The need to develop such a strategy was caused by an acute shortage of "basic resources". As a way out of this situation, the management of the Program, based on the very successful experience of the UNDP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean in this region, developed a number of activities aimed at finding, attracting and maximizing the use of additional funds to the resources allocated to countries for program activities. .

Among the sources of additional resources for development, the main ones are:

the budgetary funds of the recipient state itself, directed by it to solve its priority socio-economic tasks, the maximum efficiency of which is ensured by UNDP, which has rich experience and significant international resources in the field of development, and is also able to provide the required services on the most competitive terms;

“non-performing” development loans already allocated on a multilateral or bilateral basis, the effectiveness of which is either reduced or completely reduced to zero by the recipient country's lack of experience in working with them, and sometimes by the sluggishness of local bureaucratic structures;

ensuring the use of opportunities for financing national development programs through targeted international programs and funds, the executor of which is UNDP (Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Fund for Women, United Nations Capital Development Fund and etc-);

search for new donor or loan funds on a bilateral or multilateral basis for the implementation of UNDP projects;

participation in this process by UNDP, which has extensive experience in conducting such negotiations, significantly increases the chances of the government to receive such funds on the most favorable terms;

public and private investments in UNDP projects that are of significant socio-economic importance and are capable of generating future profits.

In addition to those listed, depending on the specifics and realities of the country, the use of other sources is not excluded, the identification of which may

become possible as cooperation with UNDP develops. An important element of the UNDP strategy for mobilizing additional resources is the reliance on the concept of cost-sharing for project implementation and national execution of projects. Both of these points allow for a fuller use of both economic and human national potential for meeting development challenges.

The governing body of the Program is the Executive Council - EC (Executive Board), consisting of representatives of 36 states, who are elected for a period of 3 years during the organizational sessions of the Economic and Social Council. EC decisions are made by consensus. There are one annual and three regular sessions during the year, which review and approve the reports of the Administrator, as well as such matters as the budget and program directions. The principal officer of UNDP is the Administrator, who is appointed by the UN Secretary-General after appropriate consultation with EC members. His appointment for a period of 4 years is approved by the General Assembly. The Executive Council submits reports to and through ECOSOC to the General Assembly. The Board reviews and approves projects and programs, allocates funds, develops general guidelines and directives for UNDP as a whole and for regular technical cooperation programs. The activities of the Program currently cover more than 150 countries with over 6,500 projects.

3.1.2. United Nations Industrial Development Organization- UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO)

Founded in 1966; since 1986 it has been a specialized agency of the UN system. UNIDO has 168 Member States. UNIDO Goals:

Implementation of a coordinating role in the field of industrial development
development in the UN system;

Promoting Industrial Development and Cooperation in the Global
nom, regional, national and sectoral levels;

Promoting the industrialization of developing countries, including in
areas of development natural resources and infrastructure development;

Providing assistance to countries with economies in transition and developing
I countries in restructuring and privatization in industry;

Provision of technical assistance to developing countries through real
zation of specific projects.

The main activities of UNIDO are:

Participation in the industrialization of developing countries; priority in
industrialization of African countries;

Assistance: the introduction in developing countries of modern methods
8 production, programming and management; dissemination of

technical information; rational use of natural resources; training of national personnel; attracting financial resources for specific industrial projects;

Implementation of multilateral technical assistance to developing
countries by providing material and financial resources in the form of
supplies of industrial equipment; engineering consulting services
and technologies; organization of international tenders for placing orders at times
winding countries; preparation of feasibility studies for projects
comrade Technical cooperation is carried out in the following areas:

based on agricultural production (food, leather, textile, woodworking);

chemical industries (biotechnology, water management, pharmaceuticals, building materials, organic chemicals);

branches of mechanical engineering (electronics, metalworking and production of tools, agricultural engineering);

Promoting the development of international industrial cooperation
through the transfer of information about technologies, the implementation of targeted
operational research and long-term research programs
on various aspects of industrialization. Particular importance is attached to
work on the following issues: development of strategies, policies and institutions
institutional forms for global economic integration; environment
and energy; small and medium industrial enterprises; innovations,
performance and quality as a means of increasing competitive
news; industrialization, promotion of investment and implementation of technology
ical programs. Established within the framework of UNIDO, the Bank for Industrial and
technological information collects and systematizes technical documents
project management, emphasizing cutting-edge technology, and providing
her countries at their request;

Providing technical assistance in the construction of industrial facilities
commodities by sending experts and consultants;

Providing advice through conferences,
meetings and meetings of representatives of industry, trade unions, consumer
beaters. Consultations are also held in the form of expert group meetings.
sheets on specific industries, on industrial problems
development in the region, on strengthening cooperation between financial
social, technical and scientific institutions of developed and developing countries;
to mobilize financial and technical resources for industrial co
cooperation, as well as tripartite industrial cooperation
education, training and promotion of entrepreneurship in
developing countries.

The implementation of key programs implemented within the framework of UNIDO is aimed at mobilizing resources and meeting the specific needs of developing countries. These programs include:

the Industrial Development of Africa 1993-2002”; special industrial development programs in Arab countries and Asia-Pacific countries; a regional cooperation program for industrial development in Latin America and the Caribbean; industrialization program for 47 least developed countries; a program for integrating women into industrial development processes. UNIDO is working to promote increased foreign investment and technology transfer through specialized offices. There are such investment promotion offices in Athens, Cologne, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Vienna, Warsaw, Washington and Zurich. Industrial Cooperation Centers established in Beijing and Moscow deal with issues of stimulating the participation of foreign firms in joint ventures.

UNIDO works in partnership with governments, organizations and the private sector. Particular attention is paid to the promotion of industrial cooperation at the level of enterprises and firms through the use of the trust fund mechanism and the industrial investment program.

Great importance in the work of UNIDO is attached to the organization of forums, in particular, on investment, technical and industrial cooperation; holding meetings of expert groups, workshops, seminars. Within the framework of UNIDO, research work is carried out to generalize international commercial practice, studies are published that provide forecasts of industrial development in the world, reviews by region and country, as well as by 28 industry sectors identified in the International Standard Classification of Economic Industries. UNIDO provides industry, business and technology information through the INTIBNET, linked to the UNIDO-INTIB Industrial and Technology Information Bank; technology information exchange system, databases, and various publications. The main bodies of UNIDO are: General Conference (Conference); Industrial Development Council - SDP (Council); Secretariat, Director General; UNIDO field offices. The subsidiary bodies are: the Program and Budget Committee and the technical committees.

