"Planets of the solar system" - Venus. Venus is the third brightest object in the Earth's sky after the Sun and Moon. Take care of our planet!!! Plan. The second planet in the solar system. Earth. Over time, water and an atmosphere appeared on planet Earth, but one thing was missing - life. A new star is born - our SUN. Saturn is the second largest planet in solar system after Jupiter.

"Lesson of the Planet of the Solar System" - Foster camaraderie, the ability to work in a group. Information card of the lesson. Fizkultminutka. Earth. Mars. Photoforum. The role of the Sun for life on Earth. star or planet. Lesson plan. Complete the tasks: Complete the test. Develop cognitive processes, computer literacy skills. Planets of the solar system.

"Small planets" - The figure of Venus. The surface of the moon. The distance from Venus to the Earth varies from 38 to 258 million km. There is every reason to believe that there is a lot of water on Mars. Atmosphere and water on Mars. The volume of Mercury is 17.8 times less than that of the Earth. The composition and internal structure of Mars. Physical fields of the Moon. The density at the center of the Earth is about 12.5 g/cm3.

"Planets in the Solar System" - Astronomical models of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. A planet that was discovered "at the tip of a pen." Neptune has magnetic field. Sun. Uranus has 18 moons. Mars. Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. A planet where life exists. Uranus. Neptune. The sun is a hot ball - the closest star to the Earth.

"Ecology of the planet" - Formation of ecology into an independent branch of knowledge. Stages of interaction between human society and nature. Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Biological capacity of the medium. Age structure. Categories of living matter in the biosphere. Abiotic factors of the terrestrial environment. System laws of ecology. Laws of ecology B. Commoner.

"Planets and their satellites" - Inner 10 moons - small in size. A huge number of craters have been discovered on the surface of Titania. Iapetus. Pluto is rightly called a double planet. The crater Eratosthenes with a diameter of 61 km was formed relatively recently. Therefore, the Moon either does not have, or has a very insignificant iron core. From one upper climax to the next, 130 hours pass - more than five days.

I think each of us has heard the expression: - "Forests are the lungs of our planet." Indeed, this is true, but unfortunately these very "vital organs of the Earth" have been cut down at an unrealistic rate over the past 30 years. The statistics are as follows - every 2 seconds, on planet Earth, a part of a forest the size of a football field is cut down. Due to this, some species of animals and plants are disappearing.
The world-famous organization "Greenpeace" claims that by 2050, the extinction of animals and plants will be 1000 times faster than now.
It would be a pity to part with such beauty ...

I think each of us has heard the expression: - "Forests are the lungs of our planet." Indeed, this is true, but unfortunately these very "vital organs of the Earth" have been cut down at an unrealistic rate over the past 30 years.

The "lungs of our planet" are in the Amazon. Exactly rainforests The Amazons are the most powerful oxygen producer on Earth. The Amazon covers approximately 7,000,000 square kilometers in 9 states - Brazil (60%), Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana.
The Amazon represents more than half of the remaining rainforests in the world, and they grow around major river in the world of the same name, which makes the entire Amazon region a unique center of the planet. Along with all this, the biodiversity of this area is striking, although most of the Amazon has not even been studied yet.

Both flora and fauna surprise with their richness. Imagine that there are more than a MILLION of the most different types plants and animals.

According to scientists, there are 1,500 species of flowers, 750 species of trees, 125 species of mammals, 400 species of birds and countless insects per 10 square meters of rainforest.

On the picture: Red and green macaw

The San Rafael Falls is the largest waterfall in Ecuador. The Salado River falls into the gorge in two steps from a height of 150 meters and 100 meters, creating a stunningly beautiful view.

The water star in the Amazon. Victoria amazonica, named after Queen Victoria of England, is a typical Amazonian plant. They can reach 2 meters in diameter and support the weight of a small child, while the water lily will not sink. The flowers of Victoria amazonica are underwater and appear only once a year during a bloom that lasts only a couple of days. There is a legend that says that once upon a time there lived a girl who loved to look at the night sky. She thought that the moon might come and take her to the sky to look at the stars. One night, she leaned over the river and saw the reflection of the moon in the water. Enchanted by her, she fell into the river and hid under the water, and the image of the moon in the water turned into a flower. Therefore, the Victoria Amazonian flower is called the "Star of Water".

On the Tambolpata River, in the Amazon region of Peru, a group of children were playing football on a tiny island of sand in the middle of the river.

