Statement on philosophy. Philosophical statements about the meaning of life, about love, about freedom. Famous philosophers

Augustine Blessed Aurelius - Christian theologian and philosopher, influential preacher, Bishop of Hippo. One of the Fathers of the Christian Church, founder of Augustinianism. Founder of Christian philosophy of history. Augustine's Christian Neoplatonism dominated Western European philosophy and Catholic theology until the 13th century, when it was replaced by the Christian Aristotelianism of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical Confessions. His most famous theological and philosophical work is On the City of God. Through Manichaeism, skepticism and Neoplatonism he came to Christianity, whose teaching about the Fall and pardon made a strong impression on him. In particular, he defends the doctrine of predestination: a person is predetermined by God to bliss or damnation, but this was done by Him according to the foreknowledge of human free choice - the desire for bliss, or the rejection of it. Human history, which Augustine sets out in his book “On the City of God”, “the first world history”, in his understanding there is a struggle between two hostile kingdoms - the kingdom of adherents of everything earthly, the enemies of God, that is, the secular world, and the kingdom of God. At the same time, he identifies the Kingdom of God, in accordance with its earthly form of existence, with the Roman Church. Augustine teaches about the self-reliability of human consciousness and the cognitive power of love. At the creation of the world, God laid the embryonic forms of all things in the material world, from which they then independently develop.

Adam Smith; baptized and possibly born June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, UK - July 17, 1790, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK - Scottish economist, ethical philosopher; one of the founders of modern economic theory.

Alfred North Whitehead is a British mathematician, logician, and philosopher who, together with Bertrand Russell, wrote the fundamental work “Principia Mathematica,” which formed the basis of logicism and type theory. After World War I, he taught at Harvard University and developed his own Platonic teaching with elements of Bergsonianism.

Anacharsis is a Scythian, the son of King Gnur, brother of King Savlius and Kaduit. He arrived in Athens during the time of Solon, where he met with Solon himself and with another noble Scythian Toxar, who was known in Athens as a doctor and sage, and later traveled to other Greek cities. Diodorus Siculus and Diogenes Laertius indicate that he, along with other sages, visited the Lydian king Croesus, whom the Persians considered an adviser on Scythia. Anacharsis became famous as a sage, philosopher and supporter of moderation in everything; he was numbered among the seven sages and many reasonable sayings and inventions were attributed to him. There are more than 50 sayings of Anacharsis on different topics: reflections on people's behavior; about relationships between people; about protecting one's own dignity; about envy; about the meaning of language; about navigation; about gymnastics; about politics and social order; about wine and the dangers of drunkenness, etc. Ten “cynic” letters of Anacharsis are known: to the Lydian king Croesus, the Athenians, Solon, the tyrant Hipparchus, Medoc, Annon, the king’s son, Tereus - the cruel ruler of Thrace, Thrasilochus. These letters, bearing the name of Anacharsis, according to scientists, date back to the 3rd-1st centuries. BC e. and are adjacent to a tradition that idealized “natural”, “barbarian” peoples and was filled with acute social content under the influence of Cynicism. According to legend, Anacharsis invented the anchor, an improved potter's wheel and the sail.

Henri Bergson is one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century, a representative of intuitionism and philosophy of life. Laureate Nobel Prize on Literature 1927 "in recognition of his rich and animating ideas, and the excellent skill with which they were presented."

Metropolitan Anthony - Bishop of Russia Orthodox Church, Metropolitan of Sourozh. Philosopher, preacher. Author of numerous books and articles on different languages about spiritual life and Orthodox spirituality.

Aristippus (c. 435 - c. 355 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher from Cyrene in North Africa, founder of the Cyrene, or hedonic, school, student and friend of Socrates, with a sophistic bent. Among his students was his daughter Aretha. According to him, knowledge is based on perceptions alone, the causes of which, however, are unknowable. The perceptions of other people are also inaccessible to us; we can only rely on their statements. For Aristippus, eudaimonia is not a concomitant phenomenon with the discovery of ability, as Socrates understood it, but the consciousness of self-control in pleasure: the sage enjoys pleasure without succumbing to it taking possession of him. There is no need to complain about the past or fear the future. In thinking, as in action, only the present should be given importance. This is the only thing we can freely dispose of.

Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. Disciple of Plato. From 343 BC e. - teacher of Alexander the Great. In 335/4 BC. e. founded the Lyceum. Naturalist of the classical period. The most influential of the dialecticians of antiquity; founder of formal logic. He created a conceptual apparatus that still permeates the philosophical lexicon and the very style of scientific thinking. Aristotle was the first thinker to create a comprehensive system of philosophy that covered all spheres of human development: sociology, philosophy, politics, logic, physics. His views on ontology had a serious influence on the subsequent development of human thought. The metaphysical doctrine of Aristotle was accepted by Thomas Aquinas and developed by the scholastic method.

Arthur Schopenhauer - German philosopher. One of the most famous thinkers of irrationalism, a misanthrope. He gravitated toward German romanticism, was fond of mysticism, highly appreciated the main works of Immanuel Kant, calling them “the most important phenomenon that philosophy has known for two millennia,” valued the philosophical ideas of Buddhism, the Upanishads, as well as Epictetus, Cicero and others. He criticized his contemporaries Hegel and Fichte. Called existing world, in contrast to the sophistic, as he put it, Leibniz’s fabrications - “the worst of possible worlds”, for which he received the nickname “philosopher of pessimism”. The main philosophical work is “The World as Will and Representation,” which Schopenhauer was commenting on and popularizing until his death. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of the will, his views on human motivation and desires, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many famous thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, Leo Tolstoy and Jorge Luis Borges.

Bertrand Arthur William Russell - British philosopher, public figure and mathematician. Russell is known for his work in defense of pacifism, atheism, as well as liberalism and left-wing political movements and made invaluable contributions to mathematical logic, the history of philosophy and the theory of knowledge. Less known are his works on aesthetics, pedagogy and sociology. Russell is considered one of the main founders of English neorealism, as well as neopositivism. In 1950 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Andre Oesterling, a member of the Swedish Academy, described the scientist as “one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought in the West.” The American philosopher Irwin Edman highly valued Russell's works, even compared him with Voltaire, emphasizing that he, “like his famous compatriots, the philosophers of old, is a master of English prose.” The editorial notes to the memorial collection "Bertrand Russell - Philosopher of the Century" noted that Russell's contribution to mathematical logic is the most significant and fundamental since the time of Aristotle.

