What to do when bitten by a snake? Bites of poisonous snakes Prevention of snake bites

Poisoning with snake venom is considered not so rare. Quite often, snake bites happen in nature - for example, on a hike or in the field, so absolutely everyone should know the basics of clinical toxicology, the rules of behavior for snake bites and symptoms.

There are quite a few types of snakes on earth, but a person most often suffers from the bites of only three types of reptiles - vipers, already-like and aspids.

Table of contents:

Types of poisonous snakes and characteristics of their bites

family already similar

most often found perishing ordinary and verdigris. The bites of these snakes do not pose a danger to human life, and they cannot drastically shake their health. But the bite itself is accompanied by powerful painful sensations, suppuration of the wound may develop.

viper family

The brightest representative of this species is the common viper. This snake is peaceful, bites a person only in case of direct anxiety - for example, if a person grabs a viper with his hands, steps on it. In general, upon seeing a person, the common viper tries to crawl away to the side, hide, or continues to lie quietly, watching a potential enemy.

Mortality after being bitten by this species poisonous snakes is only 1% of the total mass. Such a low indicator is connected with the fact that the snake injects a small amount of poison into the human body, it saves it - the creation and accumulation of the next portion is too tiring for the reptile.

The venom of the common viper, when bitten, can get into the muscle tissue, under the skin or into the lumen of the vessel. The last option is the most difficult - the spread of the poison is instantaneous, the symptoms are too severe.

aspid family

A striking representative of this species is the Central Asian cobra. Often, the cobra first warns the enemy about the attack, it can even imitate a bite - it stands in a characteristic stance, expands its neck, emits a loud hiss and makes a sharp throw to the lower limbs of a person, hitting them with its head with its mouth closed.

The main component of the venom of the Central Asian cobra is a neurotoxin - it blocks the sensitivity of the skin, impairs the conduction of a nerve impulse, and provokes the development of paralysis and paresis.

Symptoms of venomous snake bites

It may happen that a person does not notice a snake bite, so you need to know the main symptoms of snake venom poisoning in order to be able to provide medical assistance.

Common viper bite symptoms:

If severe intoxication develops, then the above symptoms will be accompanied by the following symptoms:

severe weakness;
clearly defined pallor of the skin;
extremities become cold;
confusion is noted;
fever and shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, and kidney failure may develop.

Symptoms of a Central Asian cobra bite:

there is a sharp, burning pain at the bite site, which subsides only after a few hours;
the color of the skin at the site of the bite practically does not change;
there is swelling in the area of \u200b\u200bthe wounds, but not as pronounced as with the bite of an ordinary viper;
a clear bloody liquid may ooze from the wound;
the functions of the affected limb are impaired, paralysis develops in an ascending direction;
the muscles of the face suffer - the eyelids and lower jaw involuntarily fall, the movement of the eyeballs is disturbed.

When bitten by a Central Asian cobra, symptoms of general intoxication also develop rapidly:

Note:if a person is not provided with medical assistance after a bite of a Central Asian cobra, then his death occurs within 2-7 hours from respiratory arrest.

What determines the severity of symptoms after a bite of a venomous snake:

Age of the bitten person. The symptoms of snake venom poisoning are most intense in children and the elderly. The presence of internal diseases, the level of immunity and general health also play a role.
Type of snake, its size and age. It is believed that the common viper is less dangerous than the Central Asian cobra, although in any case, the bite of these representatives of reptiles causes serious health problems. Less dangerous are the bites of young snakes, small in size.
The condition of the snake's teeth. If they are infected, then the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the wound will be a must - this aggravates the development of symptoms.
Bite site. The lower extremities are most often affected, and then the symptoms will develop slowly. But snake bites happen to the neck, and to the face, and to the location of large blood vessels - the symptoms will develop rapidly.
Human behavior after a bite. If the bitten person actively moves and runs, then the spread of snake venom throughout the body will be faster - the intensity of the symptoms will be powerful.

First aid for snakebite

So, everything has already happened - a man was bitten by a poisonous snake. What to do in this case, how to help the victim and prevent the development of serious complications?

Firstly, it is necessary to put the bitten person in a horizontal position and try to calm him down - anxiety, tantrums and panic will definitely not help. If the snake is fixed on the skin at the site of the bite (this, by the way, happens often), it must be removed and destroyed, but not thrown away anywhere - the reptile may be needed for examination by a specialist.

Secondly, if possible, immediately call ambulance, contact the rescuers or recreation center, hotel. While you are doing all these actions, carefully observe the victim - the absence of burning, swelling and pain at the site of the bite most likely indicates that the snake is not poisonous.

