The mountains are covered with monsoon forests. There are also tea and coffee plantations on the slopes of the mountains.

The Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats in the south at the Nilgiri Mountains.

Eastern Ghats
Hindi
Characteristics
Square	262,673 km²
Length	1131 km
Width	1053 km
Highest point
highest peak	Devodi Munda
Highest point	1680 m
Location
15°47′ N. sh. 80°00′ E d.
A country
Regions	Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Eastern Ghats

Notes

1. Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary: Geographical Names / Ed. A. F. Treshnikova. - 2nd ed., add. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. - S. 113. - 210,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-057-6.
2. Eastern Ghats // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / otv. ed. A. M. Komkov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Nedra, 1986. - S. 126.
3. Eastern Ghats // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
4. Eastern Ghats

Aerides curly

Aerides curly (lat. Aërides crispa) is a species from the genus Aerides (Aërides) of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Ghats (disambiguation)

The Gathas are part of the Avesta

Eastern Ghats - a mountain system on the east coast of Hindustan

Western Ghats - a mountain system on the western coast of Hindustan

Geography of India

India is located in South Asia, mostly on the Hindustan Peninsula. The coast of India, whose length is more than 7 thousand km, is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean - the Bay of Bengal from the southeast and the Arabian Sea from the southwest. The territory of India is 3 million 288 thousand km², according to this indicator, the country ranks seventh in the world.

India is located north of the equator between 6°44" and 35°30" northern latitude and 68°7" and 97°25" East.

Mountain forest belt

The mountain-forest belt is a natural altitudinal belt with a predominance of forest landscapes.

Mountain forests - forests located within mountain systems and individual mountain ranges with fluctuations in the relative heights of the terrain of more than 100 m and an average surface slope from the foot to the top of mountain ranges or to the border of treeless spaces of more than 5 °, regardless of the fact that individual sections of the slope can have a steepness of less than 5 °, as well as forests on mountain plateaus and plateaus, regardless of the slope of the terrain. The forests of the plateaus, however, are not subject to altitudinal-zonal patterns, but to latitudinal-zonal ones, therefore their assignment to mountain forests is debatable. The mountain-forest belt reaches its greatest development in equatorial latitudes. The mountain-forest belt is distributed mainly in the mountains of sufficiently humid regions, but it is also noted in the mountains of arid regions, where it often does not form a continuous band, but is found in combination with meadows and steppes (mountain forest-steppe).

The mountain-forest belt is often divided into a number of sub-belts, which differ in the properties of the forests that compose them. The presence of specific subbelts depends on

continental climate and

other factors, including human activities.

Deccan (plateau)

Deccan, or Deccan Plateau (Hindi दक्खिन, Dakkhin; English Deccan Plateau, from Sanskrit दक्षिण dakshina - “southern”) is a plateau in India on the Hindustan peninsula. It is located in the inner part of the peninsula, bounded from the north by the Narmada River, from the south by the Kaveri River. It occupies an area of ​​about 1 million km². The surface is mainly inclined to the east, and therefore most of the rivers flow to the east and flow into the Bay of Bengal.

To the north of the plateau is the Indo-Gangetic plain. Along the western edge of the plateau are the Western Ghats, which in the southern part fence off the Malabar coast, and along the eastern edge - the Eastern Ghats, which fence off the Coromandel coast from the plateau, respectively.

Jackfruit

Jackfruit, or eve, or Indian breadfruit (lat. Artocarpus heterophyllus), is a woody plant, a species of the genus Artocarpus (Artocarpus) of the Mulberry family, a close relative of breadfruit.

Dravidians

Dravidians are peoples who inhabit mainly South India (only Brahui remained in Pakistan) and speak Dravidian languages. Anthropologically, the Dravidians are so different from the rest of the population of India that many researchers distinguish them into a separate race - Dravidian, or South Indian - apparently the result of a mixture of the Indo-Mediterranean and Vedoid races.

The Dravidian peoples are the main creators of one of the oldest and most developed world civilizations - the civilization of the Indus Valley, or the Harappan civilization, in the culture and mythology of which Dravidian elements are quite clearly traced. It is assumed that during the period when this ancient civilization was already in decline, as a result of a series of environmental disasters and a wave of Indo-Aryan (racially Caucasian) onslaught, the cities in the Indus basin were destroyed, and the indigenous population, in particular the Dravidians, were forced out or migrated to the south of the Hindustan peninsula.

Dravidians include Telugu, or Andhra (44 million people according to an estimate in 1967, currently more than 80 million people), Tamils ​​(~ 70 million people, partly also live on the island of Sri Lanka, in Malaysia, Myanmar and other countries of the South -East Asia), Malayali (more than 35 million people), Kannara (44 million people), Gonds (more than 4 million people), Tulu (about 1 million people), as well as a number of small peoples who largely retained their tribal way of life and live mainly in mountainous and forest areas: oraons, todas, kota, kurumba, badaga, baiga, etc.

The Telugu and Tamil peoples are the creators of the two largest Indian film industries, Tollywood (Telugu language cinema) and Kollywood (Tamil language cinema), currently surpassing Bollywood (Hindi language cinema) in terms of film production.

The South Indian cities of Bangalore and Hyderabad are the largest scientific and industrial centers in India. Hyderabad competes with Bangalore for the right to be called India's Silicon Valley.

Western Ghats

Western Ghats (Hindi पश्चिमी घाट), Sahyadri (Hindi सह्याद्रि) is a mountain range in the west of Hindustan. They run north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, separating this plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The mountain range begins near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti River, stretches for about 1600 km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, ending in Kanyakumari, the southern end of Hindustan. About 60% of the Western Ghats are located in Karnataka.

The mountains occupy 60,000 km², the average height is 1200 m, the highest point is Anai Moody (2695 m).

India

India (Hindi भारत Bhārat, English India), official name- The Republic of India (Hindi भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya, English Republic of India) is a state in South Asia. Population - 180,000,000 people (December 22, 2017), territory - 3,287,263 km², according to both of these indicators is the largest country in South Asia. It ranks second in the world in terms of population and seventh in terms of territory. The capital is New Delhi. The official languages ​​are Hindi and English.

Federal state, parliamentary republic. The Prime Minister is Narendra Modi and the President is Ram Nath Kovind. It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories.

India borders Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the northeast, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In addition, India has maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, with Sri Lanka in the south and with Indonesia in the southeast. The disputed territory of the state of Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Afghanistan.

The Indian subcontinent is home to the ancient Indus civilization. For most of its history, India has been the center of important trade routes and has been renowned for its riches and high culture. Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism originated in India. In the first millennium of our era, Christianity and Islam also came to the Indian subcontinent, which had a significant impact on the development of the diverse culture of the region. In the XVIII - the first half of the XX century, India was gradually colonized by the British Empire. In 1947, after many years of struggle, the country gained independence. By the end of the 20th century, India achieved great success in economic and military development, the country's economy became one of the fastest growing in the world. Despite this, a significant part of the population continues to live below the poverty line. High levels of corruption and backward system healthcare.

India is a potential superpower nuclear weapons. She is included in international organizations like the UN, the G20, the WTO, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as the BRICS and the SCO.

Hindustan

Hindustan (Hindi हिन्दुस्तान Hindustān, Urdu ہندوستان‎ Hindostān from Persian Hindū‎ - Indus + -stān) is a peninsula in southern Asia. Area approx. 2 million km². The northern boundary is conventionally drawn from the Indus Delta to the Ganges Delta. Sometimes all the plateaus and mountains south of the Indo-Gangetic plain are also referred to Hindustan. A significant part of India, part of Pakistan and Bangladesh are located on the peninsula.

From the west it is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, from the east - by the Bay of Bengal. To the southeast of the tip of the peninsula is the large island of Sri Lanka. Hindustan is the southern part of the Indian subcontinent located on the Indian tectonic plate.

Along the coastline is a narrow strip of plains. Above them rise the Western and Eastern Ghats, framing the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is Mount Anai-mudi, the height of which is 2698 meters. There are also large deposits of coal, manganese, iron and copper ores, mica, bauxite and precious stones. The southernmost point of the peninsula is Cape Komorin.

coromandel coast

The Coromandel Coast is the eastern coast of the Hindustan Peninsula south of the Krishna River Delta to Cape Comorin. The coast is washed by the Bay of Bengal of the Indian Ocean, has a length of about 700 km and a width of 80-100 km. It is a strip of hilly plains, in the west passing into the Eastern Ghats.

Along the coast there are large sandy beaches and spits. The coast is low, indented by deltas of several major rivers, including Kaveri, Palar, Penner and Krishna, which form deltas with an area of ​​​​up to 10 thousand km². Rivers originate on the Deccan plateau and, flowing down from the Eastern Ghats, form fertile alluvial plains.

Currently, the Coromandel Coast is located in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, as well as in the union territory of Puducherry. On the coast there are large port cities - Chennai (Madras), Cuddalore, Trankebar (Tarangambadi), Nagapatnam and others.

The Western Ghats is one of those mountainous regions rare on earth, where on the edge of the Deccan Plateau, which breaks off into the Arabian Sea, a special world of wildlife has been preserved, nowhere else found.

ON THE WESTERN CLIP OF HINDOSTAN

The Western Ghats are not really mountains, but the edge of the Deccan Plateau, which rose above the plains when the ancient supercontinent Gondwana disintegrated.

The Western Ghats, or Sahyadri, is a vast mountain system stretching from north to south, from the valley of the Tapti River to Cape Komorin. This mountain system forms the western edge of the Deccan plateau, which occupies almost the entire Hindustan peninsula. The Western Ghats are separated from the Indian Ocean by a narrow strip of plains: their northern segment is called Konkan, the central one is Kanara, and the southern one is the Malabar coast.

The name of the mountains reflects not only their position in Hindustan, but also appearance: Gathas in Sanskrit means "steps". Indeed, the western slope slopes down to the coastal plains that stretch along the coast of the Arabian Sea. The stepped landscape of the mountains was the result of the most ancient tectonic activity, the "collision" of the tectonic plate of the Deccan plateau on less elevated parts of the earth's crust. The process lasted for millions of years at different speeds. The Western Ghats are not a mountain range in the full sense, but a shifted edge of the Deccan basalt plateau. These shifts occurred 150 million years ago, when the Gondwana pro-continent was breaking up. Therefore, the northern section of the Western Ghats is composed of a layer of basalt up to 2 km thick, while less significant layers of gneiss and a variety of granite - charnockite - predominate in the south.

The highest peak of the Western Ghats - Mount Ana Moody - is also the highest point south of the Himalayas.

In contrast to the monolithic ridges of the north, the south is dominated by individual massifs scattered here and there with irregular outlines of peaks.

The eastern slope of the Western Ghats are gently sloping plains, descending towards the hinterland of Hindustan.

The Western Ghats are the most important watershed of India: here are the sources of the rivers flowing from west to east and flowing into the Bay of Bengal - Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri, and from east to west into the Arabian Sea - Karamana.

Western Ghats play decisive role in shaping the climate of the entire Hindustan peninsula, preventing the advancement of wet air masses from the Arabian Sea, brought by the western monsoons. If in the west of the mountains almost 5 thousand mm of precipitation falls annually, then in the east - five times less. Therefore, the steep western slopes of the mountains are covered with tropical rainforests (almost all are cut down for firewood and plantations), and the more gentle and dry eastern slopes are covered with extensive shrouds, where in the middle of the grass stand individual candelabra-like spurges, acacias and deleba palms.

Communication between people living on both sides of the Western Ghats is facilitated by transverse tectonic valleys separating the mountains. It became a kind of roads that connected the Malabar coast and the Deccan plateau.

For the same reason, the Western Ghats have always attracted invaders who wanted to occupy these few trade routes from the sea inland. The mountains have witnessed the emergence of the largest Indian empires, were part of British colonial India. Now they are located on the territory of almost a dozen Indian states.

FIVE THOUSAND MOUNTAIN FLOWERS

The Western Ghats have a remarkably diverse fauna, with many species of flora endemic.

There is a clear difference in the composition of the population on both sides of the Western Ghats. The indigenous inhabitants of the western slopes are representatives of small tribal groups, speaking many languages, but united by common traditions and religions. Here they worship the spirits of their ancestors, poisonous snakes, buffaloes. The main tribes are Konkani and Tuluva.

Unlike many other geographic regions of India, the Western Ghats are not as advanced in technology and tourism. They mainly work here agriculture, growing the so-called "English" vegetables and fruits cultivated since the days of the British colonial East India Company: potatoes, carrots, cabbage, and from fruits - pears, plums and strawberries. The heritage of the British is also the production of hard cheeses.

But the greatest wealth of the Western Ghats is tea: terraces with rows of tea bushes were made back in late XIX V. under the direction of the British East India Company. After the departure of the British, the plantations were preserved, and today India is the second country in the world in terms of the amount of tea produced after.

For the sake of tea in the Western Ghats, almost all the sacred groves that have surrounded every temple since ancient times have been reduced. The few that remain are owned by village communities and run by a council of elders.

The Western Ghats are also the most a large number of protected areas in India. Here the last of the remaining in the country survive rare species animals: lion-tailed macaque, Indian leopard, Nilgiri goat-tar (living on Mount Ana-Moody), sambar deer and muntzhaki, prickly dormouse, Nilgiri har-za, primate hooded gullman. The total number of endangered species living in the Western Ghats is about 325.

The climate of the Western Ghats is currently undergoing significant changes. Previously, every year from September to December, on the slopes of the Western Ghats, especially in Anaikati, people from all over the world gathered to admire the magnificent butterflies. Now the number of fluttering insects has been drastically reduced. Scientists see the reasons for this phenomenon in global climate change, and the Western Ghats turned out to be the most sensitive to them from all regions of the world. Played a role and forest fires, and the expansion of the network of roads and plantations.

Cities in the Western Ghats are located at a considerable height above sea level, for example, the popular Indian resort - the city of Udhagamandalam - is located at an altitude of 2200 m. The largest city in the Western Ghats is Pune, the first capital of the Maratha empire.

Another famous city in the Western Ghats is Palakkad. It is located next to the wide (40 km) Palakkad Pass, which separates the southernmost part of the Western Ghats from the northern one. In the past, the Pa-Lakkad passage was the main route for the migration of people from the interior of India to the coast. The pass also serves as the most important source of wind energy: the average wind speed here reaches 18-22 km / h, and large wind farms have been built along the pass.

ATTRACTIONS

Natural:

■ Bandipur and Mudumalai reserves.

■ Waterfalls and rapids of the Pikara river.

■ Wenlock Lowlands.

■ National parks Mukurthi, Karimpuzha, Eravikulam and Silent Valley.

■ biosphere reserve Nilgiri.

■ Lakes Emerald, Porthi-mund and Avalanche.

■ Waterfall Lakkom.

City of Udhagamandalam (Ooty):

■ State rose garden.

■ John Sullivan's stone bungalow (1822).

■ Church of St. Stephen (1830).

■ Botanical Garden (1847).

■ Lake Udhagamandalam.

■ Huts of the Toda people.

■ Railway Ooty (1908).

■ Deer park.

City of Palakkad:

■ Jain Temple Jainimedu Jain (XV century).

■ Brahmin monastery Kalpati (XV century).

■ Fort Palakkad (1766).

■ Malampuzha Dam (1955).

■ Temple of Imur Bhgavati.

Pune city:

■ Museum of the Raja of Kelkar.

■ Palace of the Aga Khan.

■ Temple of Pataleshwar.

■ The fortresses of Simha Gad, Rajgarh, Thorna, Purander and Shivneri.

■ Shanvarwa-da Palace (1736).

■ Temple of Parvati.

■ There are more than 20,000 varieties of roses in the state rose garden of Udhagamandalam, and a 20-million-year-old petrified tree in the Botanical Garden.

■ Male Indian muntjac deer mark their territory with secretions from the lacrimal glands.

■ Nearly all of the Irula people suffer from respiratory problems. This is caused by smoke from grass burned in the fields: this is how the Irula fight rats, which destroy up to a quarter of the grain crop.

■ Zambar is the largest Indian deer, about one and a half meters tall at the withers, weighing more than three centners and with horns up to 130 cm long.

■ The name of Mount Ana Moody literally translated from the Malayalam language means "Elephant Mountain", or "Elephant forehead": its sloping top really resembles an elephant's forehead.

■ The small rodent prickly dormouse got its name because of the needle hair on the back. It is sometimes called a pepper rat - for its addiction to the fruits of ripening peppers.

■ The traditional art form of the Western Ghats is yakshagana, dance and drama performances with scenes from the ancient Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, first mentioned in 1105. Yakshagana is performed only by men.

■ A 2014 study in the Western Ghats rainforest identified more than a dozen new species of dancing frogs. They are so called because of the unusual movements during the mating season: males “dance”, stretching their legs to the sides, attracting the attention of females.

■ There are rows of trees in the tea plantations in the Western Ghats. This is also tea, bushes turn into trees if they are not cut. Tea trees are left for shade and moisture retention.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Location: South Asia, west of the Hindustan Peninsula.
Origin: tectonic.
Inner ranges: Nilgiri, Anaimalay, Palni, Kardamom hills.
Administrative affiliation: states of Gujarat, Maharashtra. Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Kanyakumari.
Cities: Pune - 5 049 968 people. (2014), Palakkad - 130,736 people. (2001), Udhagamandalam (Tamil Nadu) - 88,430 people. (2011).
Languages: Tamil, Badaga, Kannada, English, Mapaya Lama, Tulu, Konkani.
Ethnic composition: Konkani, Tuluva, Mudugar, and Rula and Kurumbar tribes.
Religions: Hinduism (majority), Islam, Catholicism, animism.
Monetary unit: Indian rupee.
Large rivers: Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri, Karamana, Tapti, Pikara.
Large lakes: Emerald, Porthimund, Avalanche, Upper Bhavani, Kodaikanal. Major airports: Coimbatore (international), Mangalore (international).

NUMBERS

Area: 187,320 km2.
Length: 1600 km from north to south.
Width: up to 100 km from east to west.
Average height: 900 m.
Maximum height: Mount Ana Moody (2695 m).
Other peaks: Mount Doddabetta (2637 m), Hekuba (2375 m), Kattadadu (2418 m), Kulkudi (2439 m).

CLIMATE

Subequatorial, monsoon.
Average January temperature: +25°С.
Average July temperature: +24°С.
Average annual rainfall: 2000-5000 mm, on the eastern slope - 600-700 mm.
Relative humidity: 70%.

ECONOMY

Industry: food (cheese-making, milk powder, chocolate, spices), metal products (needles), woodworking.
Hydroelectricity.
Wind power plants.
Agriculture: crop production (tea, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, pear, plum, strawberry).
Service sector: tourism, transport, trade.

.]] The mountains occupy 60,000 km², the average height is 1200 m. More than 5,000 species of flowering plants, 139 species of mammals, 508 species of birds, 179 species of amphibians live in the mountains. Many species are endemic.

Geology

The Western Ghats are not a full-fledged mountain range, but are a shifted edge of the Deccan plateau. They probably formed during the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent about 150 million years ago. Geophysicists Barren and Harrison from the University defended the version that the western coast of India was formed from 100 to 80 million years ago, after breaking off from the a. Shortly after breaking off, the peninsular region of the Indian Plateau drifted through the area of ​​modern a (21°06′ S, 55°31′ E). During large eruptions, the Deccan Plateau, a wide basalt layer in central India, developed. These volcanic processes led to the formation of the northern third of the Western Ghats, their domed outlines. The underlying rocks were formed over 200 million years ago. They can be seen in some places, for example in Nilgiris.

Basalt is the main rock, it is found at a depth of 3 km. Other rocks include harnockites, granitic gneisses, chondalites, granulites, metamorphic gneisses with occasional inclusions of limestone, iron ore, dolerites and anorthosites. There are also deposits of laterites and bauxites in the southern hills.

Mountains

The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura range in the north, running south through Goa, Karnataka, to Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The large mountain range starting in the north is Sahyadhri, which has many mountain stations. Among the smaller chains are the Kardamom Hills and the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu. In the Western Ghats lies the highest point of India south of the Himalayas - Ana Mudi (2659 m).

Rivers

The Western Ghats create one of the watersheds of India. They give rise important rivers peninsular India, flowing from west to east into the Bay of Bengal, such as Krishna, Godwari and Kaveri. Reservoirs have been built on many rivers in Maharashtra and Kerala.

Climate

The climate of the Western Ghats is humid and tropical, varying with altitude and distance from the equator. Above 1500 m in the north and over 2000 m in the south, the climate is more temperate. The average temperature here is +15, in some places in winter the temperature drops to 0. The coldest periods coincide with the wettest.

The mountains stop the western monsoon winds that bring rain, and therefore they receive a lot of precipitation, especially on the western slopes. Dense forests also contribute to rainfall in this area. 3000-4000 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Western Ghats, Sahyadri, mountain range in India, the western elevated edge of the Hindustan peninsula. Length around 1800 km, height up to 2698 m(city of Anaimudi). The western slope is a steep cliff of the Deccan Plateau, falling in steps to the Arabian Sea, the eastern slope is gently sloping plains, descending to the hinterland of the Hindustan Peninsula. Z. G. are divided by transverse tectonic valleys, which serve as communication routes between the Malabar coast and the Deccan plateau. The southern part is composed mainly of gneisses and charnockites, forming separate massifs with sharp, irregular outlines of peaks (Nilgiri, Anaimalay, Palni, Cardamom Mountains); the northern part is dominated by basalts forming flat-topped stepped hills. The climate is subequatorial, monsoonal. The annual amount of precipitation on the windward slopes is from 2 to 5 thousand tons. mm, on leeward - 600-700 mm. On the western slopes below and in the north there are mixed deciduous-evergreen forests, in the south - evergreen moist forests. rainforests(largely reduced); on the eastern slopes - dry savannas with candelabra-like spurges, acacias, deleba palms.

L. I. Kurakova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978

Here is a detailed map of Cape Gata with street names in Russian and house numbers. You can easily get directions by moving the map in all directions with the mouse or by clicking on the arrows in the upper left corner. You can change the scale using the scale with the "+" and "-" icons located on the right side of the map. The easiest way to adjust the image size is by rotating the mouse wheel.

What country is Cape Gata in?

Cape Gata is located in Spain. This is a wonderful, beautiful city, with its own history and traditions. Cape Gata coordinates: north latitude and east longitude (show on a large map).

virtual walk

An interactive map of Cape Gata with sights and other tourist sites is an indispensable tool for independent travel. For example, in the "Map" mode, whose icon is located in the upper left corner, you can see the city plan, as well as detailed map highways with track numbers. You can also see the railway stations and airports of the city marked on the map. Nearby you see the "Satellite" button. By turning on the satellite mode, you will see the terrain, and by zooming in, you can explore the city in great detail (thanks to satellite maps from Google Maps).

Move the "man" from the lower right corner of the map to any street in the city, and you can take a virtual walk along Cape Gate. Adjust the direction of movement using the arrows that appear in the center of the screen. By turning the mouse wheel, you can zoom in or out on the image.