Three-toed sloth. Locals believe that a pregnant woman should not look at him, otherwise her child will look like him.

Yacumana and Chullachaqui are two demons from local legends. Yakumana is a water demon, and Chullachuki can transform any person's facial expressions. Look at his legs, so you can identify him - he always has one big leg.

The Amazon rainforest, also known as the Amazonia, is one of the most valuable natural resources. Because its vegetation continuously converts carbon dioxide into oxygen, it has been called "The Lungs of Our Planet". About 20 percent of the Earth's oxygen is produced by the Amazon rainforest.

About 15 million years ago, the Amazon was flowing west and emptying into Pacific Ocean. When the South American tectonic plate crossed another, the slowly rising Andes blocked the flow of the river. As a result, lakes were formed and the Amazon basin changed a lot, then, about 10 million years ago, the river found its way east towards the Atlantic.

Yes, I remember exactly from school that forests are the lungs of the planet. There were posters. They constantly said that the forest needs to be protected, it also produces the oxygen that we breathe. Where are we without oxygen? Nowhere. That's why they compare woodlands with the lungs of our planet Earth.

And what? Isn't it all right?

Yes, not so. Forests in their functions are more like the work of the liver and kidneys. Forests provide as much oxygen as they consume. But with the task of cleaning the air and protecting the soil from erosion, they cope like no other.

So what can be called the "lungs of the planet"?

In fact, oxygen is produced not only by those plants that grow in the forest. All plant organisms, including the inhabitants of water bodies, and the inhabitants of the steppes, deserts constantly produce oxygen. Plants, unlike animals, fungi and other living organisms, can themselves synthesize organic substances using light energy for this. This process is called photosynthesis. As a result of photosynthesis, oxygen is released. It is a by-product of photosynthesis. Oxygen is released very, very much, in fact, 99% of the oxygen that is present in the Earth's atmosphere of plant origin. And only 1% comes from the mantle, the underlying layer of the Earth.

Of course, trees produce oxygen, but no one thinks about the fact that they also spend it. And not only them, all other inhabitants of the forest cannot be without oxygen. First of all, plants breathe on their own, this happens in the dark when photosynthesis does not occur. And you need to somehow dispose of stocks organic matter that they created during the day. That is, to eat. And in order to eat, you need to spend oxygen. Another thing is that plants spend much less oxygen than they produce. And this is ten times less. However, do not forget that there are still animals in the forest, as well as fungi, as well as various bacteria that do not produce oxygen themselves, but nevertheless breathe it. A significant amount of oxygen that the forest produced during the daylight hours will be used by the living organisms of the forest to support life. However, something will remain. And this is something about 60% of what the forest produces. This oxygen enters the atmosphere, but does not remain there for very long. Further, the forest itself withdraws oxygen, again for its own needs. Namely, the decomposition of the remains of dead organisms. In the end, the forest often spends 1.5 times more oxygen on the disposal of its own waste than it produces. It is impossible to call it the oxygen factory of the planet after that. True, there are forest communities that work on zero oxygen balance. These are famous tropical forests.

The rainforest is generally a unique ecosystem, it is very stable, because the consumption of matter is equal to production. But again, there is no surplus left. So even tropical forests can hardly be called oxygen factories.

So why, then, after the city it seems to us that the forest is clean, Fresh air that there is a lot of oxygen there? The thing is that the production of oxygen is a very fast process, but the consumption is a very slow process.

So what then are the planet's oxygen factories? In fact, these are two ecosystems. Among the "terrestrial" are peat bogs. As we know, in a swamp the process of decomposition of dead matter goes very, very slowly, as a result of which the dead parts of plants fall down, accumulate, and peat deposits are formed. Peat does not decompose, it is compressed and remains in the form of a huge organic brick. That is, during peat formation, a lot of oxygen is not wasted. Thus, marsh vegetation produces oxygen, but oxygen itself consumes very little. As a result, it is the swamps that give exactly the increase that remains in the atmosphere. However, there are not so many real peat bogs on land, and of course it is almost impossible for them alone to maintain the oxygen balance in the atmosphere. And here another ecosystem, which is called the world ocean, helps.

There are no trees in the oceans, grasses in the form of algae are observed only near the coast. However, vegetation in the ocean still exists. And most of it is made up of microscopic photosynthetic algae, which scientists call phytoplankton. These algae are so small that it is often impossible to see each of them with the naked eye. But the accumulation of them is visible to all. When bright red or bright green spots are visible on the sea. This is what phytoplankton is.