Thirdly, the affected part must be freed from clothing and jewelry - they can put pressure on the bite site and provoke increased swelling.

note: if the symptoms indicate that a person was bitten by a poisonous snake, then medical assistance should be provided immediately, without waiting for the arrival of the ambulance team!

Urgent Care:

If a poisonous snake has bitten a limb, then it must be immobilized - you can put a bandage or splint from improvised materials (board, branch) on your leg or arm.
Suction of poison from the wound is advisable to carry out within a maximum of 10 minutes after the incident. If there is a rubber bulb with us, then we work with it, if not, we use the mouth. First you need to squeeze the bite wounds between your fingers and stretch them slightly - this will help to “open” them, then we grab the bite site with our teeth and begin to actively suck out the poison, while helping with our fingers (as if “squeezing”). We immediately spit out the poison with saliva, the duration of this procedure should not exceed 20 minutes - during this time it is possible to remove 50% of the total amount of poison from the body.
We treat the bite site with a disinfectant - hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, brilliant green are suitable. Do not treat the wound with alcohol.
A bandage is applied to the wound from a bandage or any piece of clean tissue. In no case should it be tight - this fact is checked by sticking a finger under the bandage (it should pass freely).
Cold is applied to the bite site - the best option there will be ice. If this particular type of cooling is used, then every 5-7 minutes you need to take a break in the procedure for 5 minutes - this will prevent tissue frostbite.
The victim is given antihistamines. medications- Tavegil, Dimedrol, Loratadin. If possible, such funds are administered intramuscularly.
The bitten should drink plenty of fluids - up to 5 liters of water per day. This will help reduce the manifestations of intoxication in the body. It is necessary to give the patient vitamins K and C, and if possible, put a dropper with glucose (5% solution in an amount of 400 ml).
The victim is given glucocorticosteroid drugs (Prednisolone or Dexamethasone), they can be administered intramuscularly.
If a person is bitten by a Central Asian cobra, then his breathing may be disturbed. To alleviate his condition, you need to periodically apply a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to the nose.
If respiratory and heart failure rapidly develop, then Caffeine, Ephedrine or Cordiamin is administered to the bitten person.
In case of complete cessation of breathing and heartbeat, the patient is given artificial respiration and chest compressions.

What not to do when bitten by a venomous snake

The problem is that people, when bitten by a venomous snake, begin to perform actions that can lead to the development of serious complications. It is necessary to clearly remember what in no case should be done under the condition in question:

cauterize the bite site;
apply heat to the affected area;
apply a tourniquet on the affected limb - this leads to a rapid and deep spread of poison in the tissue;
cut the bite site to drain the poison;
take any alcoholic beverages;
ice the limb for a long time;

Antidotes

Poisoning with snake venom involves the introduction of specific sera (antidotes) - it is advisable to do this on the first day after the bite. In the future, if necessary, you can enter another dose of serum.

Serum "Antigyurza"

If a person was bitten by a snake of the viper species, then he needs to enter the type of antidote in question in the first hours after the defeat. This tool will help prevent the development of anaphylactic shock. Moreover, it must be administered according to a certain scheme and only in the subscapular region subcutaneously:

0.1 ml of the agent is injected;
after 15 minutes another 0.25 ml is injected;
if there are no signs of anaphylactic shock, then the patient is injected with the entire remaining serum (it is available in 500 IU ampoules).

If the degree of poisoning is mild, then a maximum of 1000 IU of serum is administered to a person, with an average degree - 2000 IU, with a severe degree - 3000 IU.

Serum "Atikobra"

Such a serum is injected with snake bites from the aspid family and the Central Asian cobra. This antidote is administered in an amount of 300 ml with simultaneous intravenous infusion of a solution of Prozerin and a solution of Atropine sulfate, 0.5 mg every half hour.

Note:treatment for a bite of a poisonous snake is carried out only in a medical institution under control medical workers. Appointments are made in strict individually, taking into account the general well-being of the victim, his age and the intensity of the symptoms of poisoning.

There are no specific preventive measures to prevent venomous snake bites. But there is a list of rules of conduct when meeting with such reptiles:

The bite of a venomous snake is unpleasant and even dangerous. But if you take measures to prevent the spread of poison in the body, competently conduct first aid, then the consequences will not be terrible for human health and life.

Tsygankova Yana Alexandrovna, medical observer, therapist of the highest qualification category

Lecture 8.10. First aid for bites of poisonous snakes and other animals.