The General Conference meets in regular session once every two years. It determines the guidelines and policies of UNIDO, approves the budget, and oversees the use of financial resources. The Industrial Development Board consists of 53 UNIDO members, of which 33 are representatives from developing countries, 15 from developed countries

From countries with economies in transition. The Council develops the principle and

policies to achieve the goals of UNIDO; puts forward proposals for

but the implementation of these principles in practice; considers and accepts

program of activities of the Organization; discusses issues of coordination of de-

activities of the UN system in the field of industrial development; exercises control over the efficient use of the resources available to the Organization; submits to the UN General Assembly through ECOSOC an annual report on the activities of the UN IDO.

The operational costs of UNIDO are financed: (a) through voluntary contributions paid by the governments of UN Member States and members of the specialized agencies; b) by participating in UNDP on the same basis as other organizations using the services of this program; c) through the use of appropriate resources of the United Nations Regular Program of Technical Assistance. In addition, the Special Industrial Services Programme, the Trust Funds, the UNIDO General Trust Fund and the United Nations Industrial Development Fund serve the purpose of financing operational activities. The total volume of technical assistance provided by UNIDO to all countries of the world in 1997 amounted to about 100 million dollars.

3.1.3. International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA)

Created in 1957. It is an autonomous intergovernmental organization that is part of the UN system, acting on the basis of its Charter in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN. 124 states are members of the Agency.

Objectives of the Agency:

Promoting the development of nuclear energy and practical applications
research of atomic energy for peaceful purposes;

Promoting the implementation of disarmament policies throughout the world;

Providing assurance that nuclear materials and equipment
nie, intended for peaceful use, were not used in the military
purposes; » *

Implementation of a system of control over the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
mission: to ensure that nuclear materials placed under safeguards are not transferred
signed for the creation of nuclear explosive devices or for other military purposes;

Rendering assistance in carrying out research work in
the field of nuclear energy and the practical use of atomic energy
for peaceful purposes;

Providing information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology
technology.

The main activities of the IAEA are:

Implementation of a technical cooperation program related to
assistance to Member States in achieving self-reliance in
fields of application of the achievements of nuclear science and technology; security
assistance in the development of programs for the application of nuclear energy in the development
economic sectors of the member countries in the production of electricity, agriculture
economy, animal husbandry, development of water resources. Special attention
is given to the industrial use of atomic energy - to

drinking that does not harm the population; radiation treatment; production of isotope tracers; measurements based on nuclear technology; creation and use of research reactors; development of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production. Technical cooperation is funded by: the Technical Assistance and Cooperation Fund (TCAF); extrabudgetary funds; funds allocated for gratuitous assistance and through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP);

Ensuring the Agency's safeguards system, carried out on the basis of monitoring that states do not use nuclear materials and equipment for the creation and production of nuclear weapons.

The safeguards system is based primarily on the control of the use of nuclear materials and installations, carried out on the ground by IAEA inspectors. Verification can only take place on the basis of an agreement with the state in which the inspection is to be carried out. The acceptance of guarantees is voluntary. Safeguard agreements were concluded with 118 states, including 102 countries that signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) of 1968 (since 1995, an indefinite extension). Non-nuclear-weapon states that are parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons must enter into safeguards agreements with the IAEA covering nuclear materials used for peaceful purposes. The IAEA has about 80 active safeguards agreements with non-nuclear states that are parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Agency has also entered into several safeguards agreements with non-nuclear states that are not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Agency safeguards in 1995 included 850 nuclear installations or installations containing nuclear material. IAEA control extends to dozens of countries of the world, including states with a developed nuclear industry. The United States, Great Britain, France, China, and Russia placed nuclear installations on a voluntary basis under Agency safeguards. IAEA safeguards also apply to 95% of nuclear installations outside the five above states. Strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime is the most important condition and prerequisite for broad international cooperation in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy. The activities of the Agency for Control objectively contribute to the strengthening of such cooperation. The system of safeguards includes: (1) reporting - the provision by states of information about the location of fissile materials under their control; on stockpiles of fuel and spent fuel and on the processing and reprocessing of nuclear materials; (2) technical means of control over container storage;

(c) inspections, which involve Agency inspectors checking instrument readings and logbook entries to determine whether the fuel availability data is consistent with the logbook entries.

The IAEA is developing basic safety standards for radiation protection and issuing regulations and codes of practice for competitive types of operations, including the safe transport of radioactive materials; renders assistance in carrying out research work in the field of nuclear energy by providing materials, services, equipment and technical means; exchange of scientific and technical information; exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

The provision of advice and information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology is carried out by the Agency through the International Nuclear Information System in Vienna, which covers information around the world on the peaceful use of nuclear science and technology, economic and environmental aspects of other energy sources. The Agency has other information systems: (1) Power Reactor Information System; (2) International system information on agricultural science and technology; (3) Nuclear Data Information System; (4) Atomic and Molecular Data Information System; (5) "Red Book" containing information on resources, production and demand for uranium. The IAEA is advising African states on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Africa, which would include verification checks. The IAEA cooperates with other international organizations, in particular: (1) jointly with UNESCO manages the activities of the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste (Italy); (2) with the participation of UNESCO and UNEP manages the international laboratory of radioactivity in the marine environment (Monaco); (3) in collaboration with FAO, conducting studies in three laboratories on the possibilities of using atomic energy in the field of food and agriculture; (4) jointly with WHO conducts research concerning radiation in medicine and biology. The IAEA operates the African Regional Agreement on Cooperation in Nuclear Research and Development (AFRA), which entered into force in 1990. It is an international organization for the promotion and development of nuclear energy in Africa.

The policy and programs of the IAEA are managed by the General Conference, which has the right to consider any issues within the framework of the Charter or related to the powers and functions of any body of the IAEA. The operational management of the IAEA is carried out by the Board of Governors, which analyzes the Agency's programs and prepares recommendations on them for the General Conference, as well as approves safety assurance agreements and publishes safety standards. The Secretariat, headed by the Director General, is responsible for the implementation of programs and activities approved by Member States. The Secretariat has 5 departments: (1) guarantees; (2) research and isotopes; (3) nuclear energy and safety; (4) technical cooperation; (5) administrative.

3.1-4. Food and Agriculture Organization- FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization- FAO)

Established in 1945 as a specialized institution of the system UN. As part of FAO 174 member states and one international organization - the European Union.

FAO Goals:

Promoting the development of production, processing, marketing and distribution
food and agricultural products, forestry and fisheries
fishing;

Promoting rural development;

Raising the standard of living of the rural population;

Improving people's nutrition and eliminating hunger;

Promoting investment in Agriculture; techno transmission
developing countries and promoting the development of agriculture in them
natural research;

Implementation of technical cooperation programs and technical
assistance in resource development;

Assistance to developing countries in the development of investments
ongoing projects in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and
other areas;

Providing policy advice and planning
in the field of agriculture and the provision of information to the
us members.

