An alternative history of the formation of Rus in works of art. Alternative history of Russia. The essence of alternative history

"Before us, the Russian Land was not a thousand years, but many thousands of years,

and there will be more, for we have protected our Earth from enemies!"

Prince Kiy

Being engaged in the study of the history of my native country, I had the opportunity to get acquainted with a sufficient number of materials that illuminate the distant past of Russia in various aspects. The printed literature has a large number of interpretations of the origin and evolution of the Russian people and the emergence of the first statehood on Russian soil. This is a natural process when researchers try to get to the bottom of the truth. This means that many of them are not satisfied with the current state of affairs in Russian history, which means that there are enough facts that do not fit into the version of the history of the Russian state proposed by academic science. But what does our science suggest? The clearest example of an academic point of view on Russian history is the book “History. Full course "(multimedia tutor for preparing for the exam, edition 2013).

In introducing this book, I will simply quote a few passages from it, which will allow you, the reader, to understand the essence of the academic concept. Russian history offered by our science. I would add that he not only proposes, but also defends his point of view with all the administrative resources available to science. So I'm quoting...

"The ancient history of the Slavs contains a lot MYSTERIES(highlighted by the author and further), but from the standpoint of modern historians, it boils down to the following. First, in the III - the middle of the II millennium BC. e. SOME Proto-Indo-European community from UNCLEAR areas around the Black Sea (possibly from the peninsula of Asia Minor) moved to Europe. And further. “There are several versions of historians about the place where exactly the Slavic community was formed (theories of the emergence of the Slavs): the Carpatho-Danubian theory was first put forward (the homeland of the Slavs is the area between the Carpathians and the Danube), in the 20th century. the Vistula-Oder theory was born and became the main one (the Slavs arose north of the Carpathians), then Academician B. Rybakov put forward a compromise theory, according to which the Slavs arose SOMEWHERE in Eastern Europe - from the Elbe to the Dnieper. Finally, there is a version that the Eastern Black Sea region was the ancestral home of the Slavs, and their ancestors were one of the branches of the Scythians - the Scythians-plowmen. And so on. To this it is also necessary to add the explanation of the name of the Slavs produced in the book - “it comes from the words“ word ”and“ know ”, that is, it means people whose language is understandable, in contrast to“ Germans ”(as if dumb) - so the Slavs called foreigners. Agree, all this is very interesting and even entertaining.

I don’t know about you, dear reader, but all these arguments like - MYSTERIES, SOME, UNCLEAR, SOMEWHERE, not only do not satisfy me, but also suggest that this is some kind of deliberate distortion of the existing facts. I proceed from the fact that academic science must have the strength and means to sort it out and bring clarity and certainty to our history. Judging by the above, there is no clarity, and no certainty. Why does science not, and I have, although not complete, but extensive information about the ancient history of the Russian people. And I set out my concept of Russian history in the manuscript "On the Ancient History of Russia." Is there really not a single patriot among our Russian historians, not a single decent person who would criticize the lies that have been imposed on us all for about 300 years, and who would professionally unravel the “riddles” posed by science. Otherwise, it is not science. What I have presented to you above cannot be called science. Where in the word SLAVES is there or is the meaning "word" ??? Where can we conclude that the word SLAVES has the meaning "to know" ??? SLAVIES means "glorious". This is the direct and most correct message that comes to mind, and this meaning is already about 5 thousand years old (if not more). And that's why "glorious", this must be dealt with. But we have an answer to this question.

In the same place in the book "History. Full course" explained VERSIONS the origin of the word "Rus": "... either from the name of the Ros River - the right tributary of the Dnieper (this version is proposed academician B. Rybakov, but today it is considered obsolete), either from the name of the Varangians (according to the annals of Nestor), or from the word “roots”, which means “ship rowers”, which was then transformed into “ruotsi” (modern version)”. Dear gentlemen, scientists - be afraid of God! Talk about such things in the 21st century. And the worst thing is that our children are stuffed with all this, deliberately forming in them an inferiority complex and dependence on the West.

The book below notes. “The most important source on the events of Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 12th century. - the first Russian chronicle (the oldest surviving) - "The Tale of Bygone Years", the first edition of which was created by the monk of the Kiev-Pechora monastery Nestor around 1113. And on this “document” (why in quotation marks it will be clear a little later) academic science builds its concept of the history of Russia. Yes, there are many other interesting documents that cover our ancient history. But for some reason, it is the chronicle of Nestor that is the main one for academicians. Let's see what historians rely on in their delusion. The main message of official science is this. The Russian princely dynasty originated in Novgorod. In 859, the northern Slavic tribes drove the Varangians-Normans (“northern people”) overseas, immigrants from Scandinavia, who shortly before imposed tribute on them. However, internecine wars begin in Novgorod. To stop the bloodshed, in 862, at the invitation of the Novgorodians, the Varangian prince Rurik came to "reign". The Norman squad with its leader was a stabilizing factor in the struggle for power between the boyar clans. To this point of view, we put forward here our counterarguments that refute the dogmas of academic science:

The Russian princely dynasty was born long before the appearance of Rurik in Novgorod. Before that, Gostomysl ruled there, who was the 19th (!!!) prince from the famous prince Vandal (Vandalarius - born in 365)

Rurik was the grandson of Gostomysl (the son of the middle daughter of Gostomysl), which means that Rurik was Russian by blood.

There were no internecine wars in Novgorod. After the death of Gostomysl, his eldest grandson Vadim sat down to reign there. And Rurik was invited only to reign in Ladoga.

Rurik's squad was a destabilizing factor in Rus', with the help of which Rurik and his relatives seized power in Novgorod by force.

It would not occur to a single sane person to invite an unfamiliar person who has no relation to the current dynasty of princes, and even more so from some Normans who had just been expelled from the country across the sea and who were paid tribute.

All presented arguments will be revealed a little later. But even this is enough to demonstrate that the “most important source” of academic science does not correspond in its content to real events. It can also be briefly added to this for the time being that Dir and Askold had nothing to do with Rurik, they were not Varangians, let alone brothers, as our historical science presents us.

What is the "Tale of Bygone Years"? This is most likely literary work not chronicle. The focus of the chronicler Nestor is the baptism of Rus' by Prince Vladimir of the Rurik dynasty. All events before the baptism prepare the reader for this climax, all subsequent events remind of its importance. Rus', as it were, emerges from the darkness of past non-existence shortly before its baptism. The author of The Tale is little interested in the pre-Christian past of the Slavs, although at that time, 1000 years before us, he probably had historical information, various myths and legends, and possibly manuscripts inherited from the pagan era. It is on such materials and information that have been preserved since those times that we will further build the real history of ancient Rus'. It turns out that Nestor deliberately distorted the history of the Russian people, in other words, he was fulfilling someone's order.

Go ahead. Since the chronicle speaks of the events of the 12th century, the author lived no earlier. But at the same time, the question arises: how could the author, living in a Kiev monastery in the 12th century, know what was in Veliky Novgorod in the 9th century, given the enormous difficulties of the then roads and the “illiteracy” of the whole country? There is only one answer - no way! And therefore, the entire Nestor Chronicle is a simple writing from the words of other people or according to rumors and later times. And this is convincingly proved in the book by S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny “The Forgotten History of Rus'”. It says that “the oldest of all the lists of the Tale of Bygone Years, Radzivilovskiy, was made only at the beginning of the 17th century. Its pages contain traces of the rough work of a forger who tore out one sheet, inserted a sheet about the calling of the Varangians and prepared a place for inserting the lost “chronological sheet”. And this material, fabricated by someone, is taken as a source of knowledge??? And it will be even more surprising for the reader to find out at the same time that he found this list, i.e. presented to the whole world, our Tsar Peter Alekseevich, about whom there have long been rumors in well-known circles that the Tsar is “not real”. I mean the moment of the “substitution” of the real Tsar Peter, who went to study in Holland, accompanied by 20 (!!!) noble children, and returned from there with only one Menshikov, while all the rest either died or disappeared into prime of life in Holland. Interesting, isn't it.

In their study, S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny highlighted another interesting fact in the annals, which concerns the puberty of our ancestors. It turns out that compared with other princely dynasties, such as Germany and England, "our princes in the period from the 10th to the 12th centuries reached puberty only in the thirtieth year of their life." This is so late in comparison with other dynasties that "it is impossible to believe such a chronology, which means that the chronicles depicting the activities of representatives of these dynasties cannot be considered reliable."

There are other important points related to the content of the chronicle. For example, in the annals of Nestor, information about comets, eclipses of the moon and the sun was not noted or shifted in time. Also in the annals there is no information about the Crusades and, especially, about the "liberation of the Holy Sepulcher from the hands of the infidels." “What monk would not rejoice over this and would not devote not one, but many pages to this day as a joyful event for the entire Christian world?” But if the chronicler did not see the celestial eclipses that took place before his eyes, and did not know about the events that thundered throughout the world during his lifetime, then how could he know anything about the prince who was called 250 years before him? In any case, the so-called "initial chronicle" passes entirely to the position of the late apocrypha", i.e. works, the authorship of which is not confirmed and is unlikely. Here are the things.

