They are always isolated, that is, they are separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence, the circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover are distinguished by commas (Tired of talking, he went out into the garden. The cat, seeing the dog, rushed to run).

Single gerunds are almost always isolated (When leaving, turn off the light. Turn off the light when leaving). Only single gerunds that stand directly behind the verb-predicate, are closely related to it and do not stand out intonation, are not isolated, for example: Extinguish the light when leaving. The boy walked with a limp. Tatyana loves not jokingly (A.S. Pushkin). Phraseologisms, which include gerunds, are not isolated either: ran headlong, worked carelessly, listened with bated breath, did not sit idly by, etc.

As a rule (but not always), the circumstances of the concession are isolated with prepositions despite, despite (Nevertheless, despite decision, Maxim decided to see her again).

Circumstances are always isolated, playing the role of clarifying (There, across the river, fog has already settled), explanatory (At that time, exactly a year ago, I met him often) and connecting (Everywhere, including in the forest, it was hot) members offers. Clarifying circumstances must be distinguished from homogeneous and widespread.

Circumstances expressed by a comparative turnover are also isolated (He shuddered, as if from a blow).

At the same time, it should be remembered that any circumstance can be isolated if the author wants to highlight it in a sentence, for example: And then he met her in the city garden and in the square, several times a day (A.P. Chekhov); And the silence, from time to time, became more and more sinister (M. Gorky).

Always isolated, that is, separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence are distinguished by commas, the circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover.

Dubov, sitting astride a bench, took apart the revolver.

He again appeared at the door of the hut and, without saying a single word of welcome to us, said bluntly: "The tarantass would be pulled into the yard."

Entering the classroom, the professor greeted the students.

A match struck, for a second illuminating the hanging nets, hay, the old man ...

Taking a comprehensive look at his position, he sighed.

And what are you ringing about on a cheerful May day, shaking your head among the uncut grass?

Wouldn't you, if you had money, spend it?

Overripe stars hung in the greenish sky, touching the rooftops.

The blizzard howled stubbornly and evenly, stocking up with enormous tension somewhere in the steppes of the southeast.

The blizzard subsided, turning into a wet snowfall.

The Cossack officer, seeing the calmness of the artisans, was taken aback.

The shrapnel screeched low and, stopping in midair, angrily tore itself to pieces.

Raising heavy oars with difficulty, the rowers began to slowly move away from the shore.

Breaking the thin ice of a small bay, the boat entered the lake.

Almost always, the circumstances expressed by a single gerund are isolated.

Victor turned away and smiled.

He laughed and tried to hold her back.

Thinking, the boy answered the question.

When leaving, Katya kept turning around.

Grandmother, sighing, put a kerosene lamp on the table.

Stretching, Sergei yawned sweetly and got up from the couch.

Vera, smiling, held out both hands to him.

Groaning, Ivan Petrovich began picking up the fallen books from the floor.

Taking a breath, he turned to leave.

He squinted at the light, smiling.

Circumstances of concession with prepositions in spite of, in spite of, as a rule, are isolated.

Despite the precautions we had taken, the rumors did spread.

Despite all our precautions, the news of Pugachev's appearance spread throughout the fortress.

And yet, despite the protests of her mother, Masha decided to leave.

Children, despite the objections of their parents, went on a hike.

Despite the rain and strong wind, grandfather still went for a walk.

Despite the severity of the offense, he was still forgiven.

The circumstances of the mode of action, expressed by single gerunds, standing directly behind the predicate and closely related to it in meaning and intonation, are not isolated.

Seeking manifestations of power turned inward and withered away.

Veretiev sat bent over and patted the grass with a branch.

Until two o'clock, classes were supposed to go without interruption.

He looked without blinking.

The sparrow sat ruffled.

He entered without knocking.

The old man walked with a limp.

Grandfather sat hunched over.

Isolation (comma separation) circumstances depends primarily on the way they are expressed.
A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds

1. The circumstances expressed by gerunds, as a rule, are isolated regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the verb-predicate:

For example: With legs spread wide, a grimy tractor driver sleeps. Maria ate dinner, spreading a tablecloth on the table.

If a circumstance expressed by a participle and a participle is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:

For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. The caterpillar, shuddering, tucked its paws.

Separate circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are close in meaning to a secondary predicate, but they are never independent predicates! Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.

For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. Ivan left his tractor and ran to the river. The caterpillar, shuddering, tucked its paws. - The caterpillar shuddered and tucked its paws.

1) Restrictive particles are only, only included inside a separate structure and stand out along with it.

A spark flared, illuminating the woman's face for only a second.

2) The participle and participle turnover after the coordinating or subordinating union / allied word are separated from it by a comma. Such a turn can be torn off from the union, rearranged to another place in the sentence, or removed from the sentence.

For example: She threw down her pencil and, leaning back in her chair, began to look out the window. She threw down her pencil and began to look out the window;

3) The union, allied word is not separated by a comma with the gerund and participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction cannot be torn off from the union, the allied word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the coordinating union "a".

For example: He tried to write letters imperceptibly, and when he wrote, he hid them somewhere (impossible: He tried to write letters imperceptibly, but hid them somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the letter, but, after reading it, put it in his pocket. He did not name the author of the letter, but put it in his pocket.

Two homogeneous gerunds or participles connected by single coordinating or disjunctive unions and, or, or, are not separated by a comma.

The waitress sat with her arms around the chair and her head resting on it.

If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts complex sentence etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members, in a compound sentence, etc.

For example: 1. I took a candy and, after looking, put it in my pocket. A single union and connects the predicates (took and stuck) and a comma is placed after the union;
2. He slowed down, thinking about something, and, turning around sharply, called the watchman. A single union and connects two predicates (stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial phrases refer to different predicates (slowed down, thinking about something; called, turning around sharply). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.

2. The circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are not separated in the following cases:

The adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:

For example: He ran headlong. He worked carelessly;

Note. Most often, the following phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, roll up your sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, work like a squirrel in a wheel, listen with bated breath, lie spitting at the ceiling, rush about without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing eyes, listen with open ears. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word (to be honest, honestly speaking, frankly speaking, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we will have to do it ourselves.

Before the participle there is an intensifying particle and (not a union!):

You can live without showing off your mind;

The participle in modern Russian is never a predicate, therefore the verb and the participle cannot be homogeneous members!

The gerund participle is part of the subordinate clause and has the allied word which as a dependent. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the participle and the allied word:

For example: You are facing the most difficult tasks, without solving which we will not be able to get out of the predicament;

The adverbial turnover includes the subject.

In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and participle are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:

For example: Forty perched on a spruce tree, it was quite ready to have breakfast ...; Example: Magpie, perched on a spruce, was about to have breakfast;

The participle acts as homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it by the union and:

For example: He walked quickly and did not look around.

3. Participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning are not separated. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation parsing. They require special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.

Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have passed into the category of adverbs or have acquired an adverbial meaning in this context are not separated:

For example: He looked at her without blinking (impossible: looked and did not blink); They drove slowly (impossible: they drove and were in no hurry); The bus went without stopping (it is impossible: it went and did not stop); She answered while standing (impossible: she answered and sat down); He walked with his back straight (impossible: he walked and straightened it).

Such single gerunds, less often gerunds, are usually circumstances of the mode of action (they answer the questions how? in what way?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause, and most often stand immediately after the predicate:

For example: he looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, chatted incessantly, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked limping, sat ruffled, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money not counting it. .d

Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.

For example: He talked about it angry. - He spoke of it with malice;

In all such uses, the participle does not indicate an independent action, but the mode of action expressed by the predicate.

For example, in the sentence: He walked upright - the action is one (walked), and the former gerund (straightened) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.

If, in this context, the verbal meaning is preserved, then the single gerund participle or the gerund participle are isolated. Usually in this case, with the verb-predicate, there are other circumstances; the gerund takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and intonation stands out.

For example: He walked without stopping. He walked hurriedly without stopping.

The degree of prevalence of the participial turnover can contribute to the strengthening of the verbality in gerunds.

For example: He sat waiting. He sat, waiting for an answer.

Former gerunds that have lost their connection with the verb and have moved into the category of function words are not isolated: starting from (in the meaning of “from such and such time”), based on (in the meaning of “on the basis of”), looking at (in the meaning of “in accordance with "):

For example: Everything has changed since last Tuesday; the report is based on your data;

However, in other contexts, turns can be isolated:

Separation of circumstances

The turnover with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:

For example: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with England and the USA;

The word beginning in such contexts cannot be dropped without damaging the meaning of the sentence;

A turnover with words based on is isolated if, in meaning, it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:

For example: We compiled a report based on your data (we based on your data);

Turnover with words looking at is isolated if clarification or attachment matters:

For example: I had to act selectively, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert “namely”); depending on the time of year (attachment).

B) Circumstances expressed by nouns

1. The circumstances of the concession are always isolated, expressed by nouns with the prepositions "despite", "regardless of". Such turns can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the union though.

For example: Despite the cold spring, the harvest turned out to be excellent. Although the spring was rainy, the harvest was excellent;

2. Circumstances may be isolated:

Reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations such as: due to, due to the absence, due to, in view of, due to lack, according to, due to, in connection with, due to, on occasion, etc. (you can replace subordinate clause with union since).

For example: Petrovich, according to the opinion of the chief, advised to return. - Since Petrovich agreed with the opinion of the chief, he advised to return; Children, due to their infancy, were not given any work. Since the children were small, they were not given any work;

Concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with a union though).

For example: His life, with all his disasters, was easier than Anton's life. - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier than the life of Anton;

Conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations if present, absent, in case, etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union if).

For example: Prisoners, in case of refusal, decided to go on a hunger strike. – If the prisoners are refused, they decide to go on a hunger strike;

Goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union to).

For example: goods, in order to avoid damage, transport by mail. – To avoid damage, transport the goods by mail;

Comparisons with the union are similar.

For example: Ivan Nikolaevich was born in the north of Russia, like his older brother Anton.

However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.

More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:

Petrovich, in accordance with the opinion of the chief, advised to return.

In addition, isolated constructions are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:

Thanks to the good weather and especially the holiday, our street has become lively again.

As a rule, the indicated turns at the end of the sentence are not isolated.

For example: The prisoners, on the order of the warden, went to the cells. – the prisoners went to the cells on the order of the warden.

In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several adverbial meanings. For example: temporary and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.

For example: Vova, after he received a decisive refusal, went home.

In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason and answers the questions when did he leave? and why did he leave? The turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.

Separate circumstances expressed by nouns are always distinguished intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that are at the beginning of the sentence stand out intonationally.

For example: In Moscow / I was last year; Last year / I was in Moscow.
However, a comma after such a circumstance is not put!
C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs

Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them or if they have the meaning of a passing remark.

For example: After some time, a boy in a white suit, with a head as black as coal, ran out into the street, out of nowhere.

Separation (separation by commas) of circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.

A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds

1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds (you can ask morphological questions to the gerund doing what? having done what?) and participles (that is, participles with dependent words), as a rule, stand apart regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the verb-predicate:

Example: Spread your arms wide, sleeping grimy bulldozer(Peskov). Xenia had dinner spreading a scarf on a rod (Peskov).

If a circumstance expressed by a participle and a participle is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:

And then to the break leaving your bulldozer Nikolay ran up(Peskov). The bird, startled, picked up its wings(Permitov).

Separate circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participles, are close in meaning to a secondary predicate (but they are never independent predicates!). Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.

Wed: And then to the break leaving your bulldozer Nicholas ran up. - Nikolai left his bulldozer and ran up to the cliff. The bird, startled, picked up its wings. - The bird shuddered and picked up its wings.

Note!

1) Restrictive particles are only, only included inside a separate structure and stand out along with it.

The match struck only for a second illuminating the face of a man.

2) The participle and participle turnover after the coordinating or subordinating union / allied word are separated from it by a comma (such a turnover can be torn off from the union, rearranged to another place in the sentence or removed from the sentence).

Wed: He threw down his pen and leaning back in the chair, began to look at the flooded moonlight glade(Permitov). - He dropped his pen and stared at the moonlit clearing; Life is arranged in such a way that without knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love.(M. Gorky). - Life is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to sincerely love, unable to hate.

3) A union, an allied word is not separated by a comma with a gerund and participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction cannot be torn off from the union, allied word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the coordinating union a.

Wed: He tried to read books unnoticed, and after reading, he hid somewhere(impossible: He tried to read books unnoticed, but hid them somewhere); But: He did not name the author of the note, but, after reading it, put it in his pocket. - He did not name the author of the note, but put it in his pocket.

Two homogeneous gerunds or participles connected by single coordinating or disjunctive unions and, or, or , are not separated by a comma.

The telephone operator sat with his knees clasped and lean on them(Baklanov).

If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members, in a compound sentence, etc.

Wed: 1. I took the note and after reading it put it in my pocket. Single union and connects predicates ( took and put) and a comma is placed after the union;

2. He stopped, thinking about something, And , turning sharply, called the sentry. A single union and connects two predicates ( stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial phrases refer to different predicates ( has stopped , thinking about something; called, turning sharply ). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.

2. Not isolated circumstances expressed by participles and participles in the following cases:

adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:

He worked carelessly; He ran headlong.

Note. Most often, the following phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, run headlong, work slipshod, work roll up your sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, rush with your tongue out, listen with bated breath, shout without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rush about without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes, listen with ears wide open. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word ( to be honest, frankly, frankly, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we have to do everything ourselves.

before the participle there is an intensifying particle and (not a union!):

Can live and not boasting of the mind;

Note!

The participle in modern Russian is never a predicate, therefore verb and gerund cannot be homogeneous members!

the gerund participle is part of the subordinate clause and has the allied word which as a dependent. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the participle and the allied word:

We face the most difficult tasks without deciding which we will not be able to get out of the crisis;

adverbial turnover includes the subject.

In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and participle are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:

On the fir tree the crow perched, had breakfast quite assembled...(Krylov); compare: Crow, perched on a spruce going to have breakfast;

the gerund acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it by the union and:

He walked quickly and did not look around.

3. Do not isolate participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation parsing. They require special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.

Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have passed into the category of adverbs or have acquired an adverbial meaning in this context are not separated:

She looked at me without blinking(it is forbidden: stared and didn't blink); We drove slowly(it is forbidden: we were driving and not in a hurry); The train was running do not stop (it is forbidden: walked and didn't stop); He answered sitting(it is forbidden: he answered and sat); He walked with his back(it is forbidden: he walked and bent).

Such single gerunds, less often gerunds, are usually circumstances of the mode of action (they answer questions How? how?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause and most often stand immediately after the predicate:

looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, spoke yawning, chatted incessantly, sat ruffled, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked limping, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money without counting and etc.

Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.

Wed: He talked about it smiling. - He talked about it with a smile; The train was running do not stop. - The train went without stopping.

In all such uses, the participle does not indicate an independent action, but the mode of action expressed by the predicate.

For example, in a sentence: He walked bent over- single action walked), and the former gerund ( hunched over) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.

If, in this context, the verbal meaning is preserved, then the single gerund participle or the gerund participle are isolated. Usually in this case, with the verb-predicate, there are other circumstances; the gerund takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and intonation stands out.

Wed: He walked without looking back. He walked hurriedly without looking back.

The degree of prevalence of the participial turnover can contribute to the strengthening of the verbality in gerunds.

Wed: She sat waiting. She sat, waiting for an answer.

Not isolated former participles that lost their connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: starting from (in the meaning of “from such and such time”), based on (in the meaning of “based on”), depending on (in the meaning of “in accordance”) :

Everything has changed since last Monday; The estimate is based on your calculations; Act according to circumstances.

However, in other contexts, turnovers may stand apart:

turnover with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:

The word beginning in such contexts cannot be dropped without damaging the meaning of the sentence;

the turnover with words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it corresponds to the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:

We made a budget based on your calculations (we proceeded from your calculations);

turnover with words looking at is isolated if clarification or attachment matters:

I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert "namely"); Leave can be used for work various types sports, depending on the season (attachment).

B) Circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Always separate concession circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of. Such turns can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the union though.

Wed: Despite rainy summer , the harvest was excellent(Pochivalin). - Although the summer was rainy, the harvest was excellent; Despite heavy shelling, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post. - Although the shelling was strong, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post.

2. Can separate circumstances:

reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations owing to, owing to, in view of, due to lack, due to absence, in accordance with, due to, due to etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union since).

Wed: Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion advised to return. - Since Savelich agreed with the opinion of the coachman, he advised to return; children due to infancy, have not identified any positions(Turgenev). - Since the children were small, they were not assigned any positions;

concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union though).

Wed: his life, despite the severity of his situation, went easier, slimmer than the life of Anatole(Herzen). - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier, more harmonious than the life of Anatole; Against his instructions, ships put out to sea in the early morning(Fedoseev). - Although he gave instructions, the ships were put out to sea in the early morning.

conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, in case etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union if).

Wed: workers, in case of refusal decided to go on strike. - If the workers are refused, they decide to go on strike;

goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union to).

Wed: Money, to avoid delay, translate by telegraph. - To avoid delay, transfer money by telegraph;

comparisons with union like .

Wed: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like elder brother Paul (Turgenev).

However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.

More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:

Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion advised to return.

In addition, isolated constructions are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:

Thanks to great weather and especially holiday, the street of the village of Maryinsky revived again(Grigorovich).

As a rule, the indicated turns at the end of the sentence are not isolated.

Wed: workers, at the direction of the master, went to the neighboring shop. - The workers went to the neighboring shop at the direction of the master.

In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several adverbial meanings (temporal and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.).

For example: Peter, after a resounding rejection, went to his room(L. Tolstoy).

In this case, the circumstance combines the values ​​of time and cause ( when did you leave? And why did he leave?). Pay attention to the fact that the turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.

Note!

Separate circumstances expressed by nouns are always distinguished intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that are at the beginning of the sentence are always highlighted intonation.

Wed: In St. Petersburg / I was last year; Last year / I was in Petersburg.

However, a comma after such a circumstance is not put!

C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs

Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them, if they have the meaning of a passing remark, etc.:

A moment later, in the yard, no one knows where, a man ran out in a nanke caftan, with a head as white as snow(Turgenev).

Since the adverbial turnover is a separate circumstance, most often in a sentence it is separated from both sides by commas. However, there are exceptions to this rule. This article describes in detail all the nuances of the use of adverbial turnover.

How is the adverbial turnover marked in the letter?

Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. In a sentence, it expresses the meaning of an additional action and performs the syntactic role of a separate circumstance. As a rule, in sentences with adverbial turnover, commas distinguish a separate speech structure on both sides.

Features of the use of adverbial turnover:

• At the beginning of a sentence, the adverbial turnover is separated by only one comma - at the end of the turnover. In addition, it must be borne in mind that the adverbial phrase before the defined word (the verb to which it refers) usually names the action that preceded the action called the verb.

  Examples: Having solved the problem, I'll go for a walk. Gathering apples, grandmother cooked jam.

• At the end of the sentence, the adverbial turnover is separated by a comma only at the beginning of the turnover. The participle turnover after the verb-predicate usually indicates a simultaneous or subsequent action.

  Examples: I was drinking tea, admiring the dawn. He fell, sprained leg.

• In the middle of a sentence, the adverbial turnover is distinguished by commas on both sides and can be used both before and after the verb-predicate.

  Examples: Kate, having cooked breakfast set the table. The man was on the bus listening to music, and recalled yesterday's conversation.

In what cases is the adverbial turnover not separated by commas?

The adverbial turnover without commas is used in the following cases.