Main activities FAO are:

Contribute to the implementation of the sustainable development strategy, aimed
on the rational use and conservation of natural resources in particular
value of forest and fish resources, soil and water resources;

Assistance in the development of new and renewable energy sources,
especially in rural areas;

Member Funding FAO regular programs aimed
to provide policy advice to governments
ki and planning in the field of agriculture and the provision of services for
meeting development needs;

Implementation of local programs funded by national
cash trust funds: joint programs FAO and related
governments; unilateral trust fund programs; special operas
walkie-talkie FAO emergency relief and a number of programs funding
jointly with other institutions of the system UN and non
organizations;

Implementation with UNDP technical cooperation programs
quality and assistance to governments and people in rural areas
10 in; acting as a technical assistance mechanism for

member countries;

Development of investment projects and development programs in collaboration

relations with national governments and other organizations. FAO is developing a strategy to support, for example, programs such as the Food Security Assistance System, the International Code on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. Assistance to developing countries in the development of investment projects in the field of agriculture is carried out by the Investment Center;

Cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) in
The Food Code Commission, established b 1962, under the leadership
to promote and promote the development and establishment of standards and needs for
food and, as agreed, in order to increase international
noah trade;

Organization and holding of international conferences on topical
other issues within the scope of FAO's work: conducted in 1974 -
World Food Conference; in 1979 - World Conference
agrarian reform and rural development policies; in 1984 - All
Peace Conference on the Development and Management of Fisheries
resources; in 1994 - International Conference nutrition (together with
WHO). In 1996, the World Summit on
food security;

Implementation of major programs of technical consulting and
assistance to the agricultural sector on behalf of governments and the establishment
institutions that finance development programs;

Collection, analysis and provision of information on various issues
self agriculture, agricultural policy, world tor
trade in agricultural and food products.

The World Agricultural Information Center in Rome hosts FAO's computer databases and also has a global information and early warning system. This system provides current information on the world food situation and identifies countries at risk of food insecurity as a guide for potential food aid donors. The FAO Food Security Assistance System aims to help developing countries build national food reserves.

The supreme governing body of FAO is the FAO Conference, which is convened once every two years. The governing body acting on behalf of the Conference is the Council. The Council has three Main Committees (Programme; Finance; Legislation and Law) and five Specialized Committees (Agricultural; Agriculture; Fisheries; Forestry; World Food Security). The Council is responsible for compiling reviews of the world state of agriculture; for coordinating the work of intergovernmental organizations on commodity markets and issues related to the production, consumption and distribution of food and agricultural products.

The Secretariat, headed by the Director General, has seven departments: agriculture, fisheries, forestry, development, economic and social policy, general questions and information, management and finance.

FAO has 5 regional offices: for Africa, for Asia-Pacific; for Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean; for the Middle East. Joint commissions of regional offices with the UN economic commissions for Africa, Europe and Western Asia are called upon to coordinate activities in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other issues of regional policy. In addition, sub-regional offices have been established within FAO - for South and East Africa, for the Pacific Islands, for of Eastern Europe, for the Caribbean, for North Africa. FAO has representatives in more than 100 countries.

FAO's activities are funded primarily by: (1) contributions from member countries; (2) members' trust funds; (3) Development Programs (PRO-ON); (4) contributions from the World Bank. FAO co-leads the World Food Program with the UN, which uses contributions from UN Member States in the form of food, cash and services to support the socio-economic development program as well as emergency relief.

3.1.5. International Fund for Agricultural Development- IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development- IFAD)

Created on the basis of an agreement adopted at a UN conference in June 1976, which entered into force in December 1977; lending began in 1978. 160 states participate in the Fund, which are divided into three lists. List A is 22 the developed countries-donors; List B includes 12 developing donor countries: Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia; List C is 126 developing countries.

Objectives of the Foundation:

Financing of projects and programs aimed at increasing
food production;

Mobilization of additional funds for development assistance
to the growing member countries of the Fund in increasing food production and
increasing the level of nutrition;

Contribute to efforts to eradicate hunger and poverty; assistance
cabbage soup to the poorest segments of the population.

The main activities of the Foundation are:

Providing loans and credits on favorable terms for the implementation of
development of projects and programs aimed at the introduction, expansion of the scale
and improving food production systems in member countries

onda. Projects, in particular, include: integrated development of rural "Economy; development of animal husbandry, storage and marketing of products; supply

and distribution of fertilizers; melioration and control over water resources; fishing. The Fund's Bank provides three types of loans: (1) loans on exceptionally favorable terms - no interest, with a 50-year maturity, with maturity in 10 years, with an annual service fee of 1%; (2) bridge loans - with an annual rate of 4%, a maturity of 20 years, with a deferred payment of 5 years; (3) ordinary loans - with an annual interest rate of 8%, a maturity of 15-18 years, including a grace period of three years. IFAD loans are only part of general expenses by projects; Member governments also contribute their share.

Financing the development of rural areas, human settlements and
settlements. Operating since 1986 Special Program for countries located
sub-Saharan Africa, which provides assistance to victims
from drought to countries in the restoration of agriculture and livestock;

Providing financial assistance to small farmers and landless villagers
Russian residents in developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America
ki, the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa with the aim of
their involvement in the process of agricultural development;

Implementation of projects co-financed with other fi
financial development institutions: the World
bank, the International Development Association, regional banks
whitia - African, Asian, Inter-American, Islamic.

The supreme body of IFAD is the Board of Governors, which manages the operations of the Fund, periodically provides information to the World Food Council on the implementation of its programs and takes into account the recommendations of the latter in its activities. The current operations of the Fund are carried out by the Executive Board, which approves loans and grants to finance projects. The President supervises the activities of the Fund under the control of the Board of Governors and the Executive Board. The structure of the Foundation has six departments: analysis and research; economic policy and resource strategies; program management; management and personnel services; internal audit; legal services.

The activities of the Fund are financed by contributions from member countries (entry and current fees), as well as special contributions from non-member states. The main donors are the member countries of lists A and B. Funds are not raised on the capital market. The Fund provides assistance only to IFAD members. The number of projects in which IFAD is involved at the beginning of 1997 was 461 and extended to software from developing countries.

3.1.6. International Maritime Organization- IMO (International Maritime Organization- IMO)

Created in 1958. Started functioning in 1959, until 1982 it was called the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). It is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It has 155 member states.

MMO Goals:

Implementation of cooperation and exchange of information between governments
councils on technical matters relating to international trade
shipping;

Promote the adoption of standards and norms related to safety
at sea, maritime navigation; prevention of marine pollution from ships and

orbs with such pollution; consideration of related legal issues;

Promoting the elimination of discriminatory acts and unnecessary restrictions
rules set by governments that affect the international
new merchant shipping.

The main activities of the IMO are:

Development and adoption of conventions in various areas of their competence
chiy: on security issues, prevention of pollution of the seas; by OP
liability dews, etc. In total, more than 40 conventions were adopted; con
venices, which were approved by the governments and entered into force, before
constitute codes of international practice;

Development and adoption of recommendations jointly with the committee on
Maritime Safety and the Marine Environment Protection Committee. Recommendations
relate to issues such as: freight transport; technology; Environment
Wednesday; shipping; search and rescue at sea; radio communication; personnel training.
While these recommendations are not legally binding, they
establish codes of good practice and provide guidance for
governments in developing national regulations;

Assistance to governments in the implementation of conventions and
recommendations through the implementation of technical cooperation programmes;

Providing a forum for member governments and stakeholders
established organizations in which they can exchange information,
hold discussions and make efforts to solve problems related to
concerned with technical, legal and other issues related to
navigation and prevention of marine pollution from ships;

Organization of scientific and educational centers: (1) World Maritime Uni
university (Sweden); (2) Maritime Transport Academy (Italy); (3) Morse
Kaya Transport Academy (Malta); (4) International Maritime Institute
law (Malta);

Cooperation with intergovernmental organizations: Caribbean
Community and Caribbean Common Market CARI COM; Danube Commission; Advice
- Europe; Commonwealth of Nations; European Commission EU, League of Arab States
donations, OECD.

The supreme body of the IMO is the Assembly, which determines the

policy of the Organization, adopts the program and budget, as well as decisions on

conducting financial activities. Manages the work of the IMO between sessions

Assembly Council, which coordinates the work of the bodies of the IMO,

reviews the program and budget, comments on the reports of committees

prior to their submission to the Assembly and appoints the Secretary General. There are 5 committees within the IMO: (1) maritime safety (since 1978); (2) on legal matters (since 1967); (3) for the protection of the marine environment (since 1973); (4) technical cooperation (since 1972); (5) maritime security (working on maritime facilitation, especially in ports). The Secretariat consists of 6 departments: (1) court security; (2) marine environment; (3) legal issues and international relations; (4) conferences; (5) technical cooperation; (6) control.

3.1.7. International Civil Aviation Organization- ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization- ICAO)

Created in 1944; began its activity in 1947. It is a specialized agency of the UN system. ICAO has 185 member states.

ICAO Goals:

Ensuring the safe and orderly development of the international
civil aviation around the world;

Encouraging the construction of civil aircraft and their operation;
creation of airlines, airports and air navigation equipment for international
international civil aviation;

Meeting the needs of the world's population for safe, regular
efficient, efficient and economical air transport;

Facilitating international air travel by reducing air
procedural formalities, including customs, immigration and sanitary
requirements for the free and unhindered passage of an aircraft, its
passengers, crew, baggage, cargo and mail of international borders;

The study of the problems of international civil aviation, established

Promoting flight safety on international airlines;

Simplification of customs, immigration and sanitary regulations;

Preparation of draft international air conventions.
The main activities of ICAO are:

Development international standards, recommendations and practical
measures to ensure the safety, regularity and efficiency of air
flights and facilitation of air transport. These standards are
Mendations and practical measures determine the activities of air transport pilots
tailor companies, flight crews, and the design and performance
ki aircraft and its equipment;

Development of flight rules (visual flight rules and
instrument flights), as well as aeronautical charts used in aviation
navigation around the world;

Management of aeronautical telecommunication systems (radio frequencies and
procedures);

Assistance to developing countries in the development of civil
aviation through the creation or improvement of air transport systems
port and training of aviation personnel;

Studying the problems of international civil aviation; installed
nie international norms and rules for it;

Promoting safety on international airlines
the topics of standardization of technical equipment and the creation of meteorological systems
logical stations; flight control; improve the efficiency of funds
communications, radio beacons and radio bands, search and rescue organizations
tions and other means;

Preparation of draft international air conventions;

Cooperation with regional civil aviation organizations
tions in Africa, Latin America and Europe.

The supreme body of ICAO is the Assembly, which determines the principles of activity, adopts the budget, controls the technical, economic and legal activities of the Organization. The executive body of ICAO is the Council, which consists of representatives of 33 countries. It implements the decisions of the Assembly; manages finances; adopts standards for international air navigation; collects, studies and publishes information on air navigation matters and may act, at the request of Members, as an arbitrator for the settlement of disputes relating to international civil aviation. ICAO has 7 committees: (1) Air Transport; (2) joint support of air navigation services; (3) finance; (4) by personnel; (5) legal; (6) to control unlawful interference with international air traffic; (7) technical cooperation. The Council, in conjunction with the Air Navigation Commission and committees, provides day-to-day management of ICAO. Its functions include the adoption of international and harmonization of national norms, recommendations and procedures, which are included in the annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, developed in 1944. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, has 5 bureaus: (1) for air navigation; (2) air transport; (3) technical cooperation; (4) legal; (5) administration and services. ICAO has 6 regional offices (in Bangkok, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi, Paris) that oversee the development of civil aviation and compliance with ICAO decisions in the regions. Regional offices advise Member States and develop recommendations.

3.1.8. World Tourism Organization- WTO (World Tourism Organization - WTO)

Created in 1975 on the basis of the Charter. WTO became the successor of the intergovernmental organization “Official Tourism Promotion Organizations”, founded in 1925, which in 1947 was renamed the International Union of Official Tourist Organizations (ISOTO). Is * an autonomous organization operating on the basis of the Agreement on

cooperation and relationship between the WTO and the UN, approved by ECOSOC in 1977. In accordance with this agreement, the WTO has the responsibility and functions of the central governing body in the field of tourism. WTO is the only intergovernmental organization whose activities cover all aspects of tourism throughout the world. WTO members are divided into 3 categories: category I - full member states, there are 130 of them; category II - associate members, there are 4 of them - Aruba, Macau, the Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, i.e. state territories that are autonomies and are not responsible for their foreign policy; category III - affiliated members, there are 329 of them. This includes governmental and intergovernmental organizations involved in tourism, as well as commercial organizations and associations operating in the field of tourism: hotels, travel agencies, restaurants, financial institutions, airlines, associations of consultants, consumers, industrialists, tourism training centers, research institutes, publishing groups. Goals HERE:

Promoting the development of tourism that contributes to the economic
the growth of countries; expanding international understanding, improving the
the state of people, the strengthening of peace, the observance of human rights;

Compliance with the interests of developing countries in the field of tourism;

Providing technical assistance in improving the quality of tourism services.
The main activities of the WTO are:

Provision of advisory assistance to the governments of member countries in
tourism organization: drawing up plans and projects; development of technical
economic justifications; determining investment needs; ne
technology transfer;

Assistance in the implementation of regional cooperation in the field
tourism through the establishment of 6 regional bureaux to oversee
the work of regional representatives providing communication
between WTO and its associated and affiliated members;

Assistance in the field of environmental protection: participation in global and
regional forums on tourism and ecology; solution of practical
problems in the field of ecology (program of clean beaches);

Technical cooperation in the field of improving the quality of services in the field of
tourism: removal of barriers and liberalization of trade in tourism services;
addressing issues related to the safety and health of tourists;

Facilitating training: developing a global
WOT programs for training in the field of tourism, as well as programs for
tourism education centers, including correspondence education; prepare
training and advanced training of workers in the tourism sector;

Implementation of information activities: collection, analysis and distribution
distribution of information about tourism in more than 180 countries and territories
pits; coordination of publishing activities and tourist campaigns in the press;
publication of statistical information on tourism.

The supreme body of the WTO is the General Assembly. The Executive Council performs the functions entrusted to it by the General Assembly: submits its proposals to it, analyzes the general program of work prepared by the Secretary General, before submitting it for consideration by the General Assembly. The Council has 5 committees: (1) Technical Committee for Programs and Coordination (TCCC); (2) budget and finance committee (BFC); (3) assistance committee; (4) statistical committee; (5) a committee of experts on the safety and security of tourists. The secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, manages the work on the implementation of resolutions and decisions taken by the governing bodies. The WTO is funded by contributions from current, associate and affiliated Member States.

3.2. Organizations of the OECD system

table 2

3.2.1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development- " OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development- OECD)

Created in 1961 after the ratification of the Convention on its establishment by all member states. It is the political, organizational and legal successor of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation - OEEC, established in 1948. OECD members are 29 industrialized countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain , Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.

Russian Federation applied for membership in the OECD. In 1994, R signed a Declaration of Cooperation and an agreement on privileges and immunities with the OECD.

The OECD is attended by the EU Commission (according to the protocol signed simultaneously with the Convention establishing the OECD), as well as representatives of EFTA, ECSC and Euratom.

The main function of the OECD is to coordinate the economic policies of the member countries in order to mitigate the contradictions that arise in the world economic system. Among the most important activities of the OECD are the issues of regulating international trade, stabilizing the monetary and credit system, and problems of relations with developing countries. However, the decisions taken on these issues are purely advisory in nature and rarely lead to concerted action.

Official targets of the OECD:

Promoting sustainable economic and social development as
participating and non-participating countries;

development effective methods coordinating their trade and general economic policies;

Promoting the highest level of sustainable eco
economic growth, employment and living standards in member countries while maintaining
financial stability, thus contributing to the development of the world
the howl of the economy;

Promoting World Trade in Multilateral Non-Discrimination
nomination basis in accordance with international obligations;

Promoting and coordinating relief efforts
developing states.

The main activities of the OECD are:

Assistance to member countries in formulating policy objectives
ki aimed at achieving economic and social development;

Promoting coordinated policies, promoting
to ensure economic growth, as well as internal and external fi
financial stability;

Facilitating the removal of obstacles to the exchange of goods, services
mi, as well as current payments; further liberalization of the movement of capital;

Promoting the efficient use of economic resources;

Encouraging research and training in
the field of science and technology;

Promoting the development of developing countries by providing
help;

Building relationships with all levels state power
member countries;

Organization of the implementation of the program of work and monitoring of activities
carried out on behalf of the OECD by its various directorates: economic
mics; statistics, environment; development cooperation;
trade; finance; taxes and entrepreneurship; science, technology and
industry; informatics and communications; budgetary and financial
questions; administration and staff;

Maintaining relations with other international organizations for
ensure effective cooperation; cooperation with regional
mi economic organizations;

Providing the OECD with the information it needs to carry out its
tasks, and the mutual exchange of such information between its members;

Holding regular conferences, meetings, conferences
sultations, research; edition information materials: monographs,
periodicals, technical and statistical bulletins, special letters
tours and conference materials.

The OECD has issued a Code of Conduct on the operations of TNCs, the purpose of which is to ensure that TNCs support the economic and political goals of member countries. In addition, the OECD has published several guidelines on how multinational corporations publish financial reporting and operational information. The OECD performs an important function: it serves as a forum where different countries can discuss political, economic and social issues of mutual interest and reach agreement on issues requiring joint action.

The governing body of the OECD is the Council, which consists of one representative from each member country. The Council meets either as a permanent representative (approximately once a week) or as a member of the ministers of the participating countries. Decisions and recommendations are made only with the mutual consent of all members of the Council and are usually advisory in nature. In individual cases, binding regulations are adopted, which, however, do not apply to Member States that abstain from voting, and to those whose national constitutions do not allow the adoption of relevant regulations.

The Executive Committee of 14 people is subordinated to the Council. Administrative and operational work is carried out by the Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, appointed by the Council for 5 years. The secretariat handles the processing and preparation of discussion papers, statistical and research materials; issues reports and notes on various economic and social issues.

In addition, over 20 specialized committees function within the OECD: on economic policy, economics and development; development assistance; trade; the movement of capital and invisible transactions; financial markets; tax policy; law and policy in the wearing of competition; consumer policy; tourism; sea ​​sports; international investment and multinational enterprises; on energy policy; industry; become; on scientific technological policy; on information policy; computing and communications; for Education; on labor and social policy issues; on issues of public administration; environmental protection; agriculture; for fishing; by goods, etc.

committees lead the main practical work Organizations: determine the general economic policy of the participating countries;

monitor their economic and financial situation;

prepare annual economic reviews for all OECD countries;

provide advice to the governments of member countries on the provision of loans, subsidies and other financial resources to developing countries, as well as provide them with technical assistance.

A special group is represented by committees on various problems of foreign trade or the exchange of services. Their official goal is to promote the expansion of international commodity exchange by reducing or eliminating obstacles to its development. For this purpose, the positions of the participating countries in the field of trade policy are being coordinated and relevant recommendations are being developed, consideration of measures to reduce tariff and non-tariff restrictions, revision of procedures for granting import licenses, development of measures for unification and standardization within the framework of the OECD of various administrative and technical rules and regulations in areas of trade.

An important role is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee whose functions include reviewing issues and policies in providing assistance to Member States; ensuring the necessary amount of resources that can be provided to developing countries; providing support to countries in order to ensure their sustainable development, building the capacity to participate in the global economy. In 1993, the DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document “Partnership for Development in a Changed World” was adopted, which contains the main directions for supporting the efforts of member states in ensuring sustainable economic and social development.

The central place among international organizations is occupied by the United Nations (UN).

The United Nations system consists of principal and subsidiary bodies, specialized organizations and agencies and autonomous organizations that are an integral part of the UN system. The principal organs are: the General Assembly (GA); Security Council (SC); International Court of Justice and Secretariat. Subsidiary bodies, as deemed necessary, shall be established in accordance with the Constitution.

The UN system includes a number of programs, councils and commissions that carry out the functions assigned to them.

Let us consider the internal structure of the international economic organizations of the UN system.

The General Assembly is its main body. It is authorized to resolve any issues within the framework of the Charter of the organization. The General Assembly makes resolutions which, although not binding on its members, still have a significant impact on world politics and the development of international law. During its existence, 10,000 resolutions have been adopted. The General Assembly finally approves all international conventions on economic issues. In its structure economic problems are engaged in:

1. the Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs, which develops resolutions for the plenary meetings of the General Assembly;
2. UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCIT-RAL dealing with harmonization and unification legal regulations in international trade;
3. Commission on international law working on the development and codification of international law;
4. Investment Committee, which assists in the placement of investments from funds under the control of the UN.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the most important UN body responsible for the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian aspects of UN policy.

The functions of ECOSOC include:

• conducting research and writing reports on international issues in the field of economic and social spheres, culture, education, health and the presentation of recommendations on these issues to the General Assembly, the members of the Organization and the specialized agencies concerned;
• discussion of international economic and social problems of a global and cross-sectoral nature and the development of policy recommendations on these problems for Member States and the UN system as a whole;
• monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the overall policy strategy and priorities set by the General Assembly in the economic, social and related fields;
• ensuring harmonization and consistent practical operational implementation on an integrated basis of relevant policy decisions and recommendations adopted at UN conferences and other forums within the UN system, after their approval by the Assembly and / or ECOSOC;
• ensuring the overall coordination of the activities of the organizations of the UN system in the economic, social and related fields in order to implement the priorities established by the General Assembly for the system as a whole;
• conducting comprehensive policy reviews of operational activities throughout the UN system.

ECOSOC has commissions, committees, special groups that deal with economic issues. This:

• six functional commissions and sub-commissions - social development, drug control, science and technology for development, sustainable development, statistics, transnational corporations;
• five regional commissions - Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Western Asia;
• two standing committees - for programs and coordination, for direct organizations;
• seven expert bodies - Planning Development Committee, special group experts on international cooperation in taxation, committees on the transport of dangerous goods, on economic, social and cultural rights, on national resources, on new and renewable sources of energy and energy use and for development, as well as meetings of experts on public administration and finance.

The objectives of the regional commissions are to study the economic and technological problems of the respective regions of the world, to develop measures and means to assist the economic and social development of regional members by coordinating their actions and pursuing a coordinated policy aimed at solving the cardinal tasks of developing economic sectors and intraregional trade.

In addition to the direct bodies of the UN, its system includes specialized agencies and intergovernmental organizations, including:

1. UN funds and programs;
2. UN specialized agencies;
3. autonomous organizations associated with the UN. Let us dwell on the most important organizations of the first group.

1. The Investment Development Fund assists developing countries by supplementing existing funding sources with aid and loans. The resources of the fund are formed from voluntary contributions and are estimated at $40 million.
2. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is the largest United Nations system funder of multi-sectoral economic and technical assistance. Its resources are estimated at $1 billion and are constantly replenished by donor countries, which include most developed and large developing countries. UNDP addresses key aspects of sustainable development and the main global issues: eradication of poverty, restoration of the environment, employment, etc. It organizes global forums on these issues, such as the Forum on Environment (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995) . The program currently covers more than 150 countries with over 6,500 projects.
3. The PLO Environment Program (UNEP) continuously monitors environment and is responsible for coordinating all international projects in this area. Its activities are aimed at solving global environmental problems.
4. The World Food Program (WFP) coordinates the provision of international food assistance in cases of emergency. The WFP budget is over $1.2 billion and is formed mainly from contributions from the US ($500 million), the EU ($235 million) and other developed countries.

The specialized organizations associated with the UN include the following.

1. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) brings together 18 intergovernmental organizations to protect intellectual property.
2. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) brings together 168 countries to promote the introduction of new industrial technologies, the industrialization of developing countries, especially African countries, and the provision of technical assistance. UNIDO has established an industrial and technological information bank and a system for the exchange of scientific and technical information. A significant part of the information arrays has access to the Internet at www.unido.org. All organizations of the UN system are sources of free information on the Internet. Their addresses almost always coincide with the abbreviation.
3. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) promotes investment in agriculture, the transfer of the latest technologies to developing countries, and agrarian reforms. On the website www.fao.org. there is information about the agro-industrial complex of all countries.
4. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) lends to agriculture in developing countries.
5. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is the oldest organization in the UN system, established in 1865. It is engaged in the development and modernization of postal services.
6. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) coordinates international efforts to develop meteorological observations.
7. The World Health Organization (WHO) brings together the efforts of 190 countries to solve the problems of protecting human health.
8. International Labor Organization (ILO) - established in 1919 according to the Treaty of Versailles, it includes 171 countries. The ILO has developed an International Labor Code. She deals with the problems of employment and the growth of living standards of the population, social and economic reforms in the sphere of labor.
9. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is one of the most authoritative international organizations. Engaged in the development of international cooperation in the fields of information, knowledge, culture, communications, etc.

Among the autonomous organizations associated with the UN, we note the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), whose functions include:

• encouraging and facilitating the development of nuclear energy and the practical application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, as well as research in this field;
• provision of materials, services, equipment and technical means in order to meet the needs of research work in the field of atomic energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;
• promoting the exchange of scientific and technical information;
• encouraging the exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

Other organizations of the UN system were discussed to varying degrees in other sections of the textbook, in particular, those devoted to the regulation of trade and financial international relations.

International Monetary Fund(IMF) - established in 1944. in accordance with the decisions of the Bretton Woods Conference as a mechanism for monitoring the exchange rate system and gradually transformed into the most influential international. org-th regulating int. macroek-ku. The headquarters of the IMF is in Washington DC. Structure of the IMF: Board of Governors - the highest body, interim committee, Executive Board, Management, Staff - citizens of more than 100 countries. In order to achieve stability in the int. IMF economy performs the following DOS. fun-i: 1.surveillance of exchange rates and macroeconomics. policy of member countries and the development of int. the economy as a whole. Member countries are required to provide the IMF, upon request, with detailed information on the real money, the budgetary and external sectors, as well as on the structural policy of governments. Head. the purpose of supervision is to timely identify dangerous macroeconomies. Imbalances that can affect the stability of exchange rates, and, using the best world experience, give recommendations to the country's government on how to correct them; 2. financial assistance - the use of IMF financial resources by member countries experiencing difficulties in financing the balance of payments and submitted to the IMF a reform program that shows the government's actions to overcome these difficulties. All types of access to the financial resources of the IMF are based on the fulfillment by countries of certain conditions, which are developed jointly by experts from the IMF and the government of the country under the program of economic reforms, but the implementation of tight credit and money. policies, which the IMF insists on, are often perceived by countries as pressure on them.; 3. technical assistance - IMF assistance to member countries in the field of monetary, monetary policy and banking supervision, budgetary and tax policy, statistics, financial development. and economy. legislation and training. The specific function of the IMF, entrusted to it by the international community, is the replenishment of international. reserves through the issuance of SDRs. For each new member of the IMF, its quota in the capital of the fund is determined in the currency used in the IMF. These quotas currently exceed SDR 210 billion. HAPPY BIRTHDAY - special rights borrowings introduced in 1969. The cost of one unit of SDR is calculated on the basis of a basket of 4 major currencies ($, euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling), specific weight reviewed once every 5 years. The size of the quota depends on: the number of votes of the country in the IMF, max. the amount of resources that the country can receive if necessary, the country's share in the distribution of SDRs, as well as the procedure for representation in the management bodies of the fund. Each member of the IMF has 250 basic votes plus 1 vote for every 100,000. HAPPY BIRTHDAY. The size of the quota is of particular importance, since when considering issues in the IMF, it is used different principle decision-making: for the most important decisions - 85% of the votes, less important - 75%, the rest - a simple majority. Russia has been a member of the IMF since 1992.

In parallel with the IMF, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD and its branch - Int. Development Association (IDA), forming the World (World) Bank (WB). The WB structure also includes the International Financial Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), Int. Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). IBRD It was founded in 1945 and its main task is to stimulate the economic development of the IBRD member countries, promote the development of international trade and maintain balance of payments. The supreme body of the IBRD is the Board of Governors. The current activities are carried out by the Directorate. The capital of the IBRD is formed from contributions from member states. The main activity of the IBRD is the provision of long-term loans to both public and private enterprises under the guarantee of their governments.

IFC established in 1956 as an independent institution, the funds of which are separated from the IBRD. The activity of the IFC is aimed at stimulating the economy. growth of the private sector in developing countries (credit operations for private enterprises) as well as in countries with economies in transition, and the mobilization of capital resources (internal and external) to carry out the task. The activity of the IFC is not based on state guarantees, but is based on the market. principles.

IDA- Established in 1960 to assist the economy. the progress of less developed countries, which could not meet the stringent requirements of the IBRD. These are countries where the level of GDP per capita is below a certain limit. This level is regularly reviewed upwards, taking into account the achieved economy. growth. IDA resources are made up of contributions from member countries, as well as from the return of loans issued in the previous period. A certain part of the funds comes from the IBRD budget. IDA provides Fin. resources only to governments, the average maturity of loans (they are not charged%) is 30-40 years, but a service fee is charged - 0.5% of the used loan volume. In 1988 WB branch was created - MAGI, whose main task is to stimulate investment in member countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against possible losses caused by non-commercial risks, as well as providing consulting services to member countries in order to create a favorable investment climate and an adequate information base. ICSID- Established in 1966 play a role in the world economy regional development banks(Inter-American, Asian, African), as well as the European Investment Bank, Europe. Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Islamic Development Bank, etc.

to international economic organizations The UN system also includes international monetary and financial structures. These entities primarily include the World Bank, which includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. International Finance Corporation; and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. A well-known financial organization of the United Nations is the International Monetary Fund.

IBRD - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - was established by the decision of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944 in Bretton Woods. The bank began its activity in 1945. Initially, 28 countries signed the "Status of the Agreement on the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development". But other countries could join the Bank if they were members of the IMF. At the end of the 1990s, there were 180 member states of the IBRD. According to the Charter, each country wishing to become a member of the IBRD must become a subscriber of its capital, the amount of which is determined by the Bank. Russia joined the IBRD and the IMF in 1992. Its contribution to the IBRD corresponds to the IMF quota and amounts to 3% of the Bank's total capital. Russia's quota in the amount of $33.3 million was contributed in convertible currency in the amount of $33.3 million and in the national currency - $299.9 million.

The purpose of the creation of the IBRD was to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of those states that were its members, by encouraging investment for the implementation of production programs. But first, the Bank had to make sure that they could not obtain the funds necessary for production purposes from other sources. Important condition functioning of the Bank - decisions on granting loans must necessarily proceed only from economic considerations. With its financial resources, the Bank should contribute to the long-term balanced growth of international trade. When making loans, IBRD is also required to give due consideration to the prospects for debt repayment. In addition to providing loans, the Bank provides a wide range of technical assistance services.

The main source of funding for the Bank's lending operations is contributions from member countries. The Bank resorts to the use of borrowed funds with financial markets, as well as incoming payments to repay previously granted loans.

The governing bodies of the Bank include the following structures:

Board of Governors;

Board of Directors of Executives, or Executive Board;

Development Committee;

Bank President.

The headquarters of the IBRD is located in Washington.

IDA - International Association Development - is an intergovernmental organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations. Established in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD. All IBRD member countries can become its participants within the terms and conditions established by the IDA.

The International Development Association was established to promote economic development, increase labor productivity and the standard of living of the population of developing countries.

Although IDA does not differ from IBRD in many respects, since both organizations finance development projects, have the same staff, nevertheless, it has its own specifics:

First, unlike the IBRD, which is financed by states and members, IDA's sources of funding are predominantly contributions from donor countries, which are industrialized countries, and developing countries participate only partially in this process.

Secondly, the specificity of the IDA is that it provides interest-free loans. At the same time, IDA loans are provided to the poorest and least creditworthy countries. When allocating loans, the scale of the country's territory is taken into account, the annual income of which per capita and the degree of effectiveness of the economic policy of its government. Only those developing countries with an annual per capita income of less than $1,035 can use IDA loans. Loans are provided for 35-40 years, and their repayment begins after a 10-year grace period.

IDA shares leadership with IBRD. The president, governors, and directors of IBRD hold similar positions at IDA. IDA's headquarters are in Washington DC.

IFC International financial corporation. Established in 1956 as a branch of the IBRD. However, she is independent legal entity and has its own funds that do not belong to the Bank. Members of the IFC can only be countries - members of the IBRD.

Goals of the IFC:

Assistance in the financing of private enterprises that can promote development through capital investment without guarantees of reimbursement from the governments of their countries of location;

Using the opportunity to combine investment of local and foreign capital 9 advanced management methods;

Encouraging the inflow of private capital, both local and foreign, for capital investment, in manufacturing enterprises in the member countries of the Corporation.

The financial resources from which the IFC issues loans are made up of subscription fees for authorized capital, from IBRD loans and subsidies, from attracted credit resources Others financial institutions. The IFC also plays a prominent role in raising additional capital for developing countries from private sources through facility co-financing, loan indexing, and through the placement of securities and the provision of guarantees.

The finalizing bodies of the IFC have the following structural divisions:

Board of Governors;

Directorate;

The president.

IFC is headquartered in Washington DC. But the IFC has branches, representative offices and advisory bureaus for project development in many cities of the world - in London, Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Tokyo, etc.

MIAG - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. Founded in 1988 as a subsidiary of the IBRD. It has legal and financial independence and is considered a specialized agency of the UN system.

The objectives of the functioning of IAIG are as follows:

Encourage foreign investment for productive needs, especially in developing countries, in order to complement the activities of other financial institutions of the World Bank Group;

Provide investors with guarantees for investments in developing countries against losses from non-commercial risks, i.e. provide insurance against political risk. These include expropriation or similar measures, ban on the export of currency, breach of treaties, war and civil unrest.

The main source of financing for MIAG operations is the authorized capital.

The governing bodies of IAIG consist of the following structures:

Board of Governors, which develops the basis of activity;

Director in charge of day-to-day operations;

IAIG President (appointed at the proposal of the President of the IBRD and conducts day-to-day business under the general supervision of the Directorate).

The IMF - the International Monetary Fund - is an intergovernmental monetary and credit organization with the status of a UN specialized agency. The IMF, like the World Bank, was created at the International Monetary and Financial Conference of the Allies in 1944 in Bretton Woods.

The IMF has the following official objectives:

Conduct and implement cooperation between member countries on international monetary issues;

Prevent competitive depreciation of currencies, promote their stability;

Establish a multilateral system of payments and transfers for current transactions and strive to eliminate foreign exchange restrictions hindering the growth of world trade;

Provide credit to member countries for balance of payments adjustments without the use of measures that are destructive to prosperity at the national and international levels.

The Fund makes loans subject to certain requirements. First of all, an IMF member wishing to receive a loan must receive assurances about how to solve their problems with payments. We are talking about the fact that when providing financial assistance, the Fund requires the borrowing country to introduce an austerity regime, reform tax policy, reduce budget spending by freezing the wages of government workers and employees, reduce subsidies, reduce investment programs and other similar measures. However, since the Fund assumes that the funds at its disposal exist for all members of this organization, the borrowing country will return it as soon as its payment problems are resolved so as not to restrict access to this currency of other members of the Fund .

Due to the fact that the IMF is organized on the principle of a joint-stock company, the number of votes of participating countries in decision-making is determined in proportion to their share in the capital. In 1993, the USA accounted for 18.2% of the vote, Great Britain - 5.1, Germany - 5.5, France - 5.1, Italy - 3.1, Japan - 5.6, Canada - 2.9% . These figures indicate that the United States and countries Western Europe have full control over the IMF's decision-making process.

The supreme governing body of the Fund is the Board of Governors, which includes representatives of all countries - members of this organization. The operational activities of the Fund are managed by a directorate consisting of 22 people.

Like the UN. Almost all countries of the world are its members, but few people know exactly what functions it performs.

The structure of the UN includes 6 main divisions, whose employees deal with certain issues. The main goal of this organization is to maintain security and peace on our planet. In addition, the UN contributes to the establishment of friendly relations between different countries, favors the development of comprehensive cooperation (social, economic, humanitarian, cultural). Founded in 1945. The UN system works to help the people of the Earth in a wide variety of areas and issues.

The main founding document of this organization is its Charter. It lists the duties and rights of its members to achieve common goals.
The structure of the UN is designed to achieve universal observance of all peoples' and human rights. To carry out the activities of the organization, each member country deducts mandatory contributions. The basic principle is that the richer the country, the more it contributes to the UN budget. So, according to the latest estimates, more than 82% are paid by the 16 richest countries on Earth. This money is directed to each division of the UN for the implementation of their duties and powers.

The structure of the UN includes such main bodies as the Security Council, the Secretariat, the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the International Court of Justice. Each of these bodies deals with a wide range of issues, so they have many subsidiary and advisory bodies.

The structure of the UN is so complex that a list of all its divisions would take more than one page. The following are the leading divisions of its main organs:

1. The following subsidiary organs are subordinate to the Security Council:
- Sanctions Committee;
- Compensation commission;
- International tribunals;
- Military Staff Committee;
- Peacekeeping Committee;
- Counterterrorism Committee;
- Standing committees;
- Committee of 1540;
- Working Groups on Children and Armed Conflict.

The Council has 5 permanent members (China, Russia, Great Britain, USA, France) and 10 members elected every 2 years. It functions continuously. Each member presides for 1 month. This body has broad powers in matters of maintaining security and peace. Council resolutions are binding on all countries. Meetings are held regularly, and if necessary, extraordinary meetings are convened.

2. includes specialized institutions and bodies:
- Postal Union;
- The World Bank Group;
- meteorology, intellectual property, tourism);
- International organizations(marine, civil aviation, monetary fund, telecommunication union, agricultural development);
- Organizations for education, science, culture and industrial development;
- World Trade, Agriculture and Food Organization;
- International Atomic Energy Agency;
- Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and Nuclear Tests;
- Conventions on the rights of persons with disabilities, on combating desertification, on climate change;
- Funds for Democracy and International Partnership.

The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary General, who is elected for 5 years on the recommendations of the Security Council.

3. The General Assembly includes the following bodies:
- Committees;
- Adviсe;
- Commissions;
- Agencies;
- Working groups.

At the General Assembly, the participating countries are represented by 1 vote. This body holds annual regular sessions and works with the complex structure of its subsidiary bodies. For emergency sessions, the Assembly meets 24 hours in advance.

4. The Board of Trustees consists of 5 members. It exercises supervision over the Non-Self-Governing Territories.

5. The Economic and Social Council has the following commissions:

Development and Population;
- on narcotic drugs;
- on the status of women;
- in science and technology;
- on sustainable development;
- on crime and justice;
- on social development;
- statistics.

This Council also includes regional economic commissions:

In Europe;
- in Asia and Pacific Ocean;
- in Western Asia;
- in Latin America;
- in Africa.

This Council also includes various committees, special and expert bodies.
6. The International Court consists of 15 judges elected for 9 years - representatives different countries. Its powers are provided by the Security Council.

The structure of the UN includes other various specialized agencies. It also includes the Peacekeeping Forces.