Let us also refer to the opinion of our first historian V. Tatishchev. He noted that "all Russian historians revered Nestor, the chronicler, as the first and main writer." But V. Tatishchev did not understand why Nestor himself did not mention any ancient authors, including Bishop Joachim. V. Tatishchev was sure, and according to the legends, it was clear that the ancient stories were written, but did not reach us. The historian believed unequivocally that long before Nestor there were writers, for example, Joachim of Novgorod. But for some reason his story remained unknown to Nestor. And it is quite undoubted, according to V. Tatishchev, that Polish authors had (i.e., existed) Joachim's story, since many cases were not mentioned by Nestor, but northern (Polish) authors did. V. Tatishchev also noted that “all the manuscripts that he had, although they had the beginning from Nestor, but in the continuation, none of them exactly converged, in one thing, in another the other was added or reduced.”

E. Klassen analyzed in detail the question of what is the basis of the conviction about the beginning of the independence of the Russian people or about its statehood only from the time of Rurik's calling. On the annals of Nestor or on the conclusion about his legend L. Schlozer. From the chronicle, the author himself believed, it is clearly and undoubtedly evident that the tribes that called the Varangians led a political, state life, since they already constituted an alliance, a community of 4 tribes - Russia, Chud, Slavs, Krivichi, occupying up to 1 million square miles in northeastern corner of Europe and had cities - Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, Staraya Rusa, Smolensk, Rostov, Polotsk, Belozersk, Izborsk, Lyubech, Pskov, Vyshgorod, Pereyaslavl. The Bavarian geographer counted 148 (!) Cities among the Eastern Slavs. Among the savages, E. Klassen believed, and we agree with him, one cannot even assume and mutual relations, and even less unity of thought, which was expressed in Rus', Chud, Slavs and Krivichi regarding the summoning of princes to the throne. And most importantly, savages do not have cities!

S. Lesnoy also mentioned Nestor in his research. He noted that “Nestor wrote not so much the history of Rus' or southern Rus' as the Rurik dynasty. As a comparison with the Joakimov and 3rd Novgorod chronicles shows, Nestor deliberately narrowed his history. He almost passed over in silence the history of northern, i.e., Novgorod Rus. He was a chronicler of the Rurik dynasty, and his tasks did not at all include a description of other dynasties, so he omitted the history of southern Rus', which had nothing to do with the Rurik dynasty. And most importantly, information about pre-Olegovian Rus' could have been preserved by pagan priests or persons who were clearly hostile to Christianity. But it was monks like Nestor who destroyed the slightest traces reminiscent of paganism.” And also: “Nestor kept silent about this reign (of Gostomysl), only mentioning the fact itself. And you can understand why: he wrote the annals of the southern, Kievan, Rus, and the history of the north did not interest him. This led him away from the tasks assigned to him by the church. This is evident from the fact that he considered Oleg the first prince in Rus'. He does not consider Rurik a Russian prince, because Novgorod was not called Russian at that time, but was called Slovenian. Perhaps Nestor would not have mentioned Rurik at all if it were not for his son Igor: it was impossible not to say who his father was.

This is the actual state of affairs with our ancient history. The fundamental principle of our state history according to academic science is "The Tale of Bygone Years", which, in fact, is a falsified document - a fake. This state of affairs with our history was further consolidated by foreigners called by sovereigns to write Russian history. Not only did they not know Russian, but they openly despised everything Russian, the country in which they lived. Academician L. Schlozer (1735 - 1809) can serve as the clearest example. Let's imagine one of Shlozer's "inferences" regarding the most ancient Russian history ( We are talking about the 7th century!): “A terrible emptiness reigns everywhere in central and northern Russia. Nowhere is the slightest trace of the cities that adorn Russia today. Nowhere is there any memorable name that would present to the spirit of the historian excellent pictures of the past. Where now beautiful fields delight the eye of a surprised traveler, there before this there were only dark forests and swampy swamps. Where now enlightened people have united in peaceful societies, there lived before this wild animals and half-wild people.

Let us briefly summarize what has been said. Nestor was the ideologist of the Rurik princes, the embodiment of their interests. It was considered unacceptable to admit that the Novgorod princes were older than the Rurikovichs, that the Russian princely dynasty existed long before Rurik. This undermined the Rurikovich's right to primordial power, and therefore it was mercilessly eradicated. That is why in The Tale of Bygone Years there is not a word about Slovenia and Rus, which laid the foundation for Russian statehood on the banks of the Volkhov. In the same way, Nestor also ignores the last prince of the pre-Rurik dynasty - Gostomysl, a person who is absolutely historical and mentioned in other primary sources, not to mention oral information. folk tales. That is why The Tale of Bygone Years can in no way be considered a source about our antiquity, and our historical science is obliged to recognize this fact and create a real one in the shortest possible time. true story our state. Our society needs this so much, it will greatly help in the moral education of our youth, not to mention the fundamental position - without knowing the past, you cannot build the future!

On the facts of ancient Russian history and statehood among the Rus, we previously prepared two manuscripts: “On the Ancient History of Russia” and “The History of the Russ according to the Book of Veles”. It presents convincing evidence of the high culture of the ancient Slavs and the existence of statehood among our ancestors long before the arrival of Rurik in Novgorod. In this study, it is planned to continue work in this direction in order to present a variant of the history of the Russian people from ancient times according to the actual data. In this work, we will rely mainly on chronicle materials that were not widely circulated and are not perceived by academic science as historical sources. Among them: "The Legend of Slovenia and Rus",

"The genealogy of the Slavic-Russian people, its kings, elders and princes from the progenitor Noah to the Grand Duke Rurik and the princes of Rostov", "Tales of Zaharikha" and other.

About the sources used

When considering the question of the ancient history of Rus', in our opinion, we must proceed from the following two very important points, which directly affect the construction of the history of the ancient Rus, and as a result, our correct perception of this history.

First, The Tale of Bygone Years is not an authentic document and cannot be considered as the main source on the history of ancient Rus'. This is a document deliberately fabricated by the "authors", which, moreover, was subsequently clearly edited.

Second, The immediate history of the Rus begins 4500 years ago, when a new haplotype arose as a result of a mutation on the Russian Plain, an identifier of the male gender, which on this moment have up to 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. With this in mind, we will try further with a certain degree of probability, of course (the truth is not achievable), to show the reader the real history of our ancestors, which will be based on a sufficient number of historical facts. We will take the necessary information from the historical sources we have identified. As such sources, we once again note: “The Legend of Slovena and Rus and the city of Slovensk”, the Joachim Chronicle, “Veles book”, “The genealogy of the Slavic-Russian people, its kings, elders and princes from the progenitor Noah to the Grand Duke Rurik and the princes of Rostov ”, “Tales of Zaharikha”, “Budinsky Izbornik”.

„Before us, the land of Rus was not a thousand years old,
but there were many thousands, and there will be more,
for we have guarded our land from enemies!”

Prince Kiy

INTRODUCTION

In the printed literature there are a large number of interpretations of the origin and evolution of the Russian people and the emergence of the first statehood on Russian soil.

This is a natural process when researchers try to get to the bottom of the truth. Means, many of them are not satisfied with the status quo in Russian history, which means that there are enough facts that do not fit into the version of the history of the Russian state proposed by academic science.

But what does our science suggest? The clearest example of an academic point of view on Russian history is the book “History. Full course "(multimedia tutor for preparing for the exam, edition 2013).

In introducing this book, I will simply quote a few passages from it that will enable you, the reader, to understand the essence of the academic concept of the history of Russia, offered by our the science . I would add that he not only proposes, but also defends his point of view with all the administrative resources available to science.

So I'm quoting...

« The ancient history of the Slavs contains a lot MYSTERIES (highlighted by the author and further), but from the standpoint of modern historians, it boils down to the following.

First, in the III - the middle of the II millennium BC. SOME Proto-Indo-European community from UNCLEAR areas around the Black Sea (possibly from the peninsula of Asia Minor) moved to Europe».

And further. " There are several versions of historians about the place where exactly the Slavic community was formed.(theories of the emergence of the Slavs): the first was put forward by the Carpatho-Danubian theory(homeland of the Slavs - the area between the Carpathians and the Danube), in the 20th century was born and became the main Vistula-Oder theory(Slavs arose north of the Carpathians), then academician B. Rybakov put forward a compromise theory, according to which the Slavs arose SOMEWHERE in Eastern Europe - from the Elbe to the Dnieper. Finally, there is a version that the Eastern Black Sea region was the ancestral home of the Slavs, and their ancestors are one of the branches of the Scythians - the Scythians-plowmen». Etc.

To this it is also necessary to add the explanation of the name of the Slavs produced in the book - “comes from the words“ word ”and“ know ”, that is, it means people whose language is understandable, in contrast to“ Germans ”(as if dumb) - this is how the Slavs called foreigners" . Agree, all this is very interesting and even entertaining.

I don’t know about you, dear reader, but all these arguments like - MYSTERIES, SOME, UNCLEAR, SOMEWHERE, not only do not satisfy, but also suggest that this is some kind of deliberate distortion of the existing facts.

I proceed from the fact that academic science must have the strength and means to sort it out and bring clarity and certainty to our history. Judging by the above, there is no clarity, and no certainty. Why does science not, and I have, although not complete, but extensive information about the ancient history of the Russian people. And I set out my concept of Russian history in the manuscript "On the Ancient History of Russia."

Is there really not a single patriot among our Russian historians, not a single decent person who would criticize the lies that have been imposed on us all for about 300 years, and who would professionally unravel the “riddles” posed by science. Otherwise, it is not science. What I have presented to you above cannot be called science.

