Modern technologies allow you to control the weather. But humanity uses these opportunities for some reason exclusively for military purposes. And Russia, by virtue of its peacefulness, generally found itself on the margins of the process.

Many are convinced that the abnormal heat in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet and unprecedented cold with snowfalls in the Southern is nothing more than a real climate war. Or, in any case, the reaction of Nature to poorly calculated experiments on influencing atmospheric processes in order to cause rains, droughts and even earthquakes. The main culprit of all climatic and tectonic troubles is called, of course, the Pentagon. There is probably some truth in this.

People have been trying to influence the climate, one might say, since prehistoric times. Oral traditions of all peoples of the world and even the Bible keep stories about how storms, earthquakes, droughts and other cataclysms were caused.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the influence on the weather was approached pragmatically, with the help of technologies widely known today. It turned out that powerful clouds for the condensation of rain moisture can be artificially cooled or simply sprayed into them with cement dust, which absorbs moisture and provokes rain. Research in this direction was carried out all over the world. The USA and the USSR succeeded. We have learned how to disperse the clouds around Moscow when some grandiose celebrations and parade events were held in it. In the southern regions they hit the clouds with special shells from anti-aircraft guns thus preventing town formation and saving vineyards.

But the Americans have learned how to influence the atmosphere as much as possible. During the Vietnam War, the Pentagon could "turn on" the rain, which poured for months, eroding all partisan paths. The problem was that not only local residents and fighters against American aggressors suffered from the downpours, but the entire US Expeditionary Force in Southeast Asia.

In the 1990s, for well-known reasons, all research on the impact on the atmosphere for military purposes was stopped in Russia. Today, and for peaceful purposes, we have very limited opportunities prevent hail, cause artificial rain or disperse clouds. But in the United States, the influence on the formation of atmospheric processes was approached at a qualitatively new scientific and technological level. American scientists have found out that directed electromagnetic radiation to the ionospheric regions of high latitudes can respond with changes in the weather in the most remote regions of the planet from the North Pole. And the Pentagon allocated considerable funds for the "program of high-frequency active auroral research." In English transcription, this program is called HAARP. It quickly became clear that the control of the ionosphere allows not only to influence weather processes, but also to provide even US missile defense. All studies were kept as secret as possible, which immediately gave rise to a lot of terrible rumors.

The HAARP theme is very popular in the internet community in the US, Canada and the Nordic countries. Bloggers and even reputable scientists consider the program very dangerous, they call it nothing but "satanic" or a "doomsday" weapon. However, there are sites, many are sure that they are funded by the Pentagon, on which HAARP is shown in all its scientific glory and, of course, as an exclusively humane study tool for the upper layers of the ionosphere. However, no one today denies that studies directly related to the impact on the ionosphere have an impact on the Earth's weather.

A direct and very convincing confirmation of this is the work of our compatriot and even contemporary - Alexei Filippovich Smirnov. He is not some kind of closed figure, his work on the Internet has long been disputed. Opinions are polar. Some consider Smirnov a swindler, others - a genius. So who is he who took the liberty of asserting that a simple person can command atmospheric processes? And is it possible not in science fiction novels, but in real life?

Alexey Filippovich is not crowned with academic titles, he does not shine with a polished scientific language. He is just a mechanical engineer by education and an inventor by vocation. They usually say about such people: not of this world. In the early 1960s, Smirnov decided, in his free time from his main engineering work, to invent a gravitol. That was a time of great and bright hopes, when communism officially began to be built, and it seemed to many that there were no impossible tasks. Naturally, he did not build any gravitational aircraft, but he noticed an interesting pattern. Almost immediately after turning on the "gravitational" electromagnetic engine he invented, the weather began to change. The statistics of observations left no doubt - these are not random coincidences, but a pattern.

Aleksey Filippovich seriously engaged in experiments directly related to the control of atmospheric processes. Or, as he himself defined - the creation of the Weather Modification System (SMP). It seems incredible, but Smirnov really succeeded, by turning on his "gravity" emitters in Moscow, to cause rain in the driest regions of Africa, to destroy in the bud the most powerful tornadoes in the United States, or to extinguish hurricanes that raged on Far East. Moreover, he began to do this much earlier than the United States launched its "apocalyptic" HAARP program.