Insect bites

Hymenoptera bites

Help for the victim

arachnid bites

snake bites

Animal bites

When going out into nature, you need to remember that most animals and insects themselves attack a person only if he invades their habitat and provokes them to attack. If an unpleasant incident nevertheless occurred, it is necessary to provide the victim with first aid.

Insect bites

Insect bites can be divided into two large groups: Hymenoptera (mosquitoes, bees, wasps, hornets, horseflies, etc.) and arachnids (tarantulas, scorpions, ticks). The human body responds to an insect bite with three types of reactions. Local reaction - redness, swelling, pain, itching or severe burning in the bite area, local enlargement of the lymph nodes. A general toxic reaction usually occurs with multiple bites - chills, fever, nausea and vomiting, headache , joint pain. An allergic reaction can also occur to single bites in people predisposed to such reactions. Allergic reactions proceed like urticaria, angioedema or even anaphylactic shock.

Hymenoptera bites

Mosquitoes, midges, horseflies do not have poisonous glands; when they bite, they introduce a special substance into the wound that prevents blood clotting. The reaction to their bites is usually only local. A person is able to endure multiple bites of these insects (up to 100 or more) without disturbing the general condition. To reduce local manifestations, try the following remedies. Dipping your finger alternately in water and dry soda, rub the bites with this finger; can be smeared with a strong solution of soda. It is believed that soda somewhat reduces swelling and itching. Menovazin has a good analgesic and antipruritic effect, but it cannot be used by people with hypersensitivity to novocaine. Ortofenovaya and butadionovaya ointments reduce inflammation and itching. Someone well helps balm "asterisk". There is a special cream "OFF" after bites. To prevent infection of bite sites, they can be lubricated with brilliant green. From folk remedies, it is recommended to use grated young potatoes, gruel from crushed onions or garlic, parsley leaf juice. You can drive away insects with special means: creams and lotions ("Moskitol", "OFF", "Taiga", etc.), which are applied to the skin and clothes, repellent aerosols, smoking spirals, etc. Remember that all these products are toxic, and they are not recommended for use by children under 3 years old and pregnant women.

Poisonous bites are “rewarded” by bees, bumblebees (they bite only once in their lives, after which they die), wasps and hornets (they can sting several times). The local reaction to the bites of these insects is usually very pronounced. Characterized by the development of significant swelling, which, although a local reaction, can be dangerous if located on the face, especially in the lips or inside the oral cavity. Allergic reactions to the bites of these insects are quite common. Urticaria is a rash of blisters that merge with each other against the background of reddening of the skin, accompanied by severe itching. It can be located on any part of the skin. Quincke's edema ("giant urticaria") is a rapidly growing, delimited swelling of the skin or mucous membranes. It can occur not only directly at the site of the bite, but also in any other. His "favorite" localization is the face, oral mucosa, soft palate, limbs, genitals. Especially dangerous is allergic edema of the larynx. A rare but very dangerous reaction is anaphylactic shock. Within a few minutes, the victim develops shortness of breath, severe chills, fear of death, an increased heart rate, a sharp drop in blood pressure and coma occurs. Locally at the same time - a blister, rapidly growing edema, hemorrhage.

Help for the victim

Carefully inspect the bite site. The left sting must be removed. At the same time, try not to squeeze it so that the remains of the poison do not get into the wound. Apply ice to the bite site. Hydrocortisone or prednisolone ointments can be used to reduce swelling and local inflammation. Persons predisposed to allergic reactions, it is better to immediately give an antihistamine. This must also be done with “dangerous” bite localizations (face and, especially, the oral cavity). In mild cases of allergic reactions, it is also enough to take an antihistamine inside. Claritin is given in 1 tablet (10 mg) or 2 tsp. syrup for children weighing over 30 kg and adults, 0.5 tablets (5 mg) or 1 tsp. syrup for children over 2 years old weighing up to 30 kg, 0.5 tsp. syrup for children under 2 years old. The drug is taken once a day. Tavegil is prescribed for adults and children over 12 years old, 1 tablet (1 mg), for children 6-12 years old - 0.5-1 tablet, for children 3-6 years old - 0.5 tablets 2 times a day. In severe allergic reactions (widespread urticaria with a violation of the general condition, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; rapidly spreading Quincke's edema), intramuscular administration of antihistamines is necessary. Tavegil (ampoules of 2 ml / 2 mg) is administered to adults at 2 ml (2 mg) twice a day, to children - at a daily dose of 0.025 mg / kg, dividing it into two injections. Suprastin (1 ml / 20 mg ampoules) is administered at a dose of 5 mg (0.25 ml) to children under one year old, 10 mg (0.5 ml) - to children 2-6 years old, 10-20 mg (0.5-1 ml ) - for children 7-14 years old, 20 mg (1 ml) - for adolescents and adults. The frequency of administration is up to 3-4 times a day, but the daily dose should not exceed 2 mg / kg. In case of allergic edema of the larynx with respiratory failure, prednisolone is administered intravenously slowly (in 2-3 minutes), and if it is impossible, intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg / kg (during the day, a repeated single injection at the same dose is possible).