Viktor Emil Frankl - Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist, former prisoner of the Nazi concentration camp. Frankl is the creator of logotherapy, a method of existential psychoanalysis that became the basis of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy.

Vladimir Vasilyevich Mironov - Russian philosopher, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (1998), Honored Professor of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (2009), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 29, 2008), Head of the Department of Ontology and Theory of Knowledge, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University named after M V. Lomonosov (since 1998), Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (since 1998, re-elected in June 2003 in June 2008 in June 2013). In 2001-2008, he worked as Vice-Rector of the University: Head of the Office of Academic Policy of Moscow State University (until 2006), Head of the Office of Academic Planning and Methodological Support educational activities Moscow State University (from 2006 to 2008). Laureate of the Lomonosov Prize, 2nd degree (2008).

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky is a Russian and Soviet naturalist, thinker and public figure of the 20th century. Academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, one of the founders and first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The creator of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activity, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy. Laureate of the Stalin Prize, 1st degree.

Voltaire (birth name François-Marie Arouet, French François Marie Arouet; Voltaire - an anagram of “Arouet le j(eune)” - “Arouet the Younger” (Latin spelling - AROVETLI) - one of the largest French enlightenment philosophers of the 18th century: poet , novelist, satirist, tragedian, historian, publicist, human rights activist.

Heraclitus of Ephesus (544-483 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher. Founder of the first historical or original form of dialectics. Heraclitus was known as the Gloomy or Dark One, and his philosophical system contrasted with the ideas of Democritus, which later generations took notice of. His only work, from which only a few dozen fragments of quotes have survived, is the book “On Nature,” which consisted of three parts (“On Nature,” “On the State,” “On God”).

Herodotus of Halicarnassus is an ancient Greek historian, the author of the first full-scale historical treatise - “History” - describing the Greco-Persian wars and the customs of many contemporary peoples. Just as ancient Greek poetry begins for us with Homer, so practically historiography begins with Herodotus; his predecessors are called logographers. The works of Herodotus were of great importance for ancient culture. Cicero called him "the father of history." Herodotus is an extremely important source on the history of Great Scythia, including dozens of ancient peoples in the territory modern Ukraine and Russia.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Founder and first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences. The most important scientific achievements: Leibniz, independently of Newton, created mathematical analysis - differential and integral calculus based on infinitesimals. Leibniz created combinatorics as a science; Only in the entire history of mathematics he worked equally freely with both continuous and discrete. He laid the foundations of mathematical logic. He described the binary number system with the numbers 0 and 1, on which modern computer technology is based. In mechanics, he introduced the concept of “living force” and formulated the law of conservation of energy. In psychology, he put forward the concept of unconsciously “small perceptions” and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. Leibniz is also the finalizer of the philosophy of the 17th century and the predecessor of German classical philosophy, the creator of a philosophical system called monadology. He developed the doctrine of analysis and synthesis, and for the first time formulated the law of sufficient reason; Leibniz is also the author modern formulation law of identity; he coined the term “model” and wrote about the possibility of machine modeling of the functions of the human brain. Leibniz expressed the idea of converting some types of energy into others, formulated one of the most important variational principles of physics - the “principle of least action” - and made a number of discoveries in special branches of physics.

David Emile Durkheim is a French sociologist and philosopher, founder of the French sociological school and structural-functional analysis. Along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, he is considered the founder of sociology as an independent science. The integrity and coherence of societies in modernity, devoid of traditional and religious ties, represented Durkheim's main research interest. The sociologist's first major work, “On the Division of Social Labor,” was published in 1893, and two years later he published his “Rules of Sociological Method.” At the same time, he became the first professor of sociology at the first sociological faculty in France. In 1897, he presented the monograph “Suicide,” where he conducted a comparative analysis of suicide statistics in Catholic and Protestant societies. This work, which laid the foundation for modern social research, made it possible to finally separate sociology from psychology and political philosophy. In 1898, Durkheim founded the journal L'Année Sociologique. Finally, in his 1912 book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Durkheim presented his theory of religion based on comparisons between the social and cultural life of the Aboriginal and modern people.

Dalai Lama XIV (Ngagwang Lovzang Tenjin Gyamtsho, Tib. བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་) - spiritual leader of Buddhists in Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia and other regions. Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1989). In 2006 he was awarded the highest US award - the Congressional Gold Medal. Until April 27, 2011, he also headed the Tibetan government in exile (he was replaced by Lobsang Sangay).

Dajian Hui-neng, sometimes Hui-neng, Huineng, Hui-neng - the patriarch of Chinese Chan Buddhism, one of the most important figures in the tradition. Hui-neng was the sixth and last general patriarch of Chan. In Japanese tradition, Hui-nen is known as Daikan Eno.

Denis Diderot is a French writer, educational philosopher and playwright who founded the Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts. Foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, d'Alembert and other encyclopedists, Diderot was the ideologist of the third estate and the creator of those ideas of the Enlightenment Age that prepared minds for the French Revolution. Diderot died of a gastrointestinal disease in Paris on July 31, 1784.

Gibran Khalil Gibran, Arab. جبران خليل جبران‎‎, English. Khalil or Kahlil Gibran, Gibran Khalil Gibran is a Lebanese and American philosopher, artist, poet and writer. Outstanding Arab writer and philosopher of the 20th century. The book The Prophet, which glorified Gibran Kahlil Gibran, is the pinnacle of the poet’s philosophy. Translated into more than 100 languages. In 1895, Gibran Khalil Gibran emigrated to the United States with his mother, brother and sisters. Lived in Boston.

Jiddu Krishnamurti is an Indian philosopher. He was a famous speaker on philosophical and spiritual topics. These included: the psychological revolution, the nature of consciousness, meditation, relationships between people, achieving positive changes in society. He repeatedly emphasized the need for a revolution in the consciousness of each individual person and especially emphasized that such changes cannot be achieved with the help of external forces - be it religion, politics or society. Jiddu Krishnamurti was born in colonial India into a strictly vegetarian, Telugu-speaking Brahmin family. In his early youth, when his family lived in the city of Madras, next door to the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, he was noticed by the famous occultist and high-ranking Theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater. Leadbeater and Annie Besant, leaders of the Theosophical Society at that time, took the boy under their wing and raised him for many years, believing that Krishnamurti was the “guide” they were waiting for for the World Teacher. Subsequently, Krishnamurti lost faith in Theosophy and liquidated the organization created to support him, the Order of the Eastern Star.