Having collected the results obtained together, the inventor, anticipating the triumph and high government awards, went in March 1985 to the State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries. There he was listened to attentively and given the address to which he should immediately apply with these amazing discoveries. That was the address of the leading psychiatric hospital in the USSR.

The argument of those who sent the inventor to the specialists in white coats was purely scientific. Does Comrade Smirnov understand what energies are raging in the atmosphere? They are commensurate with the energy of all earthly power plants and are equivalent to the explosion of thousands of nuclear warheads at the same time. And here some innovator is trying to prove that with the help of a generator whose power is equal to the energy of an electric kettle, he is able to turn back the storm fronts and calm the typhoons. Crazy, there are no other words. And all his statistical observations and experiments that took place are nothing more than random coincidences. Smirnov was saved from the madhouse by the impending glasnost and perestroika.

But even in the time of Gorbachev, when people from all platforms called for the activation of creative processes, the acceleration and development of innovative technologies (just like now), none of the government officials took the inventor and his ideas seriously. The arguments were the same. The inventor was told that it was foolish to try to change the direction of movement and even more so to stop with a fist a train weighing thousands of tons, which rushes at a speed of one hundred kilometers per hour. But it was not necessary to compare the technology of weather control with a train, but with a trigger artillery piece. Minimal effort is required to break through the capsule, and the energies of the shot and subsequent explosion are enormous.

Alexei Filippovich did not become discouraged. Moreover, he found many like-minded people, including among serious scientists. The Laboratory of Applied Astrogeophysics was created and the Urania 2M generating plant was built, the weather modification technology was developed to the last detail. It is worth repeating that all this was done ten years earlier than the Americans.

The point is simple at first glance. In the ionosphere, a certain point is calculated - the very "trigger" on which the minimum flux of electromagnetic radiation of a certain frequency generated by "Urania 2M" strikes in a directed way. And very soon atmospheric processes with huge energy come into action, which a person, as it were, cannot control. But it turns out it can! The main thing here is to accurately calculate the "trigger" point of the initial impact.

You can believe in it, or you can not, but the result is always the same - it rains in a certain area, or vice versa - a destructive storm subsides. However, the physics of this process is not fully understood by Smirnov himself and his colleagues. Academic science, which may be and could understand these processes, is disgustedly turning away from the developers of the weather modification system, as from pseudoscientists and notorious charlatans.

It turns out interesting. The vast majority of people have no idea what electricity, but they calmly use all electrical appliances, and do not admit that they are based on some kind of charlatanism or pseudoscientific magic. But our official science, including meteorology, seeing that artificially provoked disturbances in the ionosphere cause either rain or drought, do not believe their eyes and consider obvious facts almost a hallucination.

Meanwhile, according to Smirnov, the regular use of SMP provides an increase precipitation to the climatic norm even in the driest area by at least 30%, including in conditions of drought and high atmospheric pressure. No less! There is much more. And in the current heat, oh, it doesn’t hurt to pour rain, even if it’s a third of the climatic norm.

Over the past 20 years, the laboratory of applied astrogeophysics, founded by Smirnov, has carried out more than 50 successful experimental and practical works on the artificial induction of precipitation by remote electromagnetic methods in various countries: the USSR, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain, North America. Of course, most of the work was done in various regions of the USSR, and then in Russia, including Moscow and the Moscow region.

And what is the result? On the one hand, he is excellent in performance. But on the other hand, it is always predictably anecdotal.

On the early morning of July 29, 1991, an alarm was announced in Primorye due to the danger of a supertyphoon invasion. The situation was aggravated by the fact that a powerful cyclone was moving from Manchuria. According to the forecasts of Soviet and Japanese weather forecasters, the typhoon was supposed to unite with a cyclone and hit Primorye with hurricane power. Smirnov and his comrades decided to try to weaken the elements. Before turning on the installation, they called the Marine Department of the USSR Hydrometeorological Center and said: the typhoon will not merge with the cyclone, the typhoon's energy will decrease, it will go into the Sea of ​​Japan, where it will stop its rampage. That is how events unfolded.

Relatively recently, the weather modification system worked in the Volga region four times. It is noteworthy that the fourth test under an agreement with the Ministry Agriculture Saratov region planned and prepared in 2005 in advance, and turned out to be the most successful. Against the backdrop of a general drought that occurred five years ago in the Volga region, the crop was saved in the Saratov region. In general, as it turned out, in order to achieve the maximum effect, managing atmospheric processes must be prepared long before the thunder strikes or the drought strikes everything around.

It would seem that there is confirmed evidence that Urania 2M is operational and weather modification is really possible. Take and apply everywhere, but at the same time study! It wasn't there.

In 1991, the government of the RSFSR even got excited when it learned that the elements in Primorye had been pacified, one might say, man-made. As Smirnov recalls, the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, Ivan Silaev, ordered that a special meeting be held on this occasion. And when venerable connoisseurs of atmospheric processes heard on it that a hurricane in the Far East was "killed" by turning on some low-power emitter in Moscow, they became furious, believing that they, venerable ones, were simply being mocked by some, naturally, crazy . Atmospheric processes in Primorye, which did not go as meteorologists predicted, were attributed to a weather anomaly.

In the Saratov region, getting rid of the drought was again explained by purely natural phenomena, and not by some kind of directed electromagnetic radiation of negligible power. The rains, they say, passed by themselves, so the weather map lay down. Smirnov and his laboratory have absolutely nothing to do with it.

And although the work on modifying the weather in the right direction was carried out in full accordance with the official contracts and all the declared obligations on rains were fulfilled, the "weather modifiers" were paid mere pennies, they were no longer invited to work. In general, this happens almost always. Rain is ordered officially, but when it passes, doubts arise: was it not a natural process, and what, in fact, is the money to pay for?

Meanwhile, research and practical work weather modifications are not cheap at all. It is problematic for researchers to carry them out at their own expense. That is why Smirnov and his like-minded people have been writing letters to high authorities for many years, fighting for the creation of the Russian Institute of World Weather. So that everything is official, according to the state, under public control and not for free. That's just there was no money for reasonable weather control, and no. But most importantly, there is no state will, as they say. There is both will and money for nanotechnologies and fantastic innovative projects of the distant future. And there are no financial, administrative, or top-management resources in the country for the mushroom rain to fall at the appointed time or dry up at the appointed time.

The difference between the Smirnov technique and the HAARP technology is fundamental. The Americans strike at the auroral layers of the ionosphere, one might say, with a sledgehammer. The result, if it is really the result of violence against Nature, is visible to all: heat in the North and snow in the South. But Aleksey Filippovich does not hit the painful points of the earth's Noosphere with all his strength, but is engaged in its healing. His technique can be compared with ancient Chinese acupuncture. And the Earth responds to him not with heat and terrible hurricanes, but with the restoration of the familiar ecology of the planet. When the rains come at their proper time, and when the storms subside without devastating consequences. Russia has a chance to save the planet from the climate apocalypse. What's stopping you from using it? Moreover, Smirnov is not the only researcher of atmospheric processes who has obtained a practical result. There are several other groups of natural scientists who are successfully working in this direction. Just a few!

However, in fairness, it must be said that there are dozens of real scammers who also claim that they can cause rains and storms if they are well paid. Everyone who watches TV saw how some "scientists" tried to turn on the "Chizhevsky chandelier" in the pouring rain in the spring in order to clear the sky. And they tried to shoot down icicles with such "chandeliers" in winter. Did not work.

How to distinguish truth from lies? How to find out who is really scientifically and technologically capable of controlling the weather in the direction we all need, and who is only extorting money? The answer is simple and long scientific world famous. Practice is the criterion of the truth of any theory. Ivanov managed to overcome the drought, at least partially. We work with him, allocating the necessary funds, studying his methodology in more detail. Petrov didn't succeed... Excuse me, Mr. Scientist, work on your "chandeliers" at your own expense until they really can turn precipitation on and off as you say.

Russia is on the brink of a climate catastrophe. Even if this is not a climate war that has actually begun, even if not declared, but just a purely natural disaster, it is necessary to respond adequately and actively. Is there any way to soften the heat? We must take advantage of this opportunity, no matter how exotic and pseudoscientific it may seem.

Sergey Ptichkin, Rossiyskaya Gazeta

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It is striking that the gap between the Bond 4 event and the Bond 5 event is too long, 2,300 years, which apparently suggests the presence of some intermediate event that has not been noticed by modern geologists and paleoclimatologists.

It is interesting to compare the Bond events with the list of Great Solar Minimums:
690AD, 360BC, 770 B.C., 1390 BC, 2860 BC, 3340 BC, 3500 BC, 3630 BC, 3940 BC, 4230 BC, 4330 BC, 5260 BC, 5460 BC, 5620 BC, 5710 BC, 5990 BC, 6220 BC, 6400 BC, 7040 BC, 7310 BC, 7520 BC, 8220 BC, 9170 BC.

Approximately coincide Bond 2 event and 770 SC Grand Low, Bond 4 event and 3,940 SC Grand Low, Bond 5 and 6,220 SC Grand Low event, Bond 7 event and 8,220 SC Grand Low, Bond 8 and 9,170 SC Grand Low event .

It would also be interesting to compare these events with . There were no mega-eruptions during this period of time. The catastrophic eruptions of the Santorini volcano occurred between Bond events 2 and 3, at approximately 1628 AU and 1380 AU. Large eruptions occurred in Kamchatka at 6,000 AU (Avachinsky volcano), at 6,500 EC (Kuril Lake-Ilyinskaya caldera), and at 6,600 EC (Karymskaya caldera), which is relatively close to the Bond 5 event.

The Baltic glacial lake was formed about 12,600 years ago due to the melting of glaciers and connected with the ocean about 10,300 years ago, becoming the Yoldian Sea. Then, about 9,500 years ago, thanks to the uplift of the land freed from the glacier, the Yoldian Sea turned into Lake Ancylus, which existed for about one and a half to two thousand years. Then, due to the rise in the level of the world's oceans, Lake Antsylovoe again connected with the ocean and became known to scientists as Mastogloev, and then Littorina Sea. This sea about 4,500 years ago was about a quarter larger than the current Baltic and contained twice as much water. The level of the Littorina Sea was at its peak 7-9 meters higher than the modern level of the Baltic. Since the coastline, salinity and other parameters of the Littorina Sea have approached modern values The Baltic, and this happened about 4000 years ago, this sea is usually called the Baltic.

In America, about 13,000 years ago, Lake Agassiz was formed in a similar way due to the melting of glaciers. Its maximum size was 440,000 sq. km, which is larger than the current Black Sea. Scientists suggest that the global cooling 8,200 years ago was caused by the breakthrough of the waters of Lake Agassiz and other neighboring ones into the Atlantic. The entry of a large mass of cold fresh water disrupted the circulation of currents in the Atlantic Ocean. Approximately 8,000 years ago, waters also entered the Atlantic from the Mastogloev Sea.

About 10,000 years ago, Britain joined continental Europe. A large land mass stretched from the current Dogger Bank to the current coast of Belgium and the Netherlands. Scientists now call this territory Doggerland. The gradual rise in the level of the world's oceans due to the melting of glaciers caused the gradual flooding of Doggerland. But about 8,200 years ago, an event took place, now referred to as Sturegga, which destroyed Doggerland. Enormous chunks, the size of present-day Iceland, have broken off from the edge of the Norwegian continental shelf. Geologists consider Sturegga the largest known landslide to date. The catastrophic tsunami caused by this landslide greatly accelerated the disappearance of Doggerland. It is interesting to note that this coincides in time with the global cooling 8,200 years ago.

Approximately 15,000 years ago, a warming called Allerodsky began on the planet. The temperature, humidity and CO 2 concentration increased sharply. Perhaps it was this warming that led to the formation of the Baltic and Lake / Agassiz. But about 13,000 years ago, a meteorite fell in Mexico, which, according to some scientists, caused a sharp cooling that lasted more than a thousand years.

There is one more interesting event in the geological history of the planet - Meltwater pulse 1A. In less than 500 years (and theoretically even in 200 years) the level of the world's seas has risen by 20 meters. It turns out from 4 to 10 cm per year! This sudden rise in the water level occurred between 13,000 and 14,600 years ago. This is close to the time of the fall of the meteorite and to the time of the formation of the Baltic glacial lake and Lake Agassiz.

Approximately 14,500 years ago, a humid climate was established in North Africa. This coincides with the beginning of the Allerød warming and, according to various sources, continued either until a drought 5,900 years ago or until a drought 4,200 years ago. Then, as if on cue, the humid climate is replaced by a dry one, and the fertile plain with trees and lakes quickly or slowly (scientists have not yet come to a consensus on this issue) turns into the Sahara desert.

Here is an incomplete list of climatic disasters over the past 15 thousand years. They are connected in some way. Perhaps this connection is of a global nature, such as Milankovitch cycles. Perhaps the whole thing is in the peculiarities of the circulation of air and water on the planet. We can remember that we are living now. But, in my opinion, without understanding the intricacies of climate change over the past 15 thousand years, it is somehow silly to talk about some kind of global warming. That. that in the last 4 thousand years there have not been such sharp climatic catastrophes as in the previous 10,000 years (the Little Ice Age against their background is a very smooth and insignificant change in temperature), does not at all mean that such a state of things favorable for mankind will continue and further.

Statistics of cataclysms allows you to track the number of events in the world, the severity of their consequences and the causes of occurrence. Main motives for collecting statistics: search effective ways disaster prevention, disaster prevention, forecasting and timely preparation for them.

Types of disasters

Cataclysms (natural disasters) are phenomena and processes occurring on earth (or in space) that cause destruction environment, destruction of material values, threaten lives and health. They can arise for various reasons. Many of them can be formed as a result of a person. Natural cataclysms and disasters can be short-term (from a few seconds) and long-term (several days or even months).

Catastrophes are divided into local and global cataclysms. The former have a devastating effect on the area where they occurred. Global - have an impact on the biosphere, leading to the disappearance of any plant species or. They can threaten the earth with climate change, large-scale migration, death, and humanity with complete or partial extinction.

On our planet, global cataclysms that led to climate change and the development of civilization have occurred more than once. The table below shows different kinds cataclysms.

Kinds	What are
Environmental disasters	Ozone holes, air and water pollution, mutations, epidemics
Natural disasters	Tornado, flood, flood,
Weather disasters	Abnormal heat, thaw in winter, snow in summer, showers
Tectonic cataclysms	Earthquakes, mudflows, displacement of the earth's core
Political upheavals	Interstate conflicts, coups, crisis
Climate cataclysms	global warming, ice age
Historical cataclysms	and other events that changed the course of the history of a state
Space cataclysms	Collision of planets, meteor showers, falling asteroids, explosions in the sun. Some space disasters can destroy planets

The most destructive cataclysms in the history of mankind

According to statistics, cataclysms that have changed the course of history have occurred many times during the existence of mankind. Some of them are still considered the most terrible. Top 5 destructive cataclysms:

• flood in China in 1931 (the catastrophe of the 20th century claimed the lives of 4 million people);
• eruption Krakatoa in 1883 (40 thousand people died. And destroyed about three hundred cities);
• earthquake in Shaanxi in 1556 of 11 points (about 1 thousand people died, the province was destroyed and on long years empty);
• the last day of Pompeii in 79 BC (the eruption of Mount Vesuvius lasted about a day, led to the death of several cities and thousands of people);
• And eruption of the Santorini volcano in 1645–1600. BC. (leading to the death of an entire civilization).

World indicators

The statistics of cataclysms in the world over the past 20 years has more than 7 thousand cases. More than a million people died as a result of these elements. The damage that has been done is estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars. The picture clearly shows which of the cataclysms that occurred during the period from 1996 to 2016. became the deadliest.

In the news of the planet, it is regularly said that the number of natural disasters around the world is steadily increasing. For 50 years the number of accidents has increased several times. Tsunamis alone occur about 30 times a year.

The graph shows which continents are most often the epicenter of natural disasters. Asia is the most prone to cataclysms. The US is in second place. According to geologists, North America may soon disappear from the face of the earth due to.

Natural disasters

Cataclysm statistics natural origin over the past 5 years shows their 3-fold increase. According to scientists, more than 2 billion people have suffered from natural disasters during this time. This is every third inhabitant of our planet. Tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, droughts, epidemics, famine and other disasters are increasingly happening on earth. Scientists call the following causes of natural disasters:

• human impact;
• military, social and political conflicts;
• release of energy into geological layers.

Often the cause of disasters are the consequences of cataclysms that happened before. For example, after a large-scale flood, famine may occur or an epidemic may begin. Types of natural disasters:

• geological (landslides, dust storms, mudflows);
• meteorological (cold, drought, heat, hail);
• lithospheric (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes);
• atmospheric (tornadoes, hurricanes, storms);
• hydrospheric (typhoons, cyclones, floods);

natural disaster statistics hydrospheric nature (namely floods) today in the world shows the highest rates:

The chart below provides data on how many cataclysms occur, and how many people from each of them suffered or died during Lately.

On average, about 50 thousand people per year die due to natural disasters. In 2010, the figure exceeded the threshold of 300 thousand people.

The following natural disasters occurred in 2016:

date	Place	Cataclysm	Affected	dead
06.02	Taiwan	Earthquake	422	166
14–17.04	Japan	Earthquake	1100	148
16.04	Ecuador	Earthquake	50 000	692
14–20.05	Sri Lanka	Flooding, landslides, rain	450 000	200
18.06	Karelia	Storm	14	14
June	China	Flood	32 000 000	186
23.06	America	Flood	24	24
6–7.08	Macedonia	Flooding and landslides	Dozens of people	20
24.08	Italy	Earthquake	n/a	295

The BBC is constantly creating documentaries about natural disasters. They vividly and clearly demonstrate what is happening in the world, what disasters threaten humanity and the planet.

If the government of each country takes measures to provide for the population and prevent some disasters that can be predicted in advance, then cataclysms will occur less frequently. At the very least, the number of negative consequences, human casualties and material losses will be much less.

Data for Russia and Ukraine

Cataclysms occurred in Russia often. As a rule, they marked the end of the previous era and the beginning of a new one.

For example, in the 17th century there were major disasters, after which the new era, more violent. Then there were locust raids that destroyed crops, a great eclipse of the sun, the winter was very mild - the rivers were not covered with ice, which caused them to burst their banks in the spring and floods occurred. Also, the summer was cold, and the autumn was hot, as a result, in mid-December, the steppes and meadows were covered with greenery. All this led to the fact that there were prophecies about the coming end of the world.

As the statistics of cataclysms show, thousands of people die and suffer from them every year in Russia. Disasters cause losses to the country in the amount of up to 60 billion rubles. in year. Most of all cataclysms are floods. Second place is occupied by tornadoes and hurricanes. Between 2010 and 2015, the number of natural disasters in Russia increased by 6%.

Most of the disasters in Ukraine are landslides, floods and mudflows. Since there are a huge number of rivers in the country. In second place in terms of destructiveness are fires of forests and steppes, strong winds.

In April 2017, the last cataclysm in the country occurred. A snow cyclone passed from Kharkov to Odessa. Because of him, more than three hundred settlements were de-energized.

in the world has been increasing in recent years. Some disasters are impossible to predict. But there are those that can be predicted and prevented. It is only a matter of ensuring that the leadership of each country takes adequate measures in time.

The climate catastrophe in Europe will be like this: an explosion in the form of floods, fires and droughts. This will mean big changes in our daily lives and it is important for us to start planning.

A new report by researchers is full of bleak predictions for Europe's climate in the coming decades.

“Multi-hazard assessment in Europe under climate change” is the name of a report whose authors predict the occurrence and severity of natural disasters such as floods, forest fires and drought in Europe in the next 70 years.

Southern Europe will be hardest hit, with the report arguing that countries such as Portugal and Spain will face such an increase in extreme weather events that, according to scientist Bjørn Samset, this will have a significant impact on the economies of both countries.

"Southern and Western Europe the coming decades will be the worst. They will experience a mixture of heat waves and coastal flooding. Climate problems there could become so big that they affect the whole of Europe, as food production in these countries becomes very difficult. This will also affect the economy,” says Samset.

Centenary Flood - more often

In the 2080s, Southern Europe will experience periods of drought and extreme heat every year, the authors of the report write. Heat waves, which they call "centenary heat waves", have a 70% chance of occurring in Southern Europe every year. A "centenary drought" can be expected every year with a probability of 60%. Much more wildfires, floods and storms are also expected in countries like Spain and Portugal in the 2080s.

Samset acknowledges that the report may scare many:

“The report is a very sad read. We know what happens when there is a lot of rain and it is very hot, and this shows how bad the climate can be in Europe,” he says.

The authors of the report used a range of techniques to predict extreme weather events. Samset, a researcher at the CICERO Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, says the report was produced "in a serious and highly competent research environment."

Scientists are trying to predict the frequency and severity of natural disasters in Europe in the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. To facilitate the task, the continent was divided into five parts. Projections for the 2050s reflect the international community's goal of limiting global mean temperature rise to a maximum of two degrees above pre-industrial levels.

There will be more floods in the north, and the heat will be more frequent

We in northern Europe need to prepare for floods and heat. According to the authors of the report, the chance to survive the "centenary flood" annually by 2080 will increase by 20%. There is a high probability (35%) that what we in northern Europe today call the hottest period of the century will occur every year in the 2080s.

“In the north, an increase in heat and an increase in the number of large forest fires is expected. The number of dry periods will also decrease significantly,” explains Samset.

Simply put, the trend is the same: Europe should, as early as 2020, and especially from 2050 onwards, expect a significant increase in heat waves, cold spells, droughts, forest fires, floods and storms. natural phenomena will also increase in strength, and in Samset's opinion, we should expect some parts of Europe to be "out of the game" from time to time due to climate change.

However, he is not pessimistic about the future of the continent.

“There will be a lot of changes in our daily life, and therefore it is important to start planning infrastructure in the north now. Local authorities, for example, should not build housing in areas that would be prone to flooding. I think that we can cope with climate change, but it will require a lot of resources from the whole society.

"Serious people"

The situation in Norway and Northern Europe will be better than in the southern regions of the continent. But the report predicts significant climate change in the north as well: we should expect heat waves, wildfires and floods every year. There is a 40% chance that Northern Europe will experience a "centenary heat wave" every year, according to information analyzed by scientists.

The problem is that these climate changes will occur at the same time that society will have to move away from fossil fuels. The sum of these two challenges creates a very difficult situation for the use of resources in Europe - says Samset in the end.

Many are rather skeptical about climate research, assuring that there is a certain underlying reason.

I have always wondered: what could be someone's personal interest when predicting what the climate will be like in 100 years. Research was conducted by serious people who took information from many other specialists. I think that we will survive all this, but only if we don’t close on these forecasts now and pretend that nothing terrible will happen, Samset says about climate change.

Western Europe, namely France, the Benelux countries and Germany, must prepare for floods and heat waves almost every year since the 2020s. Somewhere around 2080, the probability of an annual "centenary flood" will increase by 30%, the probability of a "centenary drought" will increase by 40%.

“Something described in the report will happen no matter what. The goal is not to exceed the so-called "two-degree barrier", but even then we know for sure that there will be more natural disasters. When I give presentations to students in high schools, I strive to convey to them the following: no matter how they build their lives, climate will be on the agenda for as long as they are destined to live.

If the average temperature of our planet rises by only 4 degrees Celsius, the devastating consequences of this are even unimaginable! The only hope for salvation lies in the establishment of a radical new world order that will help soften the deadly blows of the climate apocalypse.

Looking beyond the horizon

The alligators that have bred on the English coast, the endless Brazilian deserts, the mysterious disappearance of such cities as Saigon, New Orleans, Venice and Bombay, the death of 90 percent of the world's population - such is the price for the warming of our world. No one would wish for such a future, but it can happen.

The fear of not coping with the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as the recognition of the presence of yet unknown natural mechanisms that affect climate processes, can accelerate the further heating of the planet! Experts are concerned not only with understanding the frightening picture of the future, but also with the no less ominous problem of feeding the rapidly growing population of the Earth, which is now approaching 7 billion!