In case of anaphylactic shock, the victim should be laid on his back with a raised leg end, but if there is vomiting or there is no consciousness, the person is laid on his side. It is necessary to ensure the patency of the respiratory tract, try to warm the victim. A tourniquet is applied above the insect bite, and cold is applied to the bite site.

Call for medical help immediately. The first medical aid consists in the subcutaneous injection of a 0.1% solution of adrenaline at a dose of 0.25-0.5 ml (for children, the dose is 0.01 ml / kg) directly into the bite site and into the free area of the body above the tourniquet, injections of suprastin at a dose of 2 mg/kg. If there is no effect, adrenaline is injected intravenously slowly (2-3 minutes) in the form of a 0.01% solution (1 ml of 0.1% adrenaline is diluted in 10 ml of saline) at a dose of 0.1 ml / kg. At the same time, prednisolone is slowly injected intravenously at a dose of 3-4 mg / kg. In case of respiratory disorders, a 2.4% solution of aminophylline is administered intravenously (5-7 mg / kg in 20 ml of saline). Transportation is possible only after the victim's blood pressure exceeds 70 mm Hg.

Snake bites can be very dangerous - everyone knows about it. However, it is necessary to act in different situations in different ways.

It is important to be able to distinguish between different snakes, and before you go to a certain place (especially on a trip to Africa), it is better to check in the guide which snakes live exactly where you will be.

Snakes are harmless, albeit poisonous. And this is not a paradox - some species live far from human habitation. And if they feel that a person is somewhere close, they simply move on without attacking him.

Some types of snakes, like humans, have their own character. The snake can attack when it is angry and hungry, and it can even react calmly to aggression. Here, too, much depends on the type.

Of particular danger are poisonous snakes that attack people. Usually they develop a huge speed at which it is impossible to hide from the snake even on a bicycle.

Types of snake venom

What should be the help for a snake bite depends on its type, the composition of the poison and its type. There are two types of poisons:

paralytic. Dangerous kind of poison. When exposed to it, the respiratory organs are paralyzed, because of which a person can stop breathing and die;
dangerous for the blood. In the blood, the poison breaks down vital cells, causing spasms. Spasm affects soft tissues and organs. Although this type of poison is slower acting, it can be very dangerous.

What to do if bitten by a snake

If a snake has bitten another person in a group, it is important to give him first aid. Moreover, other people should do this, which will allow the victim to avoid excessive movements, and this will slow down the passage of poison through the blood.

The general rules for snake bites are:

take off your clothes if the snake has bitten through it (most of the poison can be concentrated on it);
treat the wound by removing all the poison that remains at the wound;
you can press on the place around the bite (if it is a hand, you should do it so that the soft tissues around the wound are pressed against the bone structure so that the poison can come out with blood (all of it still won’t come out, but you can reduce the concentration);
if too dangerous, you need to have medicine with you and, after removing the poison around the wound, take it;
if there is no medicine, and there is a medic in the group, you can make cuts around the wound in the shape of a cross, and then press on the wound so that the poison comes out (again, all of it still won’t come out);
poison can be sucked from the wound, but only within 15 minutes after the bite. This is true if it takes more than an hour to get to the medical facility or the victim is in a panic. Only a person who does not experience problems with bleeding gums needs to suck out the poison. If they are - in no case should you take the procedure - hell will get into the blood, and then two people will need help.

This is especially important to understand when hiking in the desert, where a lot of snakes can live, despite the whole image of the absence of life in this area. However, it is better to study in more detail.

If a person is bitten by a snake on the leg, it is better to tie it to the other leg and take it to the hospital in a horizontal position.

If the snake has bitten your hand, you need to urgently remove the rings from all fingers, bend your arm at the elbow and remain calm.

If possible, it is better to put the bitten one down. Even a sitting position has Negative influence to spread the poison.

Important: drink plenty of water. Water helps to reduce the level of intoxication. This is not a panacea, but with dangerous bites and long-term transportation to medical institution helps.

Myths about snake bites

There are ways to deal with snake bites that don't really do any good, but only cause more harm.

The imposition of a tourniquet. “It is necessary to apply a tourniquet so that the poison does not spread throughout the body” - in no case should this be done.

If you stop the flow of blood, the poison will be concentrated in one part of the body. It will not be inactive, but will begin to be absorbed into the internal veins.

This can bring dangerous effects. Also, due to squeezing with a tourniquet, edema forms, the poison combines with the tissues - they become inflamed, dehydrated.

Such actions may lead to serious consequences up to and including the need for amputation.

All differ in the animal world. Dangerous snakes different ones live in them, therefore, when preparing a trip, you need to find out in advance how exactly it is better to escape from the bite of a snake of one or another species that lives in the area.

General methods of struggle and universal remedy or there is simply no antidote - this is a myth.

It is forbidden to take alcohol after a bite. Also, when traveling, it is undesirable to take alcohol at all, since in the event of a snake bite, the poison will be better absorbed.

The opinion that, having taken 100 grams, the bitten one will feel calmer is fundamentally wrong.

As children, we are all well acquainted with kites, we love them and are not afraid at all, because how can we be afraid of the Most Beautiful Kite That Dad Gave. And how can the Serpent Gorynych be scary - after all, he is from his favorite fairy tale, where good always wins ...

When we grow up a little, we get acquainted with the Bible, on which all European culture is built, and learn about the Serpent-tempter, who was not only wise, as any snake should be, but also crafty - it was he who seduced the first people to pick the forbidden apple from the tree knowledge and to know what is good and evil. And since then, according to the Biblical legend, human history filled not only with knowledge, but also with wars, destruction, betrayal, fratricide...

Such was the Serpent's advice. But if Eve had not listened to these whispers, then where would humanity be now? The serpent pushed for knowledge of the world and the universe, but humanity disposed of this in its own way ... I must say that snakes were the deities of many peoples around the globe.

For example, Quetzalcoatl, chief god of the ancient Aztecs, also had the appearance of a snake, which combined the features rattlesnake, which was a symbol of a hurricane, and the quetzal bird, which symbolized the wind - this is how the omnipotent and omnipotent lord of the clouds appeared. And one of the world's religions, Buddhism, actually appeared thanks to the cobra. According to legend, the traveler, whose name was Gautam, walked through the desert for a very long time and realized that his strength was leaving him.

But then a cobra crawled out of the sands and opened its hood over Gautam, covering the dying from the heat. When Gautam came to his senses, he touched the hood of his savior in gratitude, and since then all cobras have traces of Gautam's fingers, which is why they are often called spectacled snakes. Well, Gautam received a new name, which already sounded like the Enlightened One, or Buddha, and founded Buddhism - one of the world's religions, which has survived to the present ...

And who does not know about the medical emblem, that is, about the cup from which the snake drinks? This emblem is also associated with a beautiful legend about the doctor Asclepius and his daughters, Hygiea and Panacea, as well as about two snakes, one of which could even resurrect ... Well, how can one not remember about Ancient Egypt, where exactly the snake, or rather, the cobra , was considered a symbol of the divine power that the pharaohs had. And it was the cobra that adorned the luxurious headdresses of the Egyptian kings. By the way, it was the cobra that took the powerful and wise queen Cleopatra to the Kingdom of the Dead, when she realized that Egypt lost the confrontation and Rome won ...

Could save Cleopatra first aid for a snake bite? Or does history still not know the subjunctive mood? And are snakes really as cute and harmless as we imagined them in childhood?

A little about snakes

Snakes belong to the class of reptiles, which combines snakes, lizards, turtles and crocodiles and appeared on the globe at least 310 million years ago, and experienced its heyday in the Mesozoic era, which dates from 240 to 65 million years ago. Interestingly, scientists claim that snakes are the last group of reptiles to appear and that snakes evolved (or passed?) from lizards about 135 million years ago. But even now, in the 21st century, there are certain types of reptiles that are just in the stage of such a transition from a lizard to a snake - their body is already snake-like, but the limbs have not yet disappeared.

Reptiles are called "cold-blooded", which cannot be considered an absolutely correct term. In fact, we are talking about the fact that reptiles, including snakes, can normally carry out all their functions only if their body temperature rises.

The fact is that reptiles are not able to produce heat, as, for example, mammals can do, and become truly active only at a temperature environment from 25 °С to 30 °С. And when snakes, like lizards, bask on warm stones, they simply accumulate solar energy, which they then use at night, during their maximum activity. In the cold season, especially in countries with a cold climate, snakes may well hibernate for a period of extreme temperatures for them.

Snakes are considered one of the most dangerous species living beings that inhabit the earth. Snakes are not only poisonous (many of them), but they are distinguished by great endurance and rather big strength, so snakes do not lose in any way to any other predators.

Snakes are known for being able to eat their fellow snakes, in addition, snakes can eat larger opponents, and the unnecessary snake simply spits out.

The body of a snake can digest everything without exception, that is, wool, bones, and nails.

Scientists note that snakes do not suffer much during the period of hunger, since the metabolism (all metabolic processes) in the body of snakes simply slows down during the hungry period. Moreover, the snake, even without food, is able to grow and not lose weight.

Interestingly, when attacking, snakes often aim at the eyes of their prey in order to immediately blind the enemy.

As for the size of snakes, snakes are known to be several meters long, but absolutely tiny representatives of this class are also known, which do not reach even ten centimeters.

Of course, not all snakes are poisonous and, moreover, not all snakes are deadly poisonous, however, even those species, the danger of which is well known, represent a considerable problem for public health.

World Health Organization on snake bites

The World Health Organization has repeatedly noted that animal bites are a very serious problem to the health of people around the world, and snake bites are among the most dangerous.

WHO experts believe that about five million people are bitten by snakes every year, and the population of Southeast Asia and Africa suffers the most, with about one hundred thousand snake bites ending in the death of the victim. However, residents of any other regions where there are habitats of poisonous snakes are also subject to snake bites.

Attention! According to experts and zoologists, around the world there are up to 600 species of snakes that are considered poisonous, up to 70% of venomous snake bites lead to life-threatening intoxication.

According to medical statistics, serious poisoning (intoxication) as a result of a snake bite occurs as a result of 2.4 million bites annually, up to 125,000 bites are fatal, and as a result of 400,000 bites, amputations have to be done and other extremely serious consequences for human health are noted, including including tetanus and other infections, contractures, severe consequences for the psyche.

WHO notes that the severity of injuries resulting from snake bites, as well as the number of deaths, largely depends on the availability of medical care, as well as on the deficiency of antitoxins.

The WHO experts point out that greatest danger exposed to people who live in rural areas and who are engaged in the cultivation of various field crops by hand, that is, in the absence of mechanization, as well as some other types of agricultural work.

Workers are the most likely to be bitten by snakes, according to the WHO. Agriculture as well as women and children.

WHO notes that snake bites can often result in lifelong disability for the victim.

As already noted, the number of species of poisonous snakes on the planet reaches six hundred, and up to 70% of the bites of these snakes cause intoxication, which can seriously threaten health and even life. Therefore, it is very important to provide the victim of a snakebite with timely and adequate assistance.

Attention! The consequences of venomous snake bites are usually very serious. A huge danger is the likelihood of paralysis, including the respiratory system, which can lead to respiratory arrest. Snake venom after a snake bite can interfere with blood clotting. Thus, any bleeding can be fatal. Snake venom, which enters the body after a snake bite, can cause severe kidney failure, which may not always be reversible. Some snakes can cause severe damage to the tissues of the body, which may well lead to disability or even amputation of the affected limb.

WHO experts recommend that as soon as possible (immediately) provide the victim with complete rest and complete immobility, especially for the bitten part of the body, since any movement contributes to the faster spread of the poison through the bloodstream.

It is very important to ensure the delivery of the victim to a medical facility where the necessary assistance will be provided in full.

WHO experts warn that neither applying a tourniquet, nor cutting or incising the bite site should be done, since such actions can increase blood flow and, as a result, the effect of poison on the body.

WHO experts note that snakebite most often (almost always) requires the introduction of an antitoxin, but it is very important that the antitoxin is appropriate for the type of snake that inflicted the bite.

In addition, as an additional measure, the wound should be thoroughly cleaned to reduce the risk of possible infection, and the victim's breathing should be constantly monitored and, if necessary, supported.

If the victim of a snake bite has not been vaccinated with tetanus toxoid vaccine, or if the vaccination period has already passed, such vaccination should be carried out at the time that the attending physician will prescribe.

Specialists World Organization Health authorities believe that the population, especially in those places where there is a large number of venomous snakes should be aware of measures to prevent bites from these animals and the risks that such bites cause.

As for measures to prevent snake bites, these measures are quite real to implