The human hand turned out to be older than the monkey's. Study Finds Human Hands Are More Primitive Than Chimpanzee Limbs Behavioral Differences

Often the opinion is imposed on us that man descended from apes. And that science has discovered such a similarity between human DNA and chimpanzees that leaves no doubt about their origin from a common ancestor. Is it true? Are humans really just evolved apes? Consider the differences between apes and humans.

Remarkably, human DNA allows us to perform complex calculations, write poetry, build cathedrals, walk on the moon, while chimpanzees catch and eat each other's fleas. As information accumulates, the gap between humans and apes becomes more and more obvious. Listed below are just some of the differences that cannot be explained by minor internal changes, rare mutations or survival of the fittest.

1 Tails - where did they go? There is no intermediate state between the presence of a tail and its absence.

2 Our newborns are different from animal babies. Their sense organs are quite developed, the weight of the brain and body is much larger than that of monkeys, but with all this, our babies are helpless and more dependent on their parents. Gorilla babies can stand on their feet 20 weeks after birth, while human babies can stand up after 43 weeks. During the first year of life, a person develops functions that animal cubs have even before birth. Is this progress?

3 Many primates and most mammals make their own vitamin C. We, as the “strongest,” obviously lost this ability “somewhere on the road to survival.”

4 Monkey feet are like their hands - they have thumb the legs are mobile, directed to the side and opposed to the rest of the fingers, resembling the thumb. In humans, the big toe points forward and is not opposed to the rest, otherwise we could, having thrown off our shoes, easily lift objects with the thumb or even start writing with our foot.

5 Monkeys have no arch in their feet! When walking, our foot, thanks to the arch, absorbs all loads, shocks and shocks. If a person descended from ancient monkeys, then his arch should have appeared in the foot “from scratch”. However, the springy vault is not just a small detail, but a complex mechanism. Without him, our life would be very different. Just imagine a world without bipedalism, sports, games and long walks!

6 A person does not have a continuous hairline: if a person shares a common ancestor with monkeys, where did the thick hair from the monkey body go? Our body is relatively hairless (flaw) and completely devoid of tactile hair. No other intermediate, partially hairy species are known.

7 Human skin is rigidly attached to the muscular frame, which is characteristic only of marine mammals.

8 Humans are the only land creatures capable of consciously holding their breath. This, at first glance, "insignificant detail" is very important, since an indispensable condition for the ability to speak is a high degree of conscious control of breathing, which in us is not similar to any other animal living on land. Desperate to find a terrestrial "missing link" and based on these unique human properties, some evolutionists have seriously suggested that we evolved from aquatic animals!

9 Among primates, only humans have blue eyes and curly hair.

10 We have a unique speech apparatus that provides the finest articulation and articulate speech.

11 In humans, the larynx occupies a much lower position in relation to the mouth than in monkeys. Due to this, our pharynx and mouth form a common “tube”, which plays an important role as a speech resonator. This ensures the best resonance - a necessary condition for the pronunciation of vowel sounds. Interestingly, the drooping larynx is a disadvantage: unlike other primates, humans cannot eat or drink and breathe at the same time without choking.

12 The thumb of our hand is well developed, strongly opposed to the rest and very mobile. Monkeys have hooked hands with a short and weak thumb. No element of culture would exist without our unique thumb! Coincidence or design?

13 Only man is inherent in true upright posture. Sometimes, when the monkeys are carrying food, they can walk or run on two limbs. However, the distance they cover in this way is rather limited. In addition, the way monkeys walk on two limbs is completely different from walking on two legs. The particular human approach requires the intricate integration of the many skeletal and muscular features of our hips, legs, and feet.

14 Humans are able to support their body weight on their feet while walking because our hips converge towards our knees, forming a unique 9-degree load-bearing angle with the tibia (in other words, we have "knees out"). Conversely, chimpanzees and gorillas have widely spaced, straight legs with a bearing angle almost equal to zero. These animals, while walking, distribute their body weight on their feet, swaying the body from side to side and moving with the help of the “monkey gait” familiar to us.

15 The human brain is far more complex than the monkey brain. It is about 2.5 times more brain higher monkeys in terms of volume and 3-4 times in terms of mass. A person has a highly developed cerebral cortex, in which the most important centers of the psyche and speech are located. Unlike apes, only humans have a complete sylvian sulcus, consisting of anterior horizontal, anterior ascending, and posterior branches.

Based on site materials

According to recent genetic studies, there are incomparably large differences between man and ape.

Remarkably, human DNA allows us to perform complex calculations, write poetry, build cathedrals, walk on the moon, while chimpanzees catch and eat each other's fleas. As information accumulates, the gap between humans and apes becomes more and more obvious. The following are just some of the differences that cannot be explained by minor internal changes, rare mutations, or survival of the fittest.

1 Tails - where did they go? There is no intermediate state between the presence of a tail and its absence.

3 Many primates and most mammals make their own vitamin C. We, as the “strongest,” obviously lost this ability “somewhere on the road to survival.”

4 The feet of monkeys are similar to their hands - their big toe is movable, directed to the side and opposed to the rest of the fingers, resembling a thumb. In humans, the big toe points forward and is not opposed to the rest, otherwise we could, having thrown off our shoes, easily lift objects with the thumb or even start writing with our foot.

Differences between monkeys and humans

7 Human skin is rigidly attached to the muscular frame, which is characteristic only of marine mammals.

9 Among primates, only humans have blue eyes and curly hair.

10 We have a unique speech apparatus that provides the finest articulation and articulate speech.

15 The human brain is far more complex than the monkey brain. It is approximately 2.5 times larger than the brain of higher monkeys in terms of volume and 3-4 times in mass. A person has a highly developed cerebral cortex, in which the most important centers of the psyche and speech are located. Unlike apes, only humans have a complete sylvian sulcus, consisting of anterior horizontal, anterior ascending, and posterior branches.

How did this erroneous figure come about? First, only those regions of DNA that code for proteins were compared. and this is only a tiny fraction (about 3%) of all DNA. In other words, the remaining 97% of the DNA volume was simply not taken into account when comparing! Here is the objectivity of the approach! Why were they ignored in the first place? The fact is that evolutionists considered non-coding sections of DNA "junk", that is, "useless remnants of past evolution". And this is where the evolutionary approach failed. Behind last years science has discovered the important role of non-coding DNA: it governs the work of genes encoding proteins, "turning on" and "turning off" them. (Cm. )

Today, the myth of 98-99% genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees is still widespread.

It is now known that differences in gene regulation (which are often difficult to even quantify) are as important a factor in determining the difference between humans and monkeys as the sequence of nucleotides in genes itself. Not surprisingly, large genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees continue to be found precisely in the initially ignored non-coding DNA. If we take it into account (i.e. the remaining 97%), then the difference between us and chimpanzees rises to 5–8%, and possibly 10–12% (research in this area is still ongoing).

Secondly, in the original work, no direct comparison of DNA base sequences was made, but rather crude and inaccurate method was used, called DNA hybridization: individual sections of human DNA were combined with sections of chimpanzee DNA. However, in addition to similarity, other factors also affect the degree of hybridization.

Third, in the initial comparison, the researchers took into account only base substitutions in DNA, and inserts were not taken into account, which contribute greatly to the genetic difference. In one of the comparisons of a given section of chimpanzee and human DNA, taking into account inserts, a difference of 13.3% was found.

Evolutionary bias and the belief in a common ancestor played no small role in obtaining this false figure, which significantly slowed down the receipt of a real answer to the question of why man and ape are so different.

Therefore evolutionists forced to believe that for some unknown reason, hyper-fast evolution took place on the branch of the transformation of ancient apes into humans: random mutations and selection presumably created for a limited number of generations a complex brain, a special foot and hand, an intricate speech apparatus and other unique human properties (note that the genetic difference in the corresponding DNA regions is much more than the common 5%, see examples below). And this is while, as we know from actual living fossils, .

So there was stagnation in thousands of branches (this is an observed fact!), and in the human genealogy there was an explosive hyper-rapid evolution (never observed)? It's just unrealistic fantasy! The evolutionary belief is untrue and contradicts everything that science knows about mutations and genetics.

The human Y chromosome is as different from the chimpanzee Y chromosome as it is from the chicken chromosome. In a recent comprehensive study, scientists compared the human Y chromosome with the chimpanzee Y chromosome and found that they "surprisingly different". One class of sequences within the chimpanzee Y chromosome differed by more than 90% from a similar class of sequences in the human Y chromosome, and vice versa. And one class of sequences in the human Y chromosome in general "had no counterpart on the chimpanzee Y chromosome". Evolutionary researchers expected that the structures of the Y chromosome would be similar in both species.
Chimpanzees and gorillas have 48 chromosomes, while we only have 46. Curiously, potatoes have even more chromosomes.
Human chromosomes contain genes that are completely absent in chimpanzees. Where did these genes and their genetic information come from? For example, chimpanzees lack three important genes that are associated with the development of an inflammatory process in the human response to disease. This fact reflects the difference between human and chimpanzee immune systems.
In 2003, scientists calculated a difference of 13.3% between the areas responsible for the immune systems. 19 The FOXP2 gene in chimpanzees is not speech at all, but performs completely different functions, having different effects on the work of the same genes.
The section of DNA in humans that determines the shape of a hand is very different from that of a chimpanzee. At the same time, interestingly, differences were found in non-coding DNA. The irony is that evolutionists, guided by the belief in evolution, considered such sections of DNA "junk" - "useless" remnants of evolution. Science continues to discover their important role.
At the end of each chromosome is a repetitive strand of DNA called a telomere. Chimpanzees and other primates have about 23 kb. (1 kb is equal to 1000 nucleic acid base pairs) of repeating elements. Humans are unique among all primates, their telomeres are much shorter: only 10 kb long. This point is often overlooked in evolutionary propaganda when discussing the genetic similarities between apes and humans.

@Jeff Johnson www.mbbnet.umn.edu/icons/chromosome.html

In a recent comprehensive study, scientists compared the human Y chromosome with the chimpanzee Y chromosome and found that they are "surprisingly different." One class of sequences within the chimpanzee Y chromosome was less than 10% similar to a similar class of sequences on the human Y chromosome and vice versa. And one class of sequences on the human Y chromosome "had no counterpart on the chimpanzee Y chromosome" at all. And in order to explain where all these differences between humans and chimpanzees come from, supporters of large-scale evolution are forced to invent stories about rapid overall rearrangements and the rapid formation of DNA containing new genes, as well as regulatory DNA. But since each corresponding Y chromosome is single and completely dependent on the host organism, it is most logical to assume that humans and chimpanzees were created in a special way - separately, as completely different creatures.

Important to remember, different kinds organisms differ not only in the sequence of DNA. As evolutionary geneticist Steve Jones said: “50% of human DNA is similar to the DNA of bananas, but this does not mean at all that we are half bananas, either from head to waist or from waist to toes”.

That is, the data indicate that DNA is not everything. For example, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol are passed unchanged from parents to offspring (protection against possible mutations in mitochondrial DNA). And even gene expression itself is controlled by the cell. Some animals have undergone incredibly strong genetic changes, and despite this, their phenotype has remained virtually unchanged.

This testimony is a tremendous support for reproduction "after its kind" (Genesis 1:24-25).

Differences in behavior

To get acquainted with the many abilities that we often take for granted,

There is a widespread belief among people that Homo sapiens is one of the most advanced species among numerous animals. As the results show latest research published in the journal Nature Communications, human hands are evolutionarily more primitive than those of chimpanzees.

A team of paleoanthropologists led by Sergio Almesija of Stony Brook University compared hand bones from humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, as well as early apes such as the proconsul primate, and early humans, including the Ardipithecus and Sediba Australopithecus.

Scientists have come to the conclusion that since the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, who lived on our planet about 7 million years ago, the proportion of the human hand has not changed much, but the hands of chimpanzees and orangutans have evolved. So in terms of evolutionary development, the structure of the hand of modern man has retained a primitive character, although traditionally scholars have believed that it has changed for the possession of stone tools.

“Human hands have not changed much since the common ancestor of apes and humans. In humans, the thumb is relatively long compared to the rest of the fingers, a feature often cited as one of the reasons for the success of our species, as it allows us to hold various tools. It is much more difficult for monkeys to hold objects, they cannot reach the others with their thumbs - but the structure of their palms and fingers allows them to climb trees. Chimpanzee hands are much longer and narrower, but the thumb is not as long as ours.”

In addition to humans, gorillas inherited a more primitive structure of hands, their feet are also similar to human ones.

Almesiha and his colleagues hypothesized that primates managed to survive mass extinction at the end of the Miocene, 5-12 million years ago, as they specialized in certain habitats. While chimpanzees and orangutans were becoming tree-climbing experts, humans evolved to walk the land, just like gorillas.

The new study suggests that the small changes that have affected the structure of the human hand occurred with the transition of hominids to upright walking, and not with the beginning of the use of stone tools. Most likely, the ability to use tools in human ancestors was not associated with the structure of the hands, but with neurological changes and the evolution of the brain. It was the development of the brain that allowed hominids to learn to precisely coordinate the movements of the forelimbs, to carry out convenient gripping of tools, and later to master complex fine motor skills.

The hands of modern great apes may have evolved after our evolutionary common ancestors formed the human type of hand.

Man differs from chimpanzees, his closest evolutionary relatives, not only in the size of the brain and the almost complete absence of hair. For example, our hands and theirs are arranged differently: in humans, the thumb is relatively long and strongly opposed to its neighbors, and the rest are short, in chimpanzees, on the contrary, the thumb is shortened, and the rest are noticeably longer than in humans. Such a limb device helps monkeys climb trees, as far as the human hand, it is believed that it is ideally suited for wielding tools and a variety of fine work. That is, the fact that we can draw, play the piano and hammer nails is the result of a long evolution of human anatomy that began 7 million years ago, when the predecessors of humans broke away from their common ancestor with chimpanzees.

Chimpanzee hand. (Photo by DLILLC/Corbis.)

Reconstruction of an Ardipithecus ramidus limb. (Photo by Euder Monteiro/Flickr.com.)

The human hand, despite its antiquity, turned out to be a very multifunctional tool. (Photo by Marc Dozier/Corbis.)

However, William Youngers ( William L. Jungers) and his colleagues at the State University of New York at Stony Brook believe that the human hand has not evolved so much and has remained a rather simple anatomical “device”. The earliest tool created by man dates back to 3.3 million years ago, however, if you look at the skeleton of Ardipithecus Ardipithecus ramidus, who lived 4.4 million years ago and belongs to the evolutionary group of people, then we will see that his hand resembles rather hand modern man than the hand of a chimpanzee. In other words, the human hand acquired its characteristic appearance even before our ancestors learned to use it. Moreover, there was a hypothesis that it was so among our most ancient predecessors, who had just diverged in evolution from chimpanzees.

To test this hypothesis, anthropologists compared hand and finger anatomy in a variety of modern primates, including common apes, great apes, and humans themselves. Several extinct species were added to them: Ardipithecus, Neanderthals (that is, real people, albeit of a different variety than modern ones), Australopithecus Australopithecus sediba, who lived about 2 million years ago and which many consider the immediate ancestor Homo, And great ape kind Proconsul, whose remains are 25 million years old.

This means that the human type of hand is actually older than that of chimpanzees and orangutans, whose limbs adapted to the arboreal way of life. But why did our ancient ancestors need a hand with a long thumb opposed to the rest - a hand that would be convenient to make and grab tools if they were then? According to the authors of the work, a well-grasping hand helped not with tools, but with food: ancient primates ate a wide variety of food, and just such a brush was needed to take and hold pieces of it.

On the other hand, some anthropologists generally doubt that this work makes sense: in their opinion, it is impossible to draw such conclusions based only on the analysis of the skeleton of the hands, and in order to talk about what kind of hand our ancient ancestor, need more data.

Here we cannot help but recall another study that we wrote about in 2012: its authors, employees of the University of Utah, came to the conclusion that the hand of the first people was intended not so much to perform complex manipulations, but to (which, by the way, other primates cannot do). Although in that article the authors adhered to the hypothesis that it was monkey hand turned into a human, and not vice versa, here too, tools were dispensed with as the driving force for the formation of the human hand. One way or another, no matter how our ancestors used their hands, they turned out to be quite well adapted for complex and subtle manipulations with objects.