Where in the word SLAVS Is there or is the meaning of "word"??? How can you conclude that there is SLAVS meanings of "know"??? SLAVS means "glorious". This is the direct and most correct message that comes to mind, and this meaning is already about 5 thousand years old (if not more). And that's why "glorious", this must be dealt with. But we have an answer to this question.

In the same place in the book "History. Full course" explained VERSIONS origin of the word "Rus": ":... or from the name of the river Ros - the right tributary of the Dnieper(this version was proposed by academician B. Rybakov, but today it is considered obsolete), or from the name of the Varangians(according to the chronicle of Nestor), or from the word roots, which means"ship rowers" which was then converted to"ruotsi" (modern version)."

Dear gentlemen, scientists - be afraid of God! Talk about such things in the 21st century. And the worst thing is that our children are stuffed with all this, deliberately forming in them an inferiority complex and dependence on the West.

The book below notes. " The most important source on the events of Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the XII century. - the first Russian chronicle(the oldest surviving) - "The Tale of Bygone Years", the first edition of which was created by the monk of the Kiev-Pechora monastery Nestor around 1113.". And on this "document"(why in quotes will be clear a bit later) academic science is building its own concept of the history of Russia.

Yes, there are many other interesting documents that cover our ancient history. But for some reason, it is the chronicle of Nestor that is the main one for academicians.

Let's see what historians rely on in their delusion. The main message of official science is this. The Russian princely dynasty originated in Novgorod.

In 859, the northern Slavic tribes drove the Varangians-Normans (“northern people”) overseas, immigrants from Scandinavia, who shortly before imposed tribute on them. However, internecine wars begin in Novgorod. To stop the bloodshed, in 862, at the invitation of the Novgorodians, the Varangian prince Rurik came to "reign". The Norman squad with its leader was a stabilizing factor in the struggle for power between the boyar clans.

To this point of view, we put forward our counterarguments here, refuting the dogmas of academic science:

Rurik was the grandson of Gostomysl (the son of the middle daughter of Gostomysl), which means that Rurik was Russian by blood.

There were no internecine wars in Novgorod. After the death of Gostomysl, his eldest grandson Vadim sat down to reign there. And Rurik was invited only to reign in Ladoga.

Rurik's squad was a destabilizing factor in Rus', with the help of which Rurik and his relatives seized power in Novgorod by force.

What is the "Tale of Bygone Years"? This is most likely a literary work, not a chronicle.

The focus of the chronicler Nestor is the baptism of Rus' by Prince Vladimir of the Rurik dynasty. All events before the baptism prepare the reader for this climax, all subsequent events remind of its importance. Rus', as it were, emerges from the darkness of past non-existence shortly before its baptism.

The author of The Tale is little interested in the pre-Christian past of the Slavs, although at that time, 1000 years before us, he probably had historical information, various myths and legends, and possibly manuscripts inherited from the pagan era. It is on such materials and information that have been preserved since those times that we will further build the real history of ancient Rus'. It turns out that Nestor deliberately distorted the history of the Russian people, in other words, he was fulfilling someone's order.

There is only one answer - no way! !! And therefore, the entire Nestor Chronicle is a simple writing from the words of other people or according to rumors and later times. And this is convincingly proved in the book by S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny “The Forgotten History of Rus'”.

It says that “the oldest of all the lists of the Tale of Bygone Years, Radzivilovskiy, was made only at the beginning of the 17th century. Its pages contain traces of the rough work of a forger who tore out one sheet, inserted a sheet about the calling of the Varangians and prepared a place for inserting the lost “chronological sheet”. And this material, fabricated by someone, is taken as a source of knowledge???

And it will be even more surprising for the reader to find out at the same time that he found this list, i.e. presented to the whole world, our Tsar Peter Alekseevich, about whom there have long been rumors in well-known circles that the Tsar is “not real”. I mean the moment of the “substitution” of the real Tsar Peter, who went to study in Holland, accompanied by 20 (!!!) noble children, and returned from there with only one Menshikov, while all the rest either died or disappeared into prime of life in Holland. Interesting, isn't it.

In their study, S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny highlighted another interesting fact in the annals, which concerns the puberty of our ancestors.

It turns out that compared with other princely dynasties, such as Germany and England, "our princes in the period from the 10th to the 12th centuries reached puberty only in the thirtieth year of their life." This is so late in comparison with other dynasties that "it is impossible to believe such a chronology, which means that the chronicles depicting the activities of representatives of these dynasties cannot be considered reliable."

But if the chronicler did not see the celestial eclipses that took place before his eyes, and did not know about the events that thundered throughout the world during his lifetime, then how could he know anything about the prince who was called 250 years before him? In any case, the so-called "initial chronicle" passes entirely to the position of the late apocrypha", i.e. works, the authorship of which is not confirmed and is unlikely. Here are the things.

V. Tatishchev was sure, and according to the legends, it was clear that the ancient stories were written, but did not reach us. The historian believed unequivocally that long before Nestor there were writers, for example, Joachim of Novgorod. But for some reason his story remained unknown to Nestor.

And quite certainly according to V. Tatishchev that the Polish authors had (i.e. existed) Joachim’s story, since Nestor did not mention many cases, but the northern (Polish) authors had them. V. Tatishchev also noted that “ all the manuscripts that he had, although they had a beginning from Nestor, but in the continuation, none of them exactly converged with the other, one thing, another added or reduced ».

From the chronicle, the author himself believed, it is clearly and undoubtedly evident that the tribes that called the Varangians, lead a political life, state, since they already made up a union, a community of 4 tribes - Rus', Chud, Slavs, Krivichi, occupying up to 1 million square miles in the northeastern corner of Europe and having cities - Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, Staraya Rusa, Smolensk, Rostov, Polotsk, Belozersk, Izborsk, Lyubech, Pskov, Vyshgorod, Pereyaslavl.

The Bavarian geographer counted 148 (!) Cities of the Eastern Slavs. Among the savages, E. Klassen believed, and we agree with him, living on such a stretch, one cannot even assume mutual relations, much less unity of thoughts, which was expressed by Rus', Chud, Slavs and Krivichi regarding the summoning of princes to the throne . And the most important thing, savages don't have cities!

S. Lesnoy also mentioned Nestor in his research. He noted that " Nestor wrote not so much the history of Rus' or southern Rus' as the Rurik dynasty. As a comparison with the Joakimov and 3rd Novgorod chronicles shows, Nestor deliberately narrowed his history. The history of the northern, i.e. Novgorod Rus', he almost passed over in silence.

He was a chronicler of the Rurik dynasty, and his tasks did not at all include a description of other dynasties, so he omitted the history of southern Rus', which has nothing to do with the Rurik dynasty. And most importantly, information about pre-Olegovian Rus' could have been preserved by pagan priests or persons who were clearly hostile to Christianity. But it was monks like Nestor who destroyed the slightest traces reminiscent of paganism ».

And: " Nestor kept silent about this reign(Gostomysl), just mentioning the fact. And you can understand why: he wrote the annals of the southern, Kievan, Rus, and the history of the north did not interest him. It took him away from the tasks assigned to him by the church.

This is evident from the fact that he considered Oleg the first prince in Rus'. He does not consider Rurik a Russian prince, because Novgorod was not called Russian at that time, but was called Slovenian. Perhaps Nestor would not have mentioned Rurik at all if it were not for his son Igor: it was impossible not to say who his father was.

This is the actual state of affairs with our ancient history. The fundamental basis of our state history in academic science is the "Tale of Bygone Years", which, in fact, is falsified document - forgery.

We consolidated this state of affairs with our history. Foreigners called by sovereigns to write Russian history. Not only did they not know Russian, but they openly despised everything Russian, the country in which they lived.

Academician L. Schlozer (1735 - 1809) can serve as the clearest example. Let's imagine one of Shlozer's "inferences" regarding the most ancient Russian history (we are talking about the 7th century!!!):

« A terrible void reigns everywhere in central and northern Russia. Nowhere is the slightest trace of cities that now adorn Russia. Nowhere is there any memorable name that would present to the spirit of the historian excellent pictures of the past. Where now beautiful fields delight the eye of a surprised traveler, there before this there were only dark forests and swampy swamps. Where now enlightened people united in peaceful societies, there lived before this wild animals and half-wild people ».

Let us briefly summarize what has been said. Nestor was the ideologist of the Rurik princes, the embodiment of their interests. Recognize that the Novgorod princes are older than the Rurikovichs, that the Russian princely dynasty existed long before Rurik, was considered unacceptable.

This undermined the Rurikovich's right to primordial power, and therefore it was mercilessly eradicated. That is why in The Tale of Bygone Years there is not a word about Slovenia and Rus, which laid the foundation for Russian statehood on the banks of the Volkhov.

In the same way, Nestor ignores the last prince of the pre-Rurik dynasty - Gostomysl, a person who is absolutely historical and mentioned in other primary sources, not to mention information from oral folk traditions.

That is why "The Tale of Bygone Years" can in no way be considered a source about our antiquity, and our historical science is obliged to recognize this fact and in the shortest possible time to create a real true story our state. Our society needs this so much, it will greatly help in the moral education of our youth, not to mention the fundamental position - without knowing the past, you cannot build the future!

It presents convincing evidence of the high culture of the ancient Slavs and the existence of statehood among our ancestors long before the arrival of Rurik in Novgorod. In this study, it is planned to continue work in this direction in order to present a variant of the history of the Russian people from ancient times according to the actual data.

In this work, we will rely mainly on chronicle materials that were not widely circulated and are not perceived by academic science as historical sources. Among them: "The Tale of Slovenia and Rus", "Veles book", "Budinsky Izbornik", "Genealogy of the Slavic-Russian people, its kings, elders and princes from the progenitor Noah to Grand Duke Rurik and the princes of Rostov", "Tales of Zahariha" and others.

***

You can download the book.

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Rus', which was-2. Alternative version history Maksimov Albert Vasilievich

ALTERNATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF HISTORY

It seems that the time has come to briefly summarize what was said in this and the previous book "Rus that was." But to generalize does not mean at all that this topic is closed for me. Historical processes are continuous, and everything changes not only in the present, but, as you have seen, in the past. Truth is not given to us in its pure form, and in its search lies the deepest meaning of knowledge. And perhaps even life itself.

It is impossible to answer today where exactly the human civilization originated, since the information carrier - writing, originated much later. Initially, these were hieroglyphs and cuneiform, and only centuries later did the first alphabet appear. And the hieroglyphs themselves, due to an incorrect methodological approach to historical chronology, were subsequently either incorrectly translated or misinterpreted. But be that as it may, with a high degree of probability we can say that civilization originated in the Mediterranean region. Perhaps it was Egypt, perhaps Asia Minor, or some other region of the Eastern Mediterranean.

It is also impossible to answer the question: who were the first carriers of civilization - Indo-Europeans or some other peoples. Our ancestors - the Indo-Europeans (more precisely, the ancestors of the peoples of Europe) many millennia ago began their great way settlements from the regions of Lakes Van and Urmia, i.e., the regions of the Armenian Highlands. Indo-Europeans through the Balkans penetrated into Europe, starting a gradual, but rather rapid assimilation. And the ancient Semites penetrated into the vacated place in the region of the Armenian Highlands, where they then lived in a certain self-isolation for many millennia. It is to the Semites that the world owes the appearance of the alphabet, thanks to which science was able to preserve knowledge and, consequently, develop it further.

The Indo-Europeans spent a lot of energy on the energy of promoting and settling their ethnic group in new, not yet inhabited areas. The Semites, on the contrary, have been accumulating strength for a future “explosion” within their ethnic cauldron for several millennia.

But, as already mentioned, there are almost no written sources from those times to the present day. We do not know the names of rulers, the names of states and tribes that lived before our era. As, however, we practically do not know what happened in our era before the beginning of the Semitic expansion, that is, before the 7th century. Although some of the information has survived to this day, but, incorrectly translated and interpreted, it formed the basis of fairy tales and fables, known today as the "History of the Ancient World."

Of course, states also existed in the preliterate period. There were wars, invasions, invasions, entire kingdoms rose and fell, and even empires, because civilization cannot exist without the institution of the state. But, I repeat, we know almost nothing about this today.

Little more can be said about the tribes that lived in Europe before the start of the Semitic invasion. The Celts lived in Gaul. They also penetrated the British Isles, partly into Spain, Central Europe and the Baltic Pomerania. The Germans, initially located on the territory of modern Bohemia, Bavaria and Austria, moved north in the first centuries of our era, occupying a significant part of present-day Germany, Denmark and part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. In the east, the ancient Germans "stretched" in a long but relatively narrow strip through Hungary, northern Romania, even reaching the Crimea. The Slavs, who lived in a rather small area, shortly before the Semitic invasion, managed to conquer the Balkans, Poland and part of the eastern lands, reaching the Dnieper and Pripyat. To the north and east of them lived the Letto-Lithuanian, Scythian-Sarmatian tribes of the Indo-Europeans, as well as numerous Finno-Ugric peoples, and even to the east - the Turks. The ancient Romans partially occupied the Apennines, and Rome had not yet been founded.

Greeks lived in the coastal regions of Greece and Asia Minor, and Armenians lived in Asia Minor itself. And already to the east, on the lands of the Armenian Highlands, there were Semites. Such was the ethnic map of Europe and Asia Minor by the middle of the first millennium.

The major country of that period was public education with its capital in the city of Byzantium. This city was founded by the tribes that had previously captured and destroyed the city of Troy. What were the limits of the borders of the Byzantine state, it is not possible to say today. But, most likely, its borders did not go far to the north. If the rulers of Byzantium initially extended their power to the Balkans, then the massive Slavic migration in the 5th century should have significantly pushed them to the south. By the time of the Semitic invasion, the borders of Byzantium in the north should not have exceeded a distance of a hundred or two kilometers from its capital. Most likely, we can say that by the time the Semites appeared in the Mediterranean region, a picture had developed similar to that in America at the time the Spaniards appeared there: the ancient states were in decline, which led to their rapid fall.

So, for several millennia, the ancient Semites lived on the territory of the Armenian Highlands. They lived almost in isolation. The problem of overpopulation here was solved quite simply, but effective method. All boys born in the family, except for the eldest in the family, were castrated, hence the custom of circumcision among modern Muslims and Jews. Full-fledged young men, the eldest in the family, became polygamists, otherwise there would be too many unmarried women in the country, and with a monogamous marriage, the population would fall quite quickly. But even with this option of maintaining the demographic balance, sooner or later there would be an overabundance of the population, which happened by the beginning of the 7th century.

During this period, the Semitic cauldron in the region of the Armenian Highlands literally exploded: huge hordes of Semitic settlers poured into neighboring lands. The main direction of movement of the settlers was Mesopotamia and further west. Having reached Palestine, the Semites split up: part went north, through the territory of Byzantium to Khazaria and Greece. And the other part through Egypt and northern Africa to Spain.

When seizing new lands, the Semites got the opportunity for unhindered reproduction, castration was replaced by a symbolic rite of circumcision. In the new lands, the local male population was destroyed or enslaved, and women replenished the harems of the invaders.

Strongly fortified Byzantium for several decades stubbornly defended its independence, being surrounded by Semitic possessions from the south and from the north: the Peloponnese was captured by the Semites at the turn of the 7th-8th centuries.

Byzantium fell under the blows of the Semites in the second decade of the 8th century. In 717, Leo the Isaurian was proclaimed Byzantine emperor, and a few decades later, his descendant Constantine renamed the city in his honor. So Byzantium becomes Constantinople.

Could the Semites be stopped? It is difficult to answer this question: they were well organized, incredibly cruel, they were united by a common faith, and there were a lot of them. Nevertheless, in the middle of the 7th century, the Byzantines were still stronger. At least in the Crimean region, the Semites barely managed to escape from their persecution, having migrated to the area between the Don and Volga rivers. Here they defeated the local Ugric tribes of the Bulgars, forcing one part of them, led by Khan Asparukh, to migrate west to the Balkan region, the other to go to the Middle Volga region, and subjugated the rest. Here the Semites, mixed with the local Khazar tribes, formed Khazaria.

The Bulgars of Asparuh in the Balkans assimilated with the remnants of the Slavs, whose bulk, fleeing from the Semites, left the Balkans to the northeast to the Russian Plain, where after several centuries they began to dominate the emerging Russian ethnos. Other fugitives from the Black Sea steppes went through the north of the Balkans and Italy, where, by the way, the Semites also already ruled, to Gaul, and from there to Spain. These were the tribes of the Visigoths, Sueves, Vandals and Alans, but even there, in Spain, at the beginning of the 8th century, Semites appeared, who conquered them. In the course of a swift flight to the west, all these tribes of Germanic, Ugric, Iranian and other origins mixed up.

The Semites who appeared in Italy created an early century state with the capital in Ravenna and the predominant Romance language among the population. The Balkans and Asia Minor belonged to another Semitic state with its capital in Constantinople, where the Greek language began to predominate. It is curious, but at the same time, the inhabitants of these two empires called themselves the same - Romans, or Aromeans, Arameans.

A flurry of Semitic invasions literally mixed all the tribes in Europe that speak perfect different languages, which led to the emergence of a new ethnic picture in Europe. The descendants of the Semites and Romans prevailed both culturally and politically over the inhabitants of all other tribes, which ensured the victory of the Romance language not only in Italy, but also in Spain, Gaul, and Dacia. In the Byzantine Empire, the descendants of the Semites and Greeks allowed the spread of the Greek language in the south of the Balkans and a significant part of Asia Minor, displacing the languages of the Slavs and Armenians. The Slavs were able to assimilate the Bulgars, as well as to stay on the territory of modern Serbia and Croatia. And the Armenians held only the region of Cilicia, but at the same time they were able to occupy the liberated region of the Armenian Highlands. It is from these times world history begins to receive a more or less truthful display in the modern traditional interpretation. Naturally, we are talking about the history of Western and Central Europe, Asia Minor and Western Asia, but not the fictional "ancient" history of India and China, as well as the history of Eastern Europe, the alternative chronology of which we will now consider separately and in more detail.

The history of the formation of the Old Russian state is directly related to the history of Khazaria. If it were not for the Semites who invaded Europe, then European history would have gone in a completely different direction, the Semites, who seized the Khazar lands in the 7th century, determined exactly the version of the beginning of ancient Russian history, along which it went. The tributary of the Khazars, the Ugric tribe of the Rus, consisted of energetic, warlike and enterprising people. Russ with their qualities earned the trust of the Khazars, having received from them the right to collect tribute from lands remote from Khazaria. The Khazars, receiving a good tribute, turned out to be very short-sighted, "overlooking" a strong enemy in the Rus, for which they later paid the price.

It just so happened that the region of the Upper Volga became a priority center for the formation of the future Russian state. Large shopping centers rose and expanded here: Novgorod (Yaroslavl), Rostov, Pereslavl, Suzdal. A special role in this was played by ancient Novgorod, which stood at the confluence of the Nera (Kotorosl) and the Volga. A few kilometers to the south was Timerevo, a settlement that arose at the site of the fall of the largest meteorite, the remains of which were actively melted down by local residents for several centuries. Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples lived here, and political power the Russians took over. In addition, trade routes also crossed here: merchants exported furs from the north and northeast.

In addition to the Upper Volga region, there were other centers of emerging statehood on the territory of the Russian Plain. First of all, these are the cities of Smolensk and Kyiv. But fate, in the face of heavenly providence, bestowed a huge meteorite on the Upper Volga region, which was a priority in those days.

The ancient Rus, who settled in cities and settlements on the territory of the Russian Plain, did not interrupt their relations with their homeland - the Taman lands. It was there that the real center of their tribe was, from there more and more waves of Russ splashed to the north: merchants, warriors. It was there that their main tribal leaders lived.

The first known historical figure in Rus' should be called the Hungarian prince Almos, who ruled together with prince Levedius. The Hungarian tribes were closely related to the Rus. It is quite possible to consider them even as a single entity. In 882, Almosh captured Kyiv, where the Khazar henchmen ruled. Whether it was Askold and Dir, or they had other names, today it is not clear to answer. At the end of the 9th century, Almos' son Arpad, together with Prince Kursan, captured Pannonia, where he founded the Hungarian state. Almosh himself in 913, after the well-known Caspian campaign, due to the attack of the Khazar Muslims, was forced to break through with a fight up the Volga, heading for Novgorod = Yaroslavl. On the way, having defeated the Bulgars, he remains as a ruler in their lands, and soon accepts Islam.

A new page in ancient Russian history began with the names of two other princes: Igor and Oleg, who ruled in Tmutarakan. In 940, these two princes attack the Khazar Sarkel and capture it, but soon they are defeated by the Pesach commander, who obliges them to attack Byzantium. The campaign of the Rus in 941 against the Greeks ended in failure. Maritime forces The Rus, who attacked Constantinople and were led by Prince Oleg, were completely destroyed, while Oleg himself died. Cavalry troops led by Igor, marching along the coast, were able to escape. So Prince Igor became the sole ruler of the Rus.

Two years later, the Rus, who left Novgorod = Yaroslavl and led by Igor's son Prince Uleb, are trying to gain a foothold in Transcaucasia, but, having lost their leader in one of the skirmishes, they were forced to go back. And in the next 945, Prince Igor himself, who collected tribute in their lands, died at the hands of the Drevlyans.

There were three main applicants for the vacant vacancy of the main Russian leader: Svyatoslav Igorevich and Vladimir Ulebovich, who were young, and also the already adult Igor, the son of Oleg. The Russian nobility supported the candidacy of the young Svyatoslav, planting him to reign in Novgorod = Yaroslavl. Until Svyatoslav grew up, his mother Princess Olga and grandfather Sveneld ruled the Russian lands. It was at this time that the elite of the Rus adopted Christianity according to the Western model. At the same time, young Prince Vladimir remained a pagan.

Having matured, Prince Svyatoslav, according to the tradition of the Rus, fights a lot and actively. It was he who was able to defeat Khazaria, which, after his famous campaign, was no longer able to rise.

Two years later, Svyatoslav's Bulgarian campaign begins. Invited by the Byzantines to oppose the Bulgarians, Prince Svyatoslav wanted to take advantage of the fruits of his victory himself, deciding to remain the ruler in Bulgaria forever. (Almosh and Arpad did exactly the same in their time in the Volga Bulgaria and Pannonia. This was also achieved by his paternal brother Prince Uleb in Transcaucasia, but was killed.) Together with Svyatoslav, his cousin Igor Olegovich and grandfather Sveneld.

Successfully launched campaign ended in defeat for the Russians. Princes Svyatoslav and Igor perished. Wishing to save the remnants of the Russian army, Sveneld hid the death of Svyatoslav from the Byzantines and went to Kyiv. Prince Yaropolk, the son of Svyatoslav, becomes prince of Kyiv. Soon Yaropolk opposes the Drevlyansk prince Oleg, who dies in the confrontation. Vladimir, who ruled at that time in Novgorod = Yaroslavl, was forced to flee under the threat of the same Yaropolk. Returning with a strong mercenary detachment, he regains Novgorod = Yaroslavl, includes soldiers from the Slavs, Chud and Krivichi in the squad, and goes on a campaign against Yaropolk. The latter flees, but soon dies. Vladimir in 980 becomes the prince of Kyiv and restores pagan cults.

The most famous act of Prince Vladimir is the baptism of Rus' by him in 988 according to the Greek (Orthodox) model. Vladimir came to Orthodoxy without bothering himself with a painful search for faith. It is likely that even before this, the pagan Vladimir was already attached to the Muslim faith, or considered it a priority. And only the political situation forced him to go to Orthodox baptism.

Being a polygamist before baptism, Vladimir had many children. The names of twelve of his sons have survived to this day, although there should have been many more. But after the death of Prince Vladimir in 1015, only three of them received real power: Boris received Kyiv, Chernigov, Smolensk and other lands, as well as the princely squad. Yaroslav got North-Eastern Rus', and Vysheslav - North-Western. The remaining sons of Vladimir received only dependent destinies. Only one more of their brothers, Prince Mstislav, turned out to be independent, having received distant Tmutarakan in control.

Soon, between Boris, who received control over more than half of all his father's lands, and Yaroslav, who attracted Scandinavian warriors to his side, a war begins. Yaroslav's commander, the Varangian Eymund, treacherously kills the sleeping Boris in his tent. His brother Prince Gleb of Murom and, possibly, brother Svyatoslav also fall at the hands of Yaroslav's hired killers. But soon Eymund and his retinue are lured to his side by Prince Vysheslav, who captures Kyiv. Yaroslav remains a prince in Novgorod=Yaroslavl, and Eymund receives Polotsk as a fief.

After some time, Vysheslav dies or perishes, and Yaroslav enters Kyiv in 1017, concentrating power over almost all Russian lands in his hands. In 1018, the Polish king Boleslav and his son-in-law Prince Svyatopolk, Yaroslav's brother, interfere in political events. But in the end, the Poles were defeated, and Svyatopolk flees to the west, and his traces are lost in history. Nevertheless, civil strife in Rus' continues without outside interference. Yaroslav is opposed by his brother Prince Mstislav of Tmutarakan, the elder brother from a common mother Sudislav and nephew Bryachislav Izyaslavich, who captured Polotsk.

By this time, the Principality of Polotsk, as a fief, with the consent of Yaroslav, was already ruled by another Varangian - Ragnar, a relative and brother of Eymund. The brave and resolute Bryachislav captured Polotsk, killing Ragnar and his two young sons, and married his young daughter Rogneda. Yaroslav is defeated by the squad of Mstislav, who becomes the prince of Kyiv, retaining Tmutarakan, Chernigov and Smolensk. And in Novgorod = Yaroslavl, Sudislav already reigns. Yaroslav gets only a small Novgorod-Ilmensky.

But such a person as Prince Yaroslav could not be satisfied with such an unenviable reign for himself. In 1036, during the storming of Kyiv by the Pechenegs, Prince Mstislav and his entire family perished. It is difficult to say what the role of Yaroslav was in this. Did he himself take part in the siege and assault, or did he simply bribe the steppes, inciting them against Kyiv? Most likely, he was involved in the death of Mstislav. Yaroslav again becomes the prince of Kyiv and in the same year captures his brother Sudislav, imprisoning him in the Pereslavl dungeon and annexing Novgorod = Yaroslavl to his possessions.

In 1054, Yaroslav dies, having bequeathed the Kiev throne, bypassing his older sons, to Vsevolod, his favorite, the eldest of the surviving sons of Ingigerda by that time. Another son of Yaroslav Svyatoslav received Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Chernigov and Tmutarakan, and the elder Izyaslav - Smolensk and Turov. The grandson of Yaroslav from the eldest, already deceased, son of Vladimir - Rostislav got Novgorod = Yaroslavl.

The most capable and active of all the Yaroslavichs, Prince Svyatoslav exchanges principalities with Rostislav, giving him Tmutarakan, but soon expels him from there too. Thus, he concentrates in his hands the best half of the Russian land. In order to weaken the positions of Izyaslav, he helps Vseslav Polotsky to capture Novgorod-Ilmensky, which belonged to the Smolensk principality.

The goal of Svyatoslav was to establish sole rule in Rus'. Where by intrigue, where by force he stubbornly goes to this goal. After helping Vseslav, after some time, together with his brothers, he captures him as well. But the Polovtsy prevented Svyatoslav: the Russian troops were defeated, the liberated Vseslav began to rule in Kyiv, and the troops of his father-in-law, the Polish king Boleslav, were already coming to the aid of Izyaslav. Nevertheless, in 1073, Svyatoslav captures Kyiv, expelling Izyaslav, practically completing the process of unification of Rus' within the borders of his father Yaroslav the Wise. But the early death of Svyatoslav in 1076 prevented him from consolidating his success by transferring the rule of the country to his descendants.

Izyaslav and Vsevolod, united, oppose the Svyatoslavichs. Izyaslav receives Kyiv, his son Svyatopolk - Yaroslavl (Novgorod). Vsevolod gets Chernigov, and his son Vladimir Monomakh gets Smolensk. The death of Izyaslav in the battle leads to the weak Vsevolod coming to power in Kyiv. The Svyatoslavichs eventually received only Chernihiv. In Rus', a period of civil strife sets in, Kyiv princes are constantly changing. In the meantime, North-Eastern Rus', ruled by the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh, is becoming more and more isolated from Kyiv and growing stronger.

The political significance of Kyiv is steadily declining, and under Monomakh's grandson, Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky, the capital of Ancient Rus' is de facto transferred from Kyiv to Vladimir. Under Bogolyubsky, princely power is strengthened, with a firm hand he suppresses strife, primarily among his brothers, and the influence of the boyars is falling. However, this positive process stops after the assassination of Bogolyubsky. The probable killer of the prince can be considered his brother Vsevolod the Big Nest, during which the process of fragmentation of Rus' into ever smaller destinies continued.

In the course of a two-year struggle for power, after the assassination of Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod wins, and, as a result, Andrei Bogolyubsky's son Yuri (or Georgy, in those days it was the same name) Andreyevich was forced to flee to his relatives in the steppe , still a teenager who received the name Temuchin in the steppe. Thus began the story of the great Genghis Khan.

A lot of dashing had to sip young Yuri-Temuchin in the steppe, here he was a stranger, an outcast. But the outstanding data of young Yuri, his energy, courage and ambition allowed him to put together a 13,000th army. Meanwhile, young Tamara ascended the Georgian throne in 1184. Georgia of that period was a strong state, extending its power to the neighboring Azerbaijani and Armenian lands. The queen needed a husband, and the Russian prince Yuri, having his own army, was quite suitable for this. However, Yuri could not come to terms with the role of just a husband and soon began an armed struggle with the reigning wife. But, despite the fact that he managed to attract half of Georgia to his side, military happiness smiled on Tamara, and Yuri was forced to flee to the Turkmen steppes with 2,600 of his remaining comrades-in-arms. A few years later he was proclaimed Genghis Khan there, i.e. Prince Khan. Genghis Khan begins to put together a future empire, the center of which is Karakorum, in the Karakum desert.

In 1223, the troops of Genghis Khan, i.e. the so-called Mongols, who were a diverse gathering of various “seekers of fortune”, entered the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov region, defeating the Alans, and then the Polovtsian troops. Genghis Khan, already as Yuri Andreevich, the son of Bogolyubsky and the eldest in the family of the descendants of Monomakh, demands the reign of Kyiv for himself. Despite the fact that the opinions of the southern Russian princes differ, Kyiv in 1224 passes to Yuri = Genghis Khan. So he becomes the Grand Duke of Kyiv.

In 1228, Yuri (George) dies and is buried in Kyiv. (Several centuries later, his grave is found, but they mistakenly declare the grave of another Yuri = George - Prince Yaroslav the Wise.) The Kiev throne passes to his eldest son Vladimir = Jochi. However, the weak Jochi was expelled, and only after receiving an army from his brother Udegei, who ruled in Karakorum, did he manage to return Kyiv. But a year later, Vladimir = Jochi dies, transferring power and troops to his sons Ordu-Ichen and Batu. The latter, unable to hold Kiev, flee again to the steppe to Uncle Udegei and at the end of 1237 with a four thousandth Mongol-Tatar army (perhaps there were still more invaders - ten thousand) appear in the patrimony of their great-grandfather Andrei Bogolyubsky - in North-Eastern Rus' .

The first Russian cities - Ryazan and Izheslavets - are taken by the Mongols by storm and completely destroyed. All other cities passed under the rule of the Mongols voluntarily. The Mongols, approaching these cities, sent ambassadors to the townspeople. These ambassadors spoke not on behalf of the Mongol Khan, but on behalf of the Russian prince, a descendant of the Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky and a close relative of the prince who ruled in this city. The Mongols promised the princes and retinue a safe exit from the city, and the townspeople were cited as an example of Ryazan and Izheslavets. Such a trick succeeded: the townspeople put up princes with a retinue from the city, leaving the latter to decide for themselves who would be their prince. The princes and the squad left the city without fear, the Mongols disarmed them and cut them out a few miles from the city. And in order to prevent the news of the fate of the deceived princes from spreading, the Mongols were in a hurry and, having divided into parts, simultaneously captured several cities. The Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich himself was killed in a similar situation near Yaroslavl.

Only one small Kozelsk resisted the Mongols for seven weeks. This happened because by this time the soldiers and townspeople already knew the true value of the Mongol promises. But it was too late: North-Eastern Rus', and soon Western, submitted to the descendants of Genghis Khan = Yuri Andreevich. Russian lands became part of the White Horde, which included the territories of the Volga region, North Caucasus, Black Sea and steppes of Kazakhstan. The White Horde was headed by the eldest son Jochi Khan Ordu-Ichen. His younger brother Batu had power only over Russian lands. In Rus', Batu bore the name of Prince Yaroslav and he chose the city of Yaroslavl as his capital.

The period of the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, when the supreme power was moved outside the then Russian lands, which, in fact, was the "yoke". And in Rus', Genghisids began to rule (descendants of Genghis Khan = Yuri, son of Andrei Bogolyubsky) - proteges of the Golden Horde - younger brothers and sons of the Golden Horde khans.

In 1246, a new Supreme Khan of the Mongols was elected in Karakorum to replace the third son of Genghis Khan, Udegei, who died in 1241. There were two rivals: Ordu-Ichen and Udegei's son Guyuk. Khan Guyuk won in a fierce and long struggle, and the defeated Ordu-Ichen was forced to take poison from the hands of the mother of the new khan.

After the death of his elder brother, Batu takes his place and leads the Golden Horde. Guyuk, not wanting to cede power, gathers troops to march on Batu, but soon dies. Remembering the fate of his elder brother, Batu does not participate in the election of a new supreme khan, who becomes Mongke, the son of the fourth son of Genghis Khan Tolui. It was during these years that the final demarcation of the descendants of Genghis Khan into the European and Central Asian branches took place.

Having gained a foothold in North-Eastern Rus', the Mongols nevertheless had an unstable geopolitical position. On the western border of Rus', an independent Principality of Lithuania grew, absorbing Russian lands, headed by the Genghisides. Inside the lands of North-Eastern Rus', anti-Mongolian sentiments began to grow. Batu leaves for the safer southern Russian steppes, dividing the Russian lands into two parts: the North-Eastern, giving it to his son Andrei, and the South with Kiev, which passed into the hands of Alexander Nevsky. Soon, between the sons of Batu, a fight for power over the entire Mongol Rus begins, immediately after his death in 1256. Throughout the Golden Horde, a struggle flares up between the sons of Batu: Alexander, Andrei and Sartak, as well as Berke, Batu's brother, who eventually becomes the Khan of the Horde. Sartak is fixed in Yaroslavl, and Alexander Nevsky in 1262 flees to the southern Russian steppes, where he becomes under the name of Khan Nogai at the head of the Horde of the same name.

In 1266, after the death of Berke, the son of Batu Andrey was established at the head of the Golden Horde under the name of Khan Mengu = Timur. Thus, the rivalry of the brothers, who led the two hostile Hordes, continues. Each of the khans also competes for control over Russia. After the murder of Sartak in 1272, the son-in-law of Nogai = Nevsky, Fedor Cherny, became the prince of Yaroslavl, and other Russian lands were received by the sons of Nevsky - Dmitry and Andrei.

Meanwhile, discord in the steppe does not subside. The Golden Horde, led by the new Khan Tokhta, gains the upper hand, Nogai is killed. Tokhta begins to spread his power over Russia, where Dmitry, Fedor Cherny and, finally, Andrei perish one by one. The Khan's Horde is not satisfied with a strong and independent Yaroslavl - the central city of North-Eastern Rus', in which the new power system has not fully taken root. In opposition to him, Moscow is founded and strengthened - the headquarters of the Horde governors in Rus'. In 1321, Yaroslavl was plundered and burned by the punitive Horde army, and the son of Fyodor Cherny, the local prince, was killed.

After the defeat of Yaroslavl, power over the Russian lands completely passed into the hands of the Moscow princes - henchmen of the Golden Horde. In 1325 (1326), the Horde appointed Khan Telebuga as Moscow prince, who received the name Ivan Kalita in Rus' and concentrated both secular and spiritual power in the country in his hands. After him, princes Simeon Gordy and Ivan Ivanovich ruled Moscow.

Meanwhile, a period of great silence begins in the Horde, when the khans slaughtered each other every few months. In 1359, after the assassination of Khan Berdibek, the clan of Mengu-Timur was suppressed, and khans from the clan of Tolui (Tushi) came to power. Together with them, since 1359, the younger brothers and sons of the new Golden Horde khans, who received the same names Dmitriev in Russian chronicles, sit down to reign in Moscow.

As a result of the strife, the Golden Horde is significantly weakening, and another Moscow prince, known to us under the name of Dmitry Donskoy, decides to take advantage of this, who set out to gain complete independence from the Horde. The consequence of this is the battle that took place in 1380 and is known to us as the Battle of Kulikovo. The troops of the Don defeated the Horde forces under the command of Temnik Mamai, but on the way back the Russian-Tatar troops of the Don were overtaken by the Lithuanian-Tatar army, an ally of the Horde, and were defeated, and Dmitry himself was killed. The Lithuanian viceroy, Prince Ostei, becomes Prince of Moscow.