Each of these little algae produces huge amounts of oxygen. She consumes very little. Due to the fact that they are intensively dividing, the amount of oxygen produced by them is growing. One phytoplankton community produces 100 times more per day than a forest occupying such a volume. But at the same time they spend very little oxygen. Because when the algae die, they immediately fall to the bottom, where they are immediately eaten. After that, those who ate them are eaten by other, third organisms. And so few remains reach the bottom that they quickly decompose. There is simply no such long decomposition as in the forest, in the ocean. There, recycling is very fast, as a result of which oxygen is actually not wasted. And so there is a "big profit", and that's it stays in the atmosphere.

sources

There is a misconception that has even entered textbooks, that forests are the lungs of the planet. Forests actually produce oxygen, while lungs consume it. So it's more like an "oxygen cushion". So why is this statement false? In fact, oxygen is produced not only by those plants that grow in the forest. All plant organisms, including the inhabitants of water bodies, and the inhabitants of the steppes, deserts constantly produce oxygen. Plants, unlike animals, fungi and other living organisms, can themselves synthesize organic substances using light energy for this. This process is called photosynthesis. As a result of photosynthesis, oxygen is released. It is a by-product of photosynthesis. Oxygen is released very, very much, in fact, 99% of the oxygen that is present in the Earth's atmosphere of plant origin. And only 1% comes from the mantle, the underlying layer of the Earth.

Of course, trees produce oxygen, but no one thinks about the fact that they also spend it. And not only them, all other inhabitants of the forest cannot be without oxygen. First of all, plants breathe on their own, this happens in the dark when photosynthesis does not occur. And you need to somehow dispose of the stocks of organic matter that they created during the day. That is, to eat. And in order to eat, you need to spend oxygen. Another thing is that plants spend much less oxygen than they produce. And this is ten times less. However, do not forget that there are still animals in the forest, as well as fungi, as well as various bacteria that do not produce oxygen themselves, but nevertheless breathe it. A significant amount of oxygen that the forest produced during the daylight hours will be used by the living organisms of the forest to support life. However, something will remain. And this is something about 60% of what the forest produces. This oxygen enters the atmosphere, but does not remain there for very long. Further, the forest itself withdraws oxygen, again for its own needs. Namely, the decomposition of the remains of dead organisms. In the end, the forest often spends 1.5 times more oxygen on the disposal of its own waste than it produces. It is impossible to call it the oxygen factory of the planet after that. True, there are forest communities that work on a zero oxygen balance. These are famous tropical forests.

The rainforest is generally a unique ecosystem, it is very stable, because the consumption of matter is equal to production. But again, there is no surplus left. So even tropical forests can hardly be called oxygen factories.

So why, then, after the city it seems to us that the forest has clean, fresh air, that there is a lot of oxygen there? The thing is that the production of oxygen is a very fast process, but the consumption is a very slow process.

So what then are the planet's oxygen factories? In fact, these are two ecosystems. Among the "terrestrial" are peat bogs. As we know, in a swamp the process of decomposition of dead matter goes very, very slowly, as a result of which the dead parts of plants fall down, accumulate, and peat deposits are formed. Peat does not decompose, it is compressed and remains in the form of a huge organic brick. That is, during peat formation, a lot of oxygen is not wasted. Thus, marsh vegetation produces oxygen, but oxygen itself consumes very little. As a result, it is the swamps that give exactly the increase that remains in the atmosphere. However, there are not so many real peat bogs on land, and of course it is almost impossible for them alone to maintain the oxygen balance in the atmosphere. And here another ecosystem, which is called the world ocean, helps.

There are no trees in the oceans, grasses in the form of algae are observed only near the coast. However, vegetation in the ocean still exists. And most of it is made up of microscopic photosynthetic algae, which scientists call phytoplankton. These algae are so small that it is often impossible to see each of them with the naked eye. But the accumulation of them is visible to all. When bright red or bright green spots are visible on the sea. This is what phytoplankton is.