Global warming in the past

The last time the Earth experienced a climate shock was 55 million years ago. Then the cause was the explosions of frozen methane deposits in the depths of the ocean, which expelled into the atmosphere about five billion tons of carbon dioxide! As a result, the temperature on the planet has increased by 5-6 degrees Celsius, rainforests expanded in the circumpolar regions, and the oceans became "acidic" from dissolved carbon dioxide, which killed marine life.

In addition, the level of the World Ocean has risen by 100 meters compared to the current one, and deserts have occupied the space from southern Africa to northern Europe!

Although the coming changes on Earth are due mainly to the rate of melting polar ice, we can, alas, allow a repetition of a scenario similar to the above.

Most vulnerable regions

Half of the Earth's surface lies in the tropics within plus 30 - minus 30 degrees in latitude. And it is this zone, in which India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are located, that is most vulnerable to climate change. Moreover, these countries will be the victims of fierce, albeit short-lived, breakthroughs of the Asian monsoons, provoking the most catastrophic floods. And that's not all: since the land will be hotter, we should expect intense evaporation of water in the seas and oceans, leaving behind arid regions. The African monsoons will be more intense, leading to greening of the semi-arid Sahel semi-desert region (Mauritania and Mali). Consistent with other models, scientists predict widespread drought in the area. However, the disadvantage drinking water will be felt throughout the world and in particular in China, in the southwestern United States, in Central America, in most South America and in Australia. All the world's deserts will tend to expand. In particular, the Sahara will reach the region of Central Europe.

Dehydration of aquifers

Retreat of glaciers will lead to dehydration European rivers, from the Danube to the Rhine, and the same process will take place in the mountainous regions - the Peruvian Andes, the Himalayas and the Karakorum. As a result, water supply to rivers in Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, India and Vietnam will stop. Dehydration of aquifers of soils will lead to the formation of two latitudinal arid belts, where human habitation will be impossible. One belt will "cover" Central America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southern Asia and Japan, the other - southern Africa, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, most of Australia and Chile.

The only areas in which water will still remain and people can live can be considered high latitudes. Green spaces will be actively developed here, and the rest of the world will appear before us in the form of a continuous desert with a few oases. But then the question arises: how, with such a distribution of the territory of the Earth, is it possible to feed the rapidly growing humanity? True, there is an opinion that by the end of this century the population on our planet is unlikely to exceed one billion people!

Vegetarian perspective

Suppose that after the climate shock, people settled in one of the oases in the middle of the great desert in the amount of 9 million people. At a rate of 20 square meters per person, settlers would need an area of ​​18,000 square kilometers. The area occupied by Canada is 9.1 million square kilometers. Add to this other high-latitude areas suitable for habitation, such as Alaska, Russia and Scandinavia, and we get a sufficient area of ​​\u200b\u200bliving space even after sea level rise.

These precious lands are quite suitable for agriculture. However, living in such oases is burdened by a high population density. This raises the risk of a rapid spread of infectious diseases. The difficulty of keeping livestock in these conditions, plus the acidification of the waters, which kills marine life, may condemn the settlers to forced vegetarianism!

Gaia

The threat of a climate apocalypse looming over our planet, and the increasing frequency of man-made accidents and incidents in transport make us recall the Gaia hypothesis, which inspires the idea of ​​the Earth as a superorganism capable of maintaining the basic parameters of the environment at a constant level. If this balance is disturbed, Gaia severely punishes humanity (the name of the hypothesis comes from the name of the goddess Earth in ancient Greek mythology).

James Hutton, the founder of modern geology, was the first to suggest that our planet be considered a "super-living organism" in 1785. The British chemist James Lovelock developed this idea in 1965 and assigned the name Gaia to it. In the early 1970s, supporters and followers appeared for the theory, and Lovelock found the first practical confirmation of this hypothesis (in the form of the so-called sulfur prediction). In 2002, evolutionist Tim Lenton, one of Lovelock's followers, stated that the Gaia hypothesis does not contradict Darwin's teachings and, moreover, complements it! And a year later, the Japanese evolutionist Takeshi Sugimoto showed how the adaptation processes discovered by Darwin help life to strengthen its position on our planet.