John Locke is a British educator and philosopher, a representative of empiricism and liberalism. Contributed to the spread of sensationalism. His ideas had a huge influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and theorists of liberalism. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. His influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theoretical constructs were also noted by later philosophers such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first thinker to reveal personality through the continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind is a "blank slate", that is, contrary to Cartesian philosophy, Locke argued that people are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience gained by sense perception.

John Stuart Mill - British philosopher, economist and political figure. He made significant contributions to social science, political science and political economy. He made fundamental contributions to the philosophy of liberalism. He defended the concept of individual freedom as opposed to unlimited government control. He was a supporter of the ethical doctrine of utilitarianism. There is an opinion that Mill was the most notable English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century. For a number of years he was a member of the British Parliament.

Giordano Bruno (Italian Giordano Bruno; real name Filippo, nickname - Bruno Nolanets; 1548, Nola near Naples - February 17, 1600, Rome) - Italian Dominican monk, philosopher and poet, representative of pantheism. As a Catholic monk, Giordano Bruno developed Neoplatonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism and tried to give a philosophical interpretation of the teachings of Copernicus in this vein. Bruno expressed a number of guesses that were ahead of his era and substantiated only by subsequent astronomical discoveries: that the stars are distant suns, about the existence of planets unknown in his time within our solar system, that in the Universe there are countless bodies similar to our Sun. Bruno was not the first to think about the plurality of worlds and the infinity of the Universe: before him, such ideas were put forward by ancient atomists, Epicureans, and Nicholas of Cusa. He was condemned by the Catholic Church as a heretic and sentenced to death by burning by the secular court of Rome. In 1889, almost three centuries later, a monument was erected in his honor at the site of Giordano Bruno’s execution.

Daniel Clement Dennett is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research lies in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Research at Tufts University. Dennett is also a prominent critic of religion and a member of the Brights movement.

Elena Petrovna Blavatsky is a Russian noblewoman, US citizen, religious philosopher of theosophical direction, writer, publicist, occultist and spiritualist, traveler. Blavatsky declared herself the chosen one of a certain “great spiritual principle,” as well as a student of the brotherhood of Tibetan Mahatmas, who were announced to her as “guardians of sacred knowledge,” and began to preach her own version of theosophy. In 1875, in New York, together with Colonel G. S. Olcott and lawyer W. C. Judge, she founded the Theosophical Society, which set itself the task of studying all philosophical and religious teachings without exception in order to identify the truth in them, which, in the opinion of Blavatsky and her followers will help to reveal the supersensible powers of man and to comprehend the mysterious phenomena in nature. One of the main goals of the society was stated to be “to form the nucleus of a Universal Brotherhood without distinction of race, color, sex, caste or creed.” Later, the headquarters of the society moved to India in the city of Adyar, near Madras.

Jean William Fritz Piaget is a Swiss psychologist and philosopher, known for his work on the study of child psychology, and the creator of the theory of cognitive development. The founder of the Geneva school of genetic psychology, later J. Piaget developed his approach into the science of the nature of knowledge - genetic epistemology.

Gilles Deleuze is a French poststructuralist philosopher who, together with psychoanalyst Felix Guattari, wrote the famous treatise Anti-Oedipus. Deleuze and Guattari introduced the terms “rhizome”, “schizoanalysis”, “body without organs” into the philosophical lexicon.

Georges Bataille - French philosopher and writer of leftist persuasions, who studied and comprehended the irrational aspects public life, developed the category of “sacred”. His literary works filled with “blasphemy, images of temptation by evil, self-destructive erotic experience.”

Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin is a Russian philosopher, writer and publicist, supporter of the White movement and consistent critic of communist power in Russia, ideologist of the Russian All-Military Union. In exile he became a supporter of the so-called. monarchists-“non-predeterminists”, gravitated towards the intellectual tradition of the Slavophiles and until his death remained an opponent of communism and Bolshevism. Ilyin’s views greatly influenced the worldview of other Russian conservative intellectuals of the 20th century, including, for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte is a German philosopher. One of the representatives of German classical philosophy and the founders of a group of movements in philosophy known as subjective idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical works of Immanuel Kant. Fichte is often seen as a figure whose philosophical ideas served as a bridge between the ideas of Kant and the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Just like Descartes and Kant, the problem of objectivity and consciousness served as a motive for his philosophical reflections. Fichte also wrote works on political philosophy, and because of this he is perceived by some philosophers as the father of German nationalism.

Karl Heinrich Marx - German philosopher, sociologist, economist, writer, political journalist, public figure. His works shaped dialectical and historical materialism in philosophy, the theory of surplus value in economics, and the theory of class struggle in politics. These directions became the basis of the communist and socialist movement and ideology, receiving the name “Marxism”. Author of such works as “Manifesto communist party", "Capital". Some of his works were written in collaboration with like-minded person Friedrich Engels.

Sir Karl Raymund Popper is an Austrian and British philosopher and sociologist. One of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. Popper is best known for his writings on the philosophy of science and social and political philosophy, in which he criticized the classical concept of scientific method, and also vigorously defended the principles of democracy and social criticism that he proposed to adhere to in order to make possible the flourishing of an open society. K. Popper is the founder of the philosophical concept of critical rationalism. He described his position as follows: “I may be wrong, and you may be right; make an effort, and we may get closer to the truth.”

Carneades - Greek philosopher, founder of the new, or third, Academy. Came to Athens in 185/180 BC. e. Studied dialectics. His mentor in this area was the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon. Later, Carneades moved to the position of the skeptical Academy. He developed extreme skepticism and denied knowledge and the possibility of definitive proof. As the first theorist of the concept of probability, he distinguishes three of its degrees: ideas are probable only for the one who adheres to them; representations are probable and not disputed by those concerned; the ideas are absolutely indisputable. As part of the famous Athenian embassy, together with the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon and the Peripatetic Critolaus, he visited Rome in 155 BC. e. Carneades expressed his philosophical views orally, so the content of his views was preserved in the works of other thinkers - Cicero, Eusebius. Also, the popularization of Carneades' skepticism was facilitated by the literary activities of his students - Clitomachus, Charmad, many of whose works have not survived, but there are numerous references to them.

Galen - Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. The common spelling of the name as Claudius Galen appears only in the Renaissance and is not recorded in manuscripts; it is believed that this is an erroneous transcription of the abbreviation Cl. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen received an excellent education, traveled widely, and collected a lot of medical information. Having settled in Rome, he healed the Roman nobility, eventually becoming the personal physician of several Roman emperors. His theories dominated European medicine for 1300 years. His anatomy, based on the dissection of monkeys and pigs, was used until Andreas Vesalius's work “On the Structure of the Human Body” appeared in 1543, his theory of blood circulation existed until 1628, when William Harvey published his work “An Anatomical Study on the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals” ", in which he described the role of the heart in blood circulation. Medical students studied Galen up to and including the 19th century. His theory that the brain controls movement by nervous system is still relevant today.

Confucius is an ancient thinker and philosopher of China. His teachings had a profound influence on life in China and East Asia, becoming the basis of the philosophical system known as Confucianism. His real name is Kun Qiu, but in literature he is often called Kun Tzu, Kung Fu Tzu or simply Tzu - “Teacher”. Already at the age of just over 20, he became famous as the first professional teacher Celestial Empire. Before the victory of Legalism, the school of Confucius was only one of many trends in the intellectual life of the Warring States, in the period known as the Hundred Schools. And only after the fall of Qin, the revived Confucianism achieved the status of state ideology, which remained until the beginning of the 20th century, only temporarily giving way to Buddhism and Taoism. This naturally led to the exaltation of the figure of Confucius and even his inclusion in the religious pantheon.

Lao Tzu (Old Child, Wise Old Man) - ancient Chinese philosopher of the 6th-5th centuries BC. e., who is credited with the authorship of the classic Taoist philosophical treatise “Tao Te Ching”. Within the framework of modern historical science, the historicity of Laozi is questioned, however, scientific literature he is often still identified as the founder of Taoism. In the religious and philosophical teachings of most Taoist schools, Lao Tzu is traditionally revered as a deity - one of the Three Pure Ones.

Lev Evdokimovich Balashov - Russian philosopher, professor at Moscow state university engineering ecology, also teaches at the Russian Economic Academy named after. G. V. Plekhanova, candidate of philosophical sciences. He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1969, where he defended his PhD thesis on the topic “Cognitive and practical functions of the category “quality””, prepared for defense his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Categorical Picture of the World”.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Seneca the Younger or simply Seneca, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman. Nero's tutor and one of the leading exponents of Stoicism. Son of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder and Helvia. Younger brother of Junius Gallio. He belonged to the class of horsemen.

Ludwig Joseph Johann Wittgenstein is an Austrian philosopher and logician, a representative of analytical philosophy and one of the most brilliant thinkers of the 20th century. He put forward a program for constructing an artificial “ideal” language, the prototype of which is the language of mathematical logic. Philosophy was understood as “criticism of language.” He developed the doctrine of logical atomism, which is a projection of the structure of knowledge onto the structure of the world.

Marcus Porcius Cato is an ancient Roman politician, great-grandson of Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder. Legate in 67 BC. e., military tribune in 67-66 BC. e., quaestor in 64 BC. e., plebeian tribune in 62 BC. e., quaestor with the powers of propraetor in 58-56 BC. e., praetor in 54 BC. e. He remained the informal political and ideological leader of the majority in the Roman Senate from the late 60s BC. e. and until the very civil war Pompey and Caesar. For his contemporaries, he was best known as a model of strict morals, a supporter of republican ideas, the leader of the aristocracy in the Senate, a principled opponent of Caesar and a prominent Stoic philosopher. After committing suicide in Utica, besieged by Caesar, he became a symbol of the defenders of the republican system.

Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, who went down in history as the Marquis de Sade, was a French aristocrat, writer and philosopher. He was a preacher of absolute freedom, which would not be limited by morality, religion, or law. He considered the satisfaction of individual aspirations to be the main value of life. After his name, sexual satisfaction obtained by causing pain and/or humiliation to another person was called “sadism.”

Martin Heidegger is a German philosopher. He created the doctrine of Being as a fundamental and indefinable, but all-participating element of the universe. The Call of Being can be heard on the paths of purifying personal existence from the depersonalizing illusions of everyday life or on the paths of comprehending the essence of language. He is also known for the peculiar poetry of his texts and the use of dialect German language in serious work.

Michel Paul Foucault is a French philosopher, cultural theorist and historian. He created the first department of psychoanalysis in France, was a teacher of psychology at the École Normale Supérieure and at the University of Lille, and headed the department of history of systems of thought at the College de France. He worked in cultural representations of France in Poland, Germany and Sweden. He is one of the most famous representatives of antipsychiatry. Foucault's books on social science, medicine, prisons, madness and sexuality made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.

Moshe ben Maimon, called Moses Maimonides, also known as Abu Imran Musa ibn Maymun ibn Abd-Alla al-Qurdubi al-Yahudi / Abu Imran Musa bin Maymun bin Abdullah al-Qurtubi al-Israili, or simply Musa bin Maymun, or Rambam, in Russian literature also known as Moses of Egypt - an outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. The spiritual leader of religious Jewry both of his generation and of subsequent centuries.

Maurice Polydor Marie Bernard Maeterlinck is a Belgian writer, playwright and philosopher. Wrote in French. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1911. Author of the philosophical play-parable “The Blue Bird”, dedicated to man’s eternal search for the eternal symbol of happiness and knowledge of existence - the Blue Bird. Maeterlinck's works reflect the soul's attempts to achieve understanding and love.

Nick Bostrom is a philosopher and professor at the University of Oxford, known for his work on the anthropic principle. Received a PhD degree from the London School of Economics. In addition to numerous articles for academic and popular publications, Bostrom frequently appears in the media discussing issues related to transhumanism: cloning, artificial intelligence, mind uploading, cryonics, nanotechnology, and simulated reality. In 1998, Bostrom and David Pierce co-founded the World Transhumanist Association. In 2004, he founded the Institute of Ethics and New Technologies with James Hodges. In 2005, he was appointed director of the Future of Humanity Institute established at Oxford.

Niccolo Machiavelli - Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician - held the post of secretary of the second chancellery in Florence, was responsible for diplomatic relations of the republic, and the author of military theoretical works. He was a supporter of a strong state power, to strengthen which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work “The Sovereign,” published in 1532.

Nikolai Kuzansky, Nikolai Kuzanets, Cusanus, real name Nikolai Krebs - cardinal, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. Belongs to the first German humanists in the era of transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period. Nicholas of Cusa played a major role in church politics, especially in debates regarding church reform. At the Council of Basel, he initially supported the position of the conciliarists, who demanded restrictions on the powers of the Pope. However, he subsequently switched to the papal side, which eventually prevailed. Possessing diplomatic abilities, he skillfully promoted the interests of the Pope and had a brilliant career as a cardinal, papal legate, prince-bishop of Brixen and vicar general of the Papal States. In Brixen he encountered strong opposition from the local aristocracy and authorities, which he was unable to resist. As a philosopher, Nikolai Kuzansky stood on the position of Neoplatonism, the ideas of which he drew from both ancient and medieval sources. The basis of his philosophy was the concept of the union of opposites in the One, where all visible contradictions between the incompatible are resolved. Metaphysically and theologically, he believed that God is One. In the field of theory of state and politics, he also professed the idea of unity. He considered the most important goal to be the widest possible embodiment of peace and harmony, despite objective differences of opinion. In his philosophy, he developed an idea of religious tolerance that was unusual for his time. Actively discussing Islam, he recognized this religion as having some truth and right to exist.

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, political essayist, philosopher and theorist. Institute Professor of Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of a classification of formal languages called the Chomsky hierarchy.

Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri - Persian poet, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer. Omar Khayyam is famous all over the world for his rubaiyat quatrains. In algebra, he constructed a classification of cubic equations and gave their solutions using conic sections. In Iran, Omar Khayyam is also known for creating a more accurate calendar than the European one, which has been officially used since the 11th century.

Chandra Mohan Jain, better known as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh since the early seventies, and later as Osho, is an Indian spiritual leader and mystic, classified by some researchers as neo-Hinduism, the inspirer of the neo-Orientalist and religious-cultural Rajneesh movement. A preacher of a new sannyasa, expressed in immersion in the world without attachment to it, life affirmation, renunciation of the ego and meditation and leading to total liberation and enlightenment. Criticism of socialism, Mahatma Gandhi and traditional religions made Osho a controversial figure during his lifetime. In addition, he defended the freedom of sexual relations, in some cases he organized sexual meditation practices, for which he earned the nickname “sex guru.” Some researchers call him the “guru of scandals.”

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev is a Russian philosopher and publicist, declared crazy by the government for his writings, in which he sharply criticized the reality of Russian life. His works were banned from publication in imperial Russia. In 1829-1831 he created his main work - “Philosophical Letters”. The publication of the first of them in the Telescope magazine in 1836 caused sharp discontent of the authorities due to the bitter indignation expressed in it about Russia’s exclusion from the “worldwide education of the human race”, spiritual stagnation, impeding the fulfillment of the historical mission destined from above. The magazine was closed, the publisher Nadezhdin was exiled, and Chaadaev was declared crazy.

Plato (ancient Greek Πλάτων, between 429 and 427 BC, Athens - 347 BC, ibid.) - ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle. Plato is the first philosopher whose writings have been preserved not in short passages quoted by others, but in their entirety.

Prodicus from Iulida on the island of Keos is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists of the time of Socrates, a younger contemporary of Protagoras. He arrived in Athens as an ambassador from the island of Keos, and became famous as an orator and teacher. Plato treats him with greater respect than other sophists, and in some of the dialogues of Plato's Socrates his friend Prodicus appears. Prodicus in his curriculum gives great importance linguistics and ethics. The content of one of his speeches, “Hercules at the Crossroads,” is still known. He also presented a theory of the origin of religion.

Protagoras is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists. He gained fame through his teaching activities during his many years of wanderings. While in Athens, among others, he communicated with Pericles and Euripides.

Pierre Bourdieu - French sociologist and philosopher, one of the most influential sociologists of the second half of the twentieth century: 358: 319. His sociology is highly regarded for both theory and empirical research:

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - French philosopher and theologian, Jesuit priest, one of the creators of the theory of the noosphere. He made significant contributions to paleontology, anthropology, philosophy and Catholic theology; created a kind of synthesis of the Catholic Christian tradition and the modern theory of cosmic evolution. He left behind neither a school nor direct students, but founded a new movement in science - Teilhardism.

Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron is an outstanding French philosopher, political scientist, sociologist and publicist, the founder of the critical philosophy of history, one of the creators and main theorists of the concept of de-ideologization, as well as the theories of “mondialization” and the unified industrial society. Liberal. He believed that the state is obliged to create laws that ensure freedom, pluralism and equality for citizens, and also to ensure their implementation. Winner of the Alexis Tocqueville Prize for Humanism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson - American essayist, poet, philosopher, pastor, social activist; one of the most prominent thinkers and writers in the United States. In his essay “Nature,” he was the first to express and formulate the philosophy of transcendentalism.

Robert Maynard Pirsig is an American writer and philosopher, best known as the author of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974), which has sold more than five million copies worldwide.

Socrates is an ancient Greek philosopher, whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from consideration of nature and the world to consideration of man. His activity is a turning point in ancient philosophy. With his method of analyzing concepts and identifying the positive qualities of a person with his knowledge, he directed the attention of philosophers to the importance of the human personality. Socrates is called the first philosopher in the proper sense of the word. In the person of Socrates, philosophizing thought first turns to itself, exploring its own principles and techniques. Representatives of the Greek branch of patristics drew direct analogies between Socrates and Christ. Socrates was the son of the stonemason Sophroniscus and the midwife Phenareta, and he had a maternal brother, Patroclus. He was married to a woman named Xanthippe. “Socrates’ interlocutors sought his company not in order to become orators..., but in order to become noble people and fulfill their duties well towards their family, servants, relatives, friends, the Fatherland, and fellow citizens.” Socrates believed that noble people would be able to rule the state without the participation of philosophers, but in defending the truth, he was often forced to take an active part in the public life of Athens. He took part in the Peloponnesian War - he fought at Potidaea, at Delia, at Amphipolis. He defended the strategists condemned to death from the unfair trial of the demos, including the son of his friends Pericles and Aspasia. He was the mentor of the Athenian politician and commander Alcibiades, saved his life in battle, but refused to accept Alcibiades’ love in gratitude, because he considered physical love only a consequence of the inability to restrain the impulses of the base side of the human soul.

Thomas Hobbes - English philosopher-materialist, one of the founders of the theory of social contract and the theory of state sovereignty. Known for ideas that have gained currency in disciplines such as ethics, theology, physics, geometry and history.

Francesco Guicciardini is an outstanding Italian political thinker and historian of the High Renaissance. Coming from a wealthy and noble family, Guicciardini studied at the universities of Ferrara and Padua. A younger contemporary of Machiavelli, he turned to the study of the past in his youth hometown- Florence. In the History of Florence, he outlined the events from the Ciompi uprising of 1378 until 1509, when this work was written, published only in 1859. Guicciardini carefully analyzed evolution political system- from the Popolan democracy to the tyranny of the Medici - coming to the conclusion that the optimal form of government for Florence would be an oligarchy, “the rule of the best.” Political preferences did not prevent him, however, from accurately assessing the hidden springs of the state life of the Florentine Republic, from seeing behind the changes in the structure of power the struggle of the selfish interests of individual groups and influential persons from the social elite. Unlike Machiavelli, his friend, whom he, however, often criticized, Guicciardini was not inclined to justify the system of autocracy under any circumstances - he remained faithful to republican principles, albeit of an aristocratic overtones, in his other works, in particular in the dialogue “ On the government of Florence."

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche is a German thinker, classical philologist, composer, creator of an original philosophical doctrine, which is emphatically non-academic in nature and partly for this reason is widespread, going far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. Nietzsche's fundamental concept includes special criteria for assessing reality, which called into question the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and were subsequently reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's works do not lend themselves to unambiguous interpretation and cause a lot of controversy.

Francis Bacon; January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626 - English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism. In 1584, at the age of 23, he was elected to parliament. From 1617 Lord Privy Seal, then Lord Chancellor; Baron of Verulam and Viscount of St. Albans. In 1621 he was put on trial on charges of bribery, convicted and removed from all positions. He was later pardoned by the king, but did not return to public service And last years devoted his life to scientific and literary work. Bacon began his professional career as a lawyer, but later became widely known as a lawyer-philosopher and defender of the scientific revolution. His works are the foundation and popularization of inductive methodology scientific research, often called Bacon's method. Induction gains knowledge from the world around us through experiment, observation, and testing hypotheses. In the context of their time, such methods were used by alchemists. Bacon outlined his approach to the problems of science in the treatise “New Organon”, published in 1620. In this treatise, he proclaimed the goal of science to be an increase in human power over nature, which he defined as soulless material, the purpose of which is to be used by man.

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj - Indian guru, teacher of Advaita, belonged to the line of succession of the Navnath Sampradaya. As one of the exponents of the 20th century school of non-duality metaphysics, Sri Nisargadatta, with his straightforward and minimalist explanation of non-duality, is considered the most famous Advaita teacher to live after Ramana Maharshi. In 1973, his most famous and widely translated book, I Am That, a translation of Nisargadatta's discourses into English language brought him worldwide recognition and followers. Some of Nisargadatta's most famous students are Ramesh Balsekar and psychologist Stephen Wolinsky.

Emmanuel Mounier is a French personalist philosopher. In 1924–1927 he received a philosophical education at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne. Then he taught philosophy in lyceums. From 1932 until his death he published the magazine “Esprit” (in 1941–1944 the magazine was banned by the occupation authorities). Member of the Resistance movement.

Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury - English philosopher, writer and politician, educator. Third Earl of Shaftesbury. Author of works collected in three volumes, “Characteristics of People, Morals, Opinions, Times,” devoted to ethical, aesthetic, religious and political problems.

Epictetus (ancient Greek Έπίκτητος; ca. 50, Hierapolis, Phrygia - 138, Nicopolis, Epirus) - ancient Greek philosopher; a slave in Rome, then a freedman; founded a philosophical school in Nikopol. The lectures of the Stoic Musonius Rufus took place in Rome, among the listeners was Epaphroditus, the master of Epictetus, accompanied by his slave. He preached the ideas of stoicism: the main task of philosophy is to teach us to distinguish between what is within our power to do and what is not. We are not subject to everything outside of us, the physical, the external world. It is not these things themselves, but only our ideas about them that make us happy or unhappy; but our thoughts, aspirations, and therefore our happiness are subject to us. All people are slaves of one God, and a person’s whole life should be in connection with God, which makes a person capable of courageously confronting the vicissitudes of life. Epictetus himself did not write treatises. Excerpts from his teachings, known as the Discourses and the Manual, are preserved in the writings of his student Arrian. The latter text was especially popular: it was translated into Latin and was repeatedly commented on by philosophers and theologians.

Epicurus (Greek Επίκουρος; 342/341 BC, Samos - 271/270 BC, Athens) - ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Epicureanism in Athens. Of the 300 works Epicurus is believed to have written, only fragments survive. Among the sources of knowledge about this philosopher is the work of Diogenes Laertius “On the Life, Teachings and Sayings of Famous Philosophers” and “On the Nature of Things” by Lucretius Cara.

Yakov Semyonovich Druskin (1901-1980) - Soviet philosopher, writer, mathematician, art historian. Father - Semyon Lvovich Druskin (1869-1934), doctor, Socialist Revolutionary, native of Vilna; mother - Elena Savelyevna Druskina (1872-1963). He was born in Rostov-on-Don, where his father was a practicing doctor and a member of the guardianship of the Talmud Torah of the Main Synagogue. In 1920-1930 - a member of the esoteric communities of poets, writers and philosophers "Chinari" and OBERIU, author of the famous "Diaries" about literary life Russia 20-30s. Thanks to him, many works of the “Chinars” and “Oberiuts” were preserved and published. Brother - musicologist Mikhail Semenovich Druskin, sister - Lydia Semenovna Druskina (1911-2005), physicist, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, publisher of most of the posthumous publications of her older brother.

Until now, quotes from philosophers from different eras have not lost their relevance. By studying them, you can learn a lot, as well as recharge with calmness, optimism and self-confidence.

Quotes from ancient Greek philosophers about life

It was ancient Greek philosophy that played a leading role in the formation of the philosophy of European countries. The sages of antiquity raised such important questions, How:

contrasting materialism with idealism;
separation of rationalistic and empirical knowledge of the world;
the essence of thinking;
identifying the differences between a life of duty and a life of hedonism.

The philosophers of this time can be called: Epicurus and Aristotle, Pythagoras and Democritus, Demosthenes and Homer, as well as Plato. Ancient Greek philosophy includes Greek and Roman philosophy, which lasted a total of over a thousand years. IN Ancient Greece The development of this science was carried out by aristocrats, as well as travelers who brought writing from the Phoenicians.

The aphorisms of ancient Greek philosophers about life are of a different nature depending on which philosophical movement their authors belonged to. Thus, Homer wrote a lot about heroes, gods and immortality, accessible only to a few. Pythagoras, like the supporters of Orphism, considered life to be suffering for the soul and saw death as a deliverance from it. Moreover, in his opinion, with death occurs the transmigration of souls, or metempsychosis.

Followers of the Milesian school studied the origin of life on Earth in more detail. Many of them were convinced that the beginning of all things was fire, which lives forever, and everything that is generated by it is finite or mortal. Some sages argued that non-existence does not exist at all - there is only being.

Democritus described the human soul as full of warmth, which in itself is the fundamental principle of all living things. Moreover, everything living, in his opinion, is animated in different ways. The more warmth there is in the soul of a living being, the more perfect it is. The same philosopher assures that the afterlife is nothing more than a myth, since after death the soul scatters into many atoms and disappears. A deceased person stops holding these atoms within himself by breathing, and they scatter and mix with the atoms contained in the air.

The main idea of the Ancient Greek philosophy about life is that you need to live a full life and not be afraid of death. Resistance to death is meaningless, as is grieving for the departed. Man is the only creator of morality and laws, which are the main criteria of virtue.

The main precepts of the philosophers of this era are as follows:

Everything in life should be done based on unconditional love.
You should never lose heart, complain about fate or live in the past.
You don’t need to recklessly believe everything that other people say, but you need to trust yourself in any situation.
You should always keep your thoughts positive and not lose faith.
When a situation becomes difficult, only within yourself can you find the strength to overcome it.

Thus, the ancient teaching about life is inseparable from the desire to overcome the fear of death. Subsequently, the immortality of the soul, which reduces the tragedy of death, was adopted by many religions.

Quotes from medieval philosophers

Medieval philosophy began its existence in the 5th century and ended in the 15th century. Its main element was an attempt to unite people divided into estates, classes, nationalities and occupations, with the help of a common religion - Christianity. Many philosophers were convinced that by becoming Christians, people would be able to become equal to each other in the future, afterlife, regardless of what their life on earth was like. Promoting the idea of immortality – distinctive feature this time.

The attitude towards nature has changed. If ancient philosophy considered nature as a separate element of the universe, now in the Middle Ages it has become only a tool in the hands of man. Scientific study of it was suspended, people sought to use its wealth, thinking little about their replenishment.

Speaking about human self-awareness, it is important to note that the Middle Ages were a time when main characteristic a person becomes his will (in ancient times it was the mind). People who have not been able to subjugate their own will can realize goodness, but at the same time do evil. The poet's leading philosophical thought was that no one can defeat evil without God's help.

Philosophical thought went through three periods:

The Apologetics period, when early Christian symbols and rituals were revised and the existence of God was proven;
The Patristic Period is when the Catholic Christian Church began to dominate all spheres of people's lives in Europe;
The Scholastic period is when the dogmas expressed by the sages of past years were revised.

The most famous thinkers of this era were Tatian, Origen, Boethius, Thomas Aquinas, John Chrysostom and others. Most of them were directly related to the church. Therefore, the phrases of various philosophers, known to us since the Middle Ages, were also originally conceived as related to religion.

Quotes from Renaissance Philosophers

The Renaissance began at the end of the 14th century Western Europe, very quickly capturing all areas of knowledge - including philosophy. At this time, thinkers return to antiquity and revive ideas born in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The era is divided into several stages:

humanistic – when anthropocentrism was replaced by theocentrism;
Neoplatonic;
natural-philosophical.

The statements of thinkers in each of the above stages have their own characteristics. In general Catholic Church began to have less influence on all spheres of people's lives and as a result split into Protestant and Catholic. Geographical discoveries made at this time also contributed to changing the picture of the world. The growing influence of science has led to an increasing number of philosophers beginning to believe that the world is organized rationally. Philosophy took a course towards heliocentrism (the idea of a world system with the Sun at the center), humanism, neoplatonism (a movement based on the ideas of Plato) and secularism (a proposal to divide civil rights people and the system of government from religion).

Prominent philosophers of the Renaissance were Dante Alighieri, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Boccaccio, Galileo Galilei, Machiavelli and others.

Quotes from modern philosophers

This period in philosophy began in the 17th century and lasted two centuries. Thinkers developed several directions:

empiricism;
rationalism;
materialism;
philosophy of education.

The names of the most famous thinkers of this era: Holbach and Leibniz, Hobbes and Bacon, Descartes and Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu.

Science moves forward by leaps and bounds, making one discovery after another, and its laws also affect philosophy, turning it into an experimental science. Rationalism and empiricism become the main directions of its development thanks to the social and scientific revolutions. Knowledge based on logic on the one hand and subjective feelings on the other occupies thinkers. Many works are devoted to knowledge itself - its laws, essence, goals and possibilities.

Quotes from modern philosophers

Classics, but also modern philosophers, left many bright, wise sayings. The peculiarity of modern philosophy is that man is recognized as endowed with unlimited possibilities for knowledge and creativity. At the same time, forces should be directed not at the outside world, but primarily at oneself. As soon as he manages to become better himself, everything that surrounds him will change.

The most famous modern thinkers include: Vonnegut, Peirce, James, Freud, Camus and others.

Each of the listed philosophers contributed to the knowledge of the world and man - his soul and life. Through their quotes, everyone can get to know themselves better and find the right path.

Our life is a consequence of our thoughts; it is born in our heart, it is created by our thoughts. If a person speaks and acts with a good thought, joy follows him like a shadow that never leaves.

"Dhammapada"

Everything that changes our lives is not an accident. It is within us and awaits only an external reason for expression through action.

Alexander Sergeevich Green

Life is neither suffering nor pleasure, but a task that we must do and honestly complete it.

Alexis Tocqueville

Strive not to achieve success, but to ensure that your life has meaning.

Albert Einstein


The Mystery of God (Part 1)	The Mystery of God (Part 2)	The Mystery of God (Part 3)

To see all things in God, to make one's life a movement towards the ideal, to live with gratitude, concentration, gentleness and courage: this is the amazing point of view of Marcus Aurelius.

Henri Amiel

Every life creates its own destiny.