Each of these little algae produces huge amounts of oxygen. She consumes very little. Due to the fact that they are intensively dividing, the amount of oxygen produced by them is growing. One phytoplankton community produces 100 times more per day than a forest occupying such a volume. But at the same time they spend very little oxygen. Because when the algae die, they immediately fall to the bottom, where they are immediately eaten. After that, those who ate them are eaten by other, third organisms. And so few remains reach the bottom that they quickly decompose. There is simply no such long decomposition as in the forest, in the ocean. There, recycling is very fast, as a result of which oxygen is actually not wasted. And so there is a "big profit", and that's it stays in the atmosphere. So the "lungs of the planet" should not be considered forests at all, but the oceans. It is he who makes sure that we have something to breathe.

There is a journalistic stamp that the forest is the lungs of planet Earth. But then what about the data of science, which suggests that the oxygen atmosphere arose on our planet long before photosynthesis?

In fact, plants on both land and oceans produce about as much oxygen during photosynthesis as they then consume themselves in the process of respiration.

Initially, the Earth's atmosphere had a generally reducing character: methane + ammonia + water + carbon dioxide.

The earth's crust should also have had a restorative character, since it was in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

And today we have that the atmosphere contains 20% free oxygen, and most of the rocks are completely oxidized and the system is in a state of equilibrium (the composition of the atmosphere has not changed significantly for several hundred million years).

In order to oxidize the entire primary atmosphere and lithosphere, a huge amount of free oxygen is needed.

The balances don't match

According to the generally accepted hypothesis, it is believed that living organisms are responsible for the release of oxygen.

But they are not suitable for this role, because despite the fact that plants emit a significant amount of oxygen per unit time, but in general the biosphere is quite stable - the circulation of substances takes place in it. The release of free oxygen can only be achieved through the accumulation of undecomposed residues (mainly in the form of coal). In other words:
H2O + CO2 = biomass(C + O + H) + O2 + C + CH4.

Given that the current biomass is small compared to the mass of even free oxygen in the atmosphere (it is approximately a hundred times less), we get that in order to form all atmospheric and lithospheric (for the oxidation of the primary lithosphere) oxygen, it is necessary that somewhere in the Earth are stored would be similar in mass reserves of coal and hydrocarbons - and this is a layer of several meters only for atmospheric oxygen, and for lithospheric oxygen it is orders of magnitude larger. No such reserves are observed (inferred reserves of coal and other hydrocarbons approximate the total biomass).
So, we obviously don't have balances.

In the bright sun

Note that another source of oxygen is the dissociation of water molecules under the action of solar radiation.

As is known, the velocity of molecules in a gas obeys the Maxwell distribution. According to this distribution, there is always a certain fraction of molecules whose speed exceeds the second cosmic one. And such molecules can freely leave the Earth. Moreover, light gases, hydrogen and helium, escape first of all from the atmosphere. Calculations show that the time of complete volatilization of hydrogen from the earth's atmosphere is only a few years. However, hydrogen is still present in the atmosphere. Why? For oxygen and other gases, this time exceeds the lifetime of the Earth. million years. In the earth's atmosphere, hydrogen and helium are constantly renewed due to the supply from the earth's interior and a number of atmospheric processes. Hydrogen, which forms a "corona" around the Earth, is a product of the dissociation of water molecules under the influence of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from the Sun.

Calculations show that over a period of about ten million years, an amount of oxygen equal to the current value arises in the atmosphere due to photodissociation.

So we get:
1) Initially, the atmosphere, lithosphere and the entire mantle of the Earth are of a restorative nature.
2) Due to photodissociation, water (which, by the way, came from the mantle as a result of volcanic activity) decomposes into oxygen and hydrogen. The last one leaves the Earth.
3) The remaining oxygen oxidizes the primary lithosphere and atmosphere to the current state.
4) Why doesn’t oxygen accumulate, because it is constantly supplied as a result of photodissociation (the current amount accumulates over 10 million years, and the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion)? It goes to the oxidation of the mantle. As a result of the movement of continents in subduction zones, a new crust is formed from the mantle. The rocks of this crust are oxidized under the action of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. These oxidized rocks from oceanic plates in subduction zones are then fed back into the mantle.

Extras of the universe

But what about living organisms, you ask? They actually play the role of extras - there was no free oxygen, they lived without it - at a primitive unicellular level. Appeared - adapted and began to live with him - but already in the form of advanced multicellular organisms.

So whether there will be forests on Earth or not, this will not affect the oxygen content in the planet's atmosphere. Another thing is that the forest cleans the air of dust, saturates it with phytoncides, gives shelter and food to many animals and birds, gives people aesthetic pleasure ... But to call the forest " green lungs- at least, illiterate.