Meanwhile, Khan Tokhtamysh, a descendant of Batu and a rival of Mamai, having defeated the latter, establishes himself in the Golden Horde. In 1382 Tokhtamysh captured Moscow, killed Ostey and appointed his son as the new Russian prince.

However, Tokhtamysh was soon defeated by Timur. Timur-Kutluy, Timur's henchman, became the new Khan of the Horde. Tokhtamysh leaves for Lithuania. A long confrontation between the Horde and Lithuania begins. Rus' is squeezed in this vice, and, as a result, princes change in Rus', depending on which side the scales lean in the battle between the Horde and Lithuania.

The year 1425 is coming, the year from which, perhaps, the Time of Troubles in Rus' should begin. The Moscow prince Vasily Dmitrievich, a descendant of Tokhtamysh, dies, leaving Moscow with the lands to his brother Yuri according to his will. The only descendant of Prince Vasily - grandson Dmitry Krasny could not claim power, he was only 9 years old.

Yuri Dmitrievich was the Moscow prince from 1425 to 1432. In 1432, the Horde Khan Kichim-Ahmet gave the Moscow principality, vassal from the Horde, as an inheritance to his brother Makhmet, ignoring Yuri Dmitrievich, who reigned here. The last one was simply killed. But two local Dmitrys enter the fight against Makhmet - Shemyaka, the son of Yuri Dmitrievich, and Shemyaka's cousin, the grown-up Dmitry Krasny. Moscow and especially Yaroslavl become the main centers of the struggle for power; several times these cities change hands.

In 1437 Shemyaka blinds Makhmet. Nevertheless, after many years of stubborn struggle, the victory goes to the latter, and after his death in 1448, his sons Kasim and Yagup become stronger in Rus'. Dmitry Shemyaka was poisoned in 1453, and Dmitry Krasny - in 1440.

A new round of unrest begins in 1462 after the death of Kasim, when a long and bloody struggle for power begins between Yagup = Yuri, who is supported by his brothers Boris and Andrei Bolshoy, and his nephews, the sons of Kasim - Andrei the Less = Daniyar and Vasily. Nephews control their capital - Yaroslavl and surrounding cities. But most of the country is in the hands of Yuri, whose capital is Moscow.

The confrontation between rivals reached its climax in 1471. Yaroslavl was taken and devastated, and Prince Andrei = Daniyar fled to the Horde to Khan Akhmet. Having received troops from the Horde, Andrei = Daniyar defeats the troops of Yuri = Yagup, the latter dies, and Moscow passes to the winner. However, the north and northeast of the country with the cities of Yaroslavl and Pereslavl remain under the control of Yuri's brothers - Andrei Bolshoy and Boris and their nephew Fyodor Yuryevich, the son of the deceased Yuri. In 1478 Andrei the Less = Daniyar captures Yaroslavl, and his opponents flee to Lithuania.

Yaroslavl (Veliky Novgorod), the largest Russian city, was completely plundered and destroyed. Soon, residents of Muscovy and the Tatars began to move to the city, which was deserted after the massacre. And the memory of him was erased from Russian history.

In 1480, the Crimean-Lithuanian army, led by the Krymchaks Nordoulat and Aidar, as well as Boris and Andrei the Great, invaded the lands of the Moscow principality. In the area of the Ugra River decisive battle. The united Horde-Moscow army was defeated, and Khan Akhmat himself was soon slaughtered in the Horde. A few months later, Andrei the Lesser = Daniyar also dies.

In 1481, power in the Principality of Moscow passed to the Crimean dynasty, headed by Nordoulat, the elder brother of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray. Together with the new rulers from the Crimea, Karaite Judaism came to Rus'. In 1490, Nordoulat was poisoned by his son Saltagan, and serious religious clashes began in Rus' between supporters of Orthodoxy and Judaism.

In 1493, Saltagan was also killed, and Nordoulat's nephew Magmet-Amen came to power. However, the unrest in Rus' continues, and in 1499 the great reign is captured by the brother of Nordoulat Aidar. But he, however, did not stay on the throne for a long time. In 1502, the nephews of the Horde Khan, Isup and Shigavliyar, were seated to reign in Moscow. By this time, the country was in complete decline, and, as a result, real power began to concentrate in the hands of the boyars, and the Grand Duke Kuydakul, the great-grandson of Khan Makhmet, who was appointed by them in 1505, decides little.

In 1521, Khan Magmet-Girey, at the head of the Crimean and Kazan troops, captured Moscow, Kuydakul was killed. The unborn Khabar Simsky is imprisoned in the Moscow reign of Crimea. However, soon in the Crimea begins its own civil strife. Magmet Giray was killed, and the position of his henchman Simsky in Rus' becomes fragile. During the coup in 1525, Simsky was deposed, and Shig-Aley, the son of Shigavliyar, was elected Grand Duke.

In 1533, a large and successful invasion of the Crimeans forced the boyar elite to overthrow Shig-Aley and elect the three-year-old Ivan Glinsky, a descendant of Temnik Mamai, as king.

In Moscow, a leapfrog of coups is growing, the Shuiskys alternately come to power, Ivan Belsky - the son of Aidar, again Glinsky and again Shig-Aley, and then the sons of Shig-Aley, Simeon and Dmitry Belsky. Finally, in 1571, the Kasimov Tsar Sain-Bulat, who was soon baptized as Simeon Bekbulatovich, was elected king.

However, the weak and indecisive Simeon Bekbulatovich was deposed in 1582, blinded and tonsured a monk. Fedor Belsky, the son of Tsar Ivan Belsky, who was killed during the Crimean invasion of 1571, becomes king, and the son of Simeon Bekbulatovich, Tsarevich Dmitry, still a baby, was sent to Uglich with his relatives as his heirs.

Around the feeble-minded Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, a deadly fight for influence over the Tsar begins. Fyodor Mstislavsky, a relative of the Glinskys and Tsarevich Dmitry, is moving forward, pushing back the tsar's brother-in-law, Boris Godunov.

Clearing the way to the throne, Mstislavsky in 1591 gives the order to kill Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. However, the boy was switched at the last moment and hidden in the monastery.

In 1598 Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich dies. A Great Council is convened to elect a new king. The main contender, of course, is Fyodor Mstislavsky, a close relative of the “deceased” Tsarevich Dmitry and the main figure in the boyar Duma. However, the “resurrected” Dmitry unexpectedly appears at the cathedral. Godunov, using his chance, flees to the south and, with the support of the khan, leads the Crimean troops to Moscow. In this situation, on September 1, he becomes king.

At the same time, Tsarevich Dmitry manages to leave for Lithuania, from where in 1604 he enters Russia with a recruited army, having not only a legal right to the throne, but also power. The population of the western lands begins to go over to the side of Dmitry. Godunov in such a situation has no choice but to declare the prince an impostor. Military operations bring success to Godunov, but in April 1605 he dies, his young son Fedor becomes king, but not for long. The troops go over to the side of Dmitry, who, already as a new tsar, enters the capital, and Fyodor Godunov and his mother were killed.

Dmitry, who reigned in Moscow, gives high ranks to many who fell into disgrace in previous reigns: his relatives Nagim, the Romanovs and his other supporters. His blinded father Simeon Bekbulatovich returns to Moscow with honor. And the Shuiskys fell into disgrace, the eldest of them was executed, others were exiled. Kazan Metropolitan Ermogen (Alexander Shuisky) also fell into disgrace. Six months later, the Shuiskys were pardoned. And, as it turned out, in vain: in 1606, a coup took place in Moscow, the Shuiskys came to power, and Dmitry, who managed to escape, was declared killed by them.

However, none of the Shuiskys was ever crowned, although the real power was held by Patriarch Hermogenes (Alexander Shuisky) and his brothers Dmitry and Ivan.

Meanwhile, Dmitry is declared alive and unharmed, and the western Russian lands again go over to his side. Dmitry's troops go to Moscow, the nobility and the people, as before, go over to his side. Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov (Fyodor Romanov) in Tushino, Dmitry's temporary capital, is proclaimed patriarch.

Hermogenes, wishing to retain power, informs the Poles of his readiness to give the royal crown to the son of the Polish king Vladislav. Polish troops enter Russia. The success of the tsarist troops led by Skopin-Shuisky and the invasion of the Poles bring confusion and confusion to the Tushino camp. Filaret is captured by the Poles, and Dmitry flees to Kaluga, where after some time he was killed by the Tatars.

In this situation, the supporters of the Shuiskys offer Skopin-Shuisky as king, but Dmitry Shuisky, brother of Hermogenes and the main contender for the royal crown, naturally does not agree with this. Skopin-Shuisky was insidiously poisoned. A new conspiracy is brewing in Moscow, headed by Mstislavsky, and the Shuiskys are deposed. The Poles enter Moscow. Notable captives were sent to the Polish king - Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, and soon the patriarch Hermogenes.

However, the Poles are expelled from Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of Prince Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin. (In these turbulent and controversial events, the Russian authorities, almost four hundred years later, will see an occasion for a national holiday.) At the Zemsky Sobor, the Cossacks force the audience to elect 18-year-old Mikhail Romanov, the son of the Tushino Patriarch Filaret, who at that time was in Polish captivity, as king. And in Rus' from that moment, in 1613, a new dynasty of tsars was established - the Romanov dynasty.

This is how the story turns out, if without colors and details. Here you will involuntarily be surprised, but how did you and I survive in such conditions? But the struggle for power is only one side of life. People sowed, gave birth, built cities. And life was richer than it seems from a distance of centuries. And everything about her was the way it was.

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Do you know that the royal rule in Rus' was not inherited before Christianization?

In Rus', they lived according to Kopnoy Pravo, where only those who, not in word, but in deed, proved that he was a normal smart man, a family man, and not a drunk or some kind of lazybones, had a voice. A handicraft craftsman, such as a woodworker. Here are 10 such men unanimously (!) chose the tenth, the tenths chose the sotsky, etc. to the Monarch, whose power was not inherited! Those. the best of the best was chosen, and when they saw him, the people said Tse Zarya (TSE (tse - this, this one) ZARYA (Dawn - Carrying Light)), which later was reduced to “King”. Children born from kings were called Tse Sarevich (Tse Zarevich). That is, it is the same as the son of the dawn. From the Etruscans (the Russian ethnic group is one of our clans), the Latins adopted this concept and called their rulers Caesar (Caesar). That's where there was freedom of speech, will and democracy of elections.

And who teaches us democracy today? Those who a thousand years ago imposed monarchy and totalitarianism.

About taxes in Rus'

The tax was in the form of a tithe, i.e. everyone paid tithes. Those. 10th part of 144. Now instead of 144, 100 (%) is taken. In order to recalculate the tithe in a modern way, we will make up the proportion: 144/10 \u003d 100 / x. Hence x = 10 100/144 = 7 (%). The tithe went to the maintenance of the Cossacks (“the sighted horse”) and the construction of border towns to protect our lands from invaders. One of the camps of the Cossacks is now called KazakhStan, this happened after the October Revolution, although even before the revolution it was called Kazaksky Stan (KazakStan). The Cossacks were skilled warriors, and they were even hired Japanese emperors, samurai probably did not reach the level of our Ancestors.

History of Rus'

Our modern official history, taught in schools, took its final form in the 18th and 19th centuries AD. and was written in accordance with the biblical concept of history commissioned by the Romanovs. Thus, today we are taught from childhood that our history is only a little over 1000 years old. Allegedly, the brothers Cyril and Methodius did good to the dark and wild pagans, giving them writing.

Let's see what happened and who and how falsified our past.

Let's start with Tsar Peter the Great, who instead of “Summer” introduced “Year” and in Summer 7208 from S.M.Z.X (Creation of the World in the Star Temple, where the creation of the world used to be understood as the signing of a peace treaty) On December 20, Peter I postponed the New Year by issuing a decree to congratulate each other on January 1 “with the new Got”, and to introduce a new foreign Julian calendar, where after December 31, 7208 from S.M. January 1, 1700 began from the birth of Christ. Thus, he easily and simply stole 5508 years of history from us.

Since our Ancestors wrote the numbers in drop caps, our writing has at least existed for more than 7.5 thousand years, which Catherine II wrote in her “Notes on Russian History”: “... the Slavs had a written language older than Nestor ...”.

But the worst thing was during Christianization, when in Rus' the monuments of pre-Christian writing and culture of ancient Rus'-Russia-Rasseniya were subjected to total destruction.

About the "Great" Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko

The illegitimate son of the Khazar woman Malusha, Prince Vladimir, who illegally occupied the throne of Kiev (by poisoning the legitimate heirs), introduced an alien religion with fire and sword. In the years from 988 to 1000, ¾ of the population of Kievan Rus was destroyed, after which only 3 million people remained from the original 12 million. The survivors were mostly children and the elderly. Children deprived of parents were brought up already in the Christian spirit, with the denial of the entire great Heritage of the Ancestors.

The Higher Clergy of Belovodye (the center of Belovodye was in Asgard, modern Omsk), the sacred land of Russenia-Rus-Russia in 1222 from the RH decided to create a special governing body to protect the Old Faith, which became known as: OR-DEN, which meant “Strength Light” or “Light Force”, where the Kh'ary rune “OR” meant “strength” in the Old Slavic language, the rune “DEN” meant “light”. This Light Power came from beyond the Urals in the form of retribution to the Russian lands, devastated and captured by the Greek-Jewish-Christian.

Tatar-Mongol yoke

This word “Order” was distorted by the Latins as “Orde”, and the writers of history changed it to the word “horde” and the Great Horde or the Mongol-Tatar yoke appeared. Foreigners called Rus' Mongolia. The very name “Mongolia” (or Mogolia, as Karamzin and many other authors write, for example) comes from the Greek word “Megalion”, i.e. "Great". In Russian historical sources, the word "Mongolia" ("Mogolia") is not found. But meets " Great Rus'". The word "Igo" means order, hence the name "Igor" - the guardian of order. “Tat” is an enemy, i.e. the Tatar is the enemy of the Aryan. And to whom could the Aryan be an enemy? Could he be an enemy of the Rasichs, i.e. to their brothers in the Clans of the Great RACE? No. The only one to whom he was an enemy was those who wanted to enslave these Rods. That is why they write in their history (from tori-ya) that to Russia (and they considered only Kiev and the surrounding lands to be Russia, and “Kievan Rus” was invented by M. Pogodin, who in his dissertation “On the Origin of Russia” ( 1825), as well as Messrs. G. Bayer, later G. Miller and A. Schlozer substantiated the Norman theory of the emergence of Russian statehood: “come and rule us”), the Great Horde went, or in other words - the Mongols-Tatars - the Great Enemies of the Aryans, not who accepted Christianity. And they went from the East of Rasseniya (Rasseniya are the territories over which the Clans of the Great Race settled), more precisely from Siberia, which in those days from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean and from the Cold Ocean to Central India was called Tarkhtaria, the land of which is patronized by the Gods - the son and daughter of Perun, brother and sister, Tarkh, nicknamed Dazhdbog (Giving God), and his younger sister Tara. Our Ancestors told foreigners: "... we are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". Later, Tarkhtaria became Tartaria, and the biblical people, who hardly pronounce the letter “r”, called it Tataria.

Let's look at the map of 1754 "I-e Carte de l'Asie"

Through the entire vast territory of the Russian Empire, up to the Pacific Ocean, including Mongolia, Far East etc., there is an inscription in large letters: Grande Tartaria, that is, Great Tartaria.

Now it is clear that the words “Tatar” and “Tatar” had nothing to do with modern Tatars until, after the revolution of 1917, historians of biblical nationality decided to falsify the “trace of the Mongol-Tatar yoke” in order to confirm with another deception, substitution of concepts his fictional story about the invasion of Russia by a never-existing enemy and avert suspicion from himself as a real enemy.

They carried out this plan to declare someone a former enemy for about a decade and a half, and Lazar Moiseevich Koganovich completed it in 1935, declaring several peoples as Tatars: the Volga Bulgarians or Bulgars, baptized people, Uighurs, and also Siberians. Thus, in recent history, another substitution of names and concepts was carried out.

Once, in the northeast of the Black Sea, there was Khazaria, which undertook predatory and predatory attacks on neighboring peoples. Once Khazaria seized the Volga lands with their peace-loving peoples and subjugated them. But part of the Volga Bulgars did not want to submit to the power of the Khazars, and they, together with their khan (i.e. military leader) Astarukh, moved to the Danube, built their cities there and still live there - these territories are called Bulgaria. But note that modern historiography ranks the Danube Bulgarians among the Slavs, and their eastern brothers - the Volga, Kazan Bulgarians - to the Turks - to the Tatars.

What caused this division? Yes, due to the fact that from Tsar-grad Christianity was imposed on the Danube, and Islam was imposed to the Volga. And since in ancient times Islam was accepted mainly by Turkic tribes, therefore, the Volga Bulgarians began to be classified as Turks, although they were actually Slavic tribes that at first did not accept Christianity, but then Islam was forcibly imposed on many of their tribes.

However, among them there were tribes that did not recognize either Islam or Christianity, and many, especially along the Vyatka and higher, and closer to the Caspian Sea, remained on their ancient faith of the Ancestors and lived apart. Therefore, they still call themselves White Bulgarians.

Why don't modern Russian children get this knowledge at school?

Yes, again, because the modern official version of the history of the Russian people was finally formalized in the 18-19th century and was written in strict accordance with the biblical picture of the world: they say that there is the most ancient, God's chosen people - the Jews, and the Russians were Greeks (Semites) before they were Christianized ) by wild pagans, and even writing was given to the Russians by the Greek monks Cyril and Methodius.

In fact, the semi-literate monks Cyril and Methodius reduced the Slavic Initial Letter (I know God, I know the Verb Good ... - one of the types of our writing that existed in Rus' many thousands of years before Christ) from 49 letters to 44, and four of the remaining letters were given Greek titles that do not contain such sound images. It was precisely those letters from the old Initial Letter that were destroyed that did not find a match in the Greek language.

Greek is built on the basis of simplified Phoenician, and Phoenician is based on Scythian, and Scythian is our Slavic, because. Scythians are one of the Slavic tribes. Yaroslav the Wise with his "wisdom" removed one more letter. The reformer Peter the Great removed five letters, Nicholas II - three, Lunacharsky - three, introduced "Yo" and removed images from the ABC (Az, Buki, Vedi ...) and introduced phonemics (a, b, c ...) and the ABC became the Alphabet (alpha + vita - in the Greek manner) and our mighty language became without figurative (ugly).

Materials taken from the site energodar.net/nasledie/tartariya.html

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