Several agreed definitions, not connected by unions, can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main) word, while among themselves they are in an enumeration relationship (they are pronounced with an enumerative intonation and a union and can be put between them).

Example: Blue, green balls. - Blue balls. Green balls. Blue and green balls.

Heterogeneous definitions are not pronounced with enumerative intonation, usually you cannot put a union between them and. Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise associated with the defined (main) word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to the word being defined, while the second one is already connected to the phrase, consisting of the main word and the first definition:

Long freight train. with the main word train directly related is the definition closest to it - commodity. Definition long associated with the whole phrase - freight train. (The freight train is long).

To distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.

Definitions are HOMOGENEOUS if:

indicate the distinguishing features of different objects;

Red, green balls - red and green balls; the balls were red; balls were green.

designate various signs of one object, characterizing it on the one hand;

Devastated, burned city - a devastated and burned city; the city was ruined; the city was burned down.

characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context they are united by some common feature;

Lunar, clear evening- "lunar, and therefore clear"; hard, dark times- "heavy, and therefore gloomy."

under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between the definitions;

Dull, pressing pain in the chest- in the given context of the form stupid And pressing act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in meaning.

are artistic definitions - epithets;

Round, fish eyes.

form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition enhances the feature expressed by it;

Joyful, festive, radiant mood.

a single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participial turnover, that is, a participle with a dependent word;

Black, neatly combed hair.

Note!

A) it should not be a single participle, but a participle with a dependent word (cf.: black combed hair);

b) participial turnover should be in second place (cf .: neatly combed black hair); V) a comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial turnover, if there are no special conditions for separation, a comma is not put (!);

stand after the word being defined;

Hair is black, combed.

the second definition explains the first - between the definitions you can put a union that is or namely.

A separate definition is a definition highlighted in a sentence by intonation and commas, usually used after the word being defined. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which?

In sentences with separate homogeneous definitions, separate definitions can be expressed by homogeneous adjectives, participles or participial phrases.

The table shows the main types of sentences with homogeneous definitions used in different positions in relation to the word being defined with examples.

Offer types	Examples
Sentences with non-isolated homogeneous definitions	The children were given blue, red, yellow And green crayons. In the corner lay large And small boxes. The woman had smooth, neatly stacked hair.
Sentences with isolated homogeneous definitions	Shower, mighty, exuberant poured into the fields. Man, listening to something with headphones And looking at the cover of a notebook, looked at the conductor. Victor, determined And self-righteous knocked on the director's office.
Proposals with isolated and non-isolated homogeneous definitions.	Superstitious people, dark And backward lived in this village. Shabby puppy, wet And filthy ran out of the basement. Incredible event, exciting And impressive happened yesterday.

Important! Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Homogeneous definitions characterize one quality of an object (warm And cold, white And black). Heterogeneous - characterize an object from different sides (grey And round, hot And sour). At the same time, within the framework of one sentence, two series of homogeneous definitions (non-isolated and isolated) can be correlated as heterogeneous.

Examples: The woman's gaze caught on an old, faded dress, crumpled and thrown on a chair. He was unprepared for the early, rainy and muddy autumn that began in August. (Definitions old And crumpled, early And rainy- inhomogeneous).

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If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions interconnected by a coordinating link; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union And .

For example: Ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them And .) were in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. In this case, only the nearest definition refers directly to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinative connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union And .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality And relative ).

For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)

were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

For demarcation homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Denote the signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
designate signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.

For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made up beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts speeches: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " launched" And "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial turnover, if there are no special conditions for separation, a comma is not put.

Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov- honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig – academic degree and rank; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- a list of different ranks.

If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer design institute construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; general director of the production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.

Exercise 20. Find inconsistent definitions in the sentences. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. 1. One of them was Stoltz, the other was his

a friend, a plump writer with an apathetic face and pensive, as if sleepy eyes (Goncharov). 2. Blue in the constellations lasts midnight (Lugovskoy). 3. It was Lyoshka Shulepnikov, only a very old crumpled one with a gray mustache, unlike himself (Trifonov). 4. The desire to talk with her daughter disappeared (Trifonov). 5. Broad-shouldered, short-legged in heavy boots in a thick caftan the color of road dust, he stood in the middle of the steppe as if carved out of stone (M. Gorky). 6. And all of her in an old tunic with a burnt-out cap on dark blond smooth hair seemed to Alexei very tired and tired (Field). 7. The next morning, Luzgina, in a smart blue silk dress with whipped bouffants of light blond hair, fresh, ruddy, lush and fragrant with bracelets and rings on her plump hands, hurriedly drank coffee, afraid to be late for the ship (Stanyukovich). 8. The lifter at the entrance, gloomy with drooping cheeks, greeted Lyosha with a nod of his head (Trifonov). 9. Suddenly, an old woman with a cigarette in her mouth (Trifonov) came out of a white door with a matte pimpled glass. 10. In a white tie in a dandy overcoat wide open with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone (Turgenev). 11. Elizaveta Kievna with red hands in a man's dress with a pitiful smile and meek eyes did not come out of memory (A.N. Tolstoy). 12. I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this (L. Tolstoy). 13. With her defenselessness, she evoked in him a chivalrous feeling to shield protect protect (Kataev). 14. Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, an elevated and playful note is heard - one of the waves crept closer to us more boldly (M. Gorky). 15. Suddenly, everyone left work, turned to face us, bowed low, and some older peasants greeted their father and me (Aksakov). 16. Older children were spinning under his arms (Rylenkov). 17. So I have only one dubious pleasure to look out of the window at fishing (Kuprin). 18. She was pursued by a secret dream of going into the partisan underground (Fadeev). 19. Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire to repeat each word several times (M. Gorky). 20. On the bridge, dressed in raincoats with short-brimmed southwests on their heads, are the captain and the watch officer (Stanyukovich).

1. Find and cross out those characteristics that do not apply to the verb:

a) there are perfect and imperfect forms;
b) change in persons, numbers and cases;
c) change over time;
d) in the past tense they change according to numbers and genders;
e) in the present tense they change by gender.

2. Mark the "third extra" in each column:
a) keep;
hear;
read;
b) shave;
walk;
to nag;
bring in;
embroider;
twirl.
3. Insert the missing letters. Mark the row in which all verbs end with "and":
a) fight ... you, write ... you, drank ... you, you build ... you;
b) hold...sh, hear...sh, drive...sh, resent... shush;
c) glue ... sh, vert ... sh, mass ... sh, lie down ... sh.

4. Specify a number of different conjugated verbs:
a) eat, wear;
b) think, go;
c) want, run;
d) give, speak;
d) write, read.
5. Determine which group of verbs can have a direct object. Make up and write down these phrases:
a) sit, wear;
b) decide, catch;
c) teach, hang;
d) think, walk;
e) throw, fly.

July 17, 2015

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear idea of ​​their features and differences helps to make the record correct and well readable.

What is a definition?

This minor member sentences denoting a sign, property or quality of the object denoted by the noun. Most often expressed as an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "what?" "whose?". However, there are cases of using a noun as a definition ( plaid dress), an infinitive verb ( dream of being able to fly), an adjective in the simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a compound) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are interconnected by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them as part of a syntactic construction.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered above their fellow flowers.". Homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize an object on the same basis. Or another example: Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city, languishing from the heat.". In this sentence, one feature is logically related to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinguishing features

This question is often difficult. To understand the material, let us consider in more detail what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: Cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The nearest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: " On this frosty January morning, I did not want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: " A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha's shoulder.»	Combination quality adjective with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, the third intercity bus
You can insert a connecting union AND: " For crafts needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	It is impossible to use with And: " In one hand Tatyana had an old straw hat, in the other she held a string bag with vegetables.»
Expressed in one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent adjectives after a noun	Refer to different parts of speech: Finally got to the first light frost.(numeral + adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, the knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means correct punctuation.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always homogeneous

1. The adjectives standing next to each other characterize the object according to one attribute: size, color, geographic location, evaluation, sensations, etc. " In the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, French culture in advance».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature in different ways. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news.».
3. Definitions after a noun, with the exception of terms such as overhead clamshell crane. For example, in A. Pushkin's poem we find: “ On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs". In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, with each definition logically distinguished.
4. Homogeneous members of the sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the sign in ascending order. " The sisters, seized with a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions.».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile, entered the room cheerfully.».

The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

We must also dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Homogeneous almost always are definitions corresponding to the scheme "single adjective + participle turnover". For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen.". However, if the participial turnover is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the whole combination, the rule “punctuation marks with homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly descended on the damp earth.».

One more point must be taken into account. Consider this example: In the midst of the thick, spreading fir-trees darkened at dusk, one could hardly see a narrow path leading to the lake.". This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions, expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word "thick". Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, it is distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying, causal features. For example, " at night,(can be inserted BECAUSE) the deserted streets were clearly visible long shadows from trees and lanterns". Another example: " Suddenly, the old man heard deafening,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin's large, pale face, she... was filled with... pity."(V. Nabokov). Or A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has come».
3. When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): " Timothy's large, fish-eyed eyes were sad and attentively looked straight ahead.».

Similar homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional Cases

Sometimes in speech one can meet sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood on this site, but now new, high ones flaunted.". As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions related to the same noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions linked by explanatory relations. " Quite different, alien to the boy sounds were heard from the open window". In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is”, will be appropriate.

Punctuation rules

It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed in case of unionless connection. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door.". In the presence of coordinating unions ("as a rule", "and") punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them.". Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules applicable to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow a double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods.". In this case, it all depends on the meaning of the sacrament. A comma is placed if "namely" can be inserted before the word "verified".

Conclusion

An analysis of the foregoing leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on the knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members offers.