Henri Amiel

Life is a moment. It cannot be lived first in a draft and then rewritten into a white paper.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

The calling of every person in spiritual activity is a constant search for the truth and meaning of life.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

The meaning of life is only in one thing - struggle.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Life is a continuous birth, and you accept yourself as you become.

I want to fight for my life. They fight for the truth. Everyone always fights for the truth, and there is no ambiguity in this.

It is not necessary to look at where a person was born, but what his morals are, not in what land, but by what principles he decided to live his life.

Apuleius

Life - is a risk. Only by getting into risky situations do we continue to grow. And one of the biggest risks we can take is the risk of love, the risk of being vulnerable, the risk of allowing ourselves to open up to another person without fear of pain or hurt.

Arianna Huffington

What is a sense of life? Serve others and do good.

Aristotle

No one lived in the past, no one will have to live in the future; the present is the form of life.

Arthur Schopenhauer

Remember: only this life has value!

Aphorisms from literary monuments of ancient Egypt

We should not be afraid of death, but of empty life.

Bertolt Brecht

People seek pleasure, rushing from side to side, only because they feel the emptiness of their life, but do not yet feel the emptiness of that new fun that attracts them.

Blaise Pascal

The moral qualities of a person should be judged not by his individual efforts, but by his daily life.

Blaise Pascal

No, apparently death doesn’t explain anything. Only life gives people certain opportunities that they realize or are wasted; only life can resist evil and injustice.

Vasily Bykov

Life is not about living, but about feeling that you are living.

Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky

Life is not a burden, but wings of creativity and joy; and if anyone turns it into a burden, then he himself is to blame.

Vikenty Vikentyevich Veresaev

Our life is a journey, an idea is a guide. There is no guide and everything stops. The goal is lost, and the strength is gone.

Whatever we strive for, whatever the particular tasks that we set for ourselves, we at the end of the day We strive for one thing: for completeness and completeness... We strive to become eternal, complete, and all-encompassing life ourselves.

Victor Frankl

Finding your way, finding out your place in life - this is everything for a person, this means for him to become himself.

Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky

Whoever wants to accept the meaning of life as an external authority ends up accepting the meaning of his own arbitrariness as the meaning of life.

Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov

A person can have two basic behaviors in life: he either rolls or climbs.

Vladimir Soloukhin

Only you have the power to change your life for the better, simply by intending to do so.

Eastern wisdom

This is the meaning of our stay on earth: to think and search and listen to distant disappeared sounds, since behind them lies our true homeland.

Hermann Hesse

Life is a mountain: you go up slowly, you go down quickly.

Guy de Maupassant

Idleness and idleness entail depravity and ill health - on the contrary, the aspiration of the mind towards something brings with it vigor, eternally aimed at strengthening life.

Hippocrates

One thing, constantly and strictly performed, organizes everything else in life, everything revolves around it.

Delacroix

Just as there is a disease of the body, there is also a disease of the lifestyle.

Democritus

There is no poetry in a serene and blissful life! You need something to move your soul and burn your imagination.

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

You cannot lose the meaning of life for the sake of life.

Decimus Junius Juvenal

True Light is the one that comes from within a person and reveals the secrets of the heart to the soul, making it happy and in harmony with life.

Man struggles to find life outside himself, not realizing that the life he seeks is within him.

A person who is limited in heart and thoughts tends to love what is limited in life. One whose vision is limited cannot see beyond the length of one cubit on the road he is walking on or on the wall he is leaning against with his shoulder.

Those who illuminate the lives of others will not be left without light themselves.

James Matthew Barry

Look at every dawn as the beginning of your life, and at every sunset as the end of it. Let each of these short lives be marked by some kind deed, some victory over oneself or acquired knowledge.

John Ruskin

It's hard to live when you haven't done anything to earn your place in life.

Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevitinov

The completeness of life, both short and long, is determined only by the purpose for which it is lived.

David Star Jordan

Our life is a struggle.

Euripides

You can't get honey without difficulty. There is no life without sadness and adversity.

Debt is what we owe to humanity, our loved ones, our neighbors, our family, and, above all, what we owe to all those who are poorer and more defenseless than us. This is our duty, and failure to fulfill it during life makes us spiritually bankrupt and leads to a state of moral collapse in our future incarnation.

A person's honor is not in the power of another; this honor is in himself and does not depend on public opinion; her defense is not a sword or a shield, but an honest and impeccable life, and a battle in such conditions is not inferior in courage to any other battle.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The cup of life is beautiful! What stupidity it is to be indignant at her just because you see her bottom.

Jules Renan

Life is only wonderful for those who strive for a goal that is constantly achieved, but never achieved.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Two meanings in life - internal and external,
The external one has family, business, success;
And the inner one is unclear and unearthly -
Everyone is responsible for everyone.

Igor Mironovich Guberman

He who can fill every moment with deep content endlessly prolongs his life.

Isolde Kurtz

Truly, there is nothing better in life than the help of a friend and mutual joy.

John of Damascus

Everything that happens to us leaves one mark or another in our lives. Everything is involved in making us who we are.

Life is a duty, even if it were a moment.

Only he is worthy of life and freedom who goes to battle for them every day.

Man lives real life, if you are happy with someone else's happiness.

Life, like the waters of the sea, is refreshing only when it rises to heaven.

Johann Richter

Human life is like iron. If you use it, it wears out, but if you don’t use it, rust eats it up.

Cato the Elder

It's never too late to plant a tree: even if you don't get the fruits, the joy of life begins with the opening of the first bud of the planted plant.

Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

What is more valuable - a glorious name or life? What is smarter - life or wealth? What is more painful - to achieve or to lose? This is why great passions inevitably lead to great losses. And indefatigable accumulation turns into a huge loss. Know when to stop and you won't have to feel ashamed. Know how to stop - and you will not encounter dangers and you will be able to live a long time.

Lao Tzu

Life should and can be unceasing joy

The shortest expression of the meaning of life can be this: the world moves and improves. The main task is to contribute to this movement, submit to it and cooperate with it.

Salvation does not lie in rituals, sacraments, or in the confession of this or that faith, but in a clear understanding of the meaning of one’s life.

I am sure that the meaning of life for each of us is simply to grow in love.

In nature, everything is wisely thought out and arranged, everyone should mind their own business, and in this wisdom lies the highest justice of life.

Leonardo da Vinci

The blessing is not in having a long life, but in how to manage it: it can happen, and it often happens, that someone who lives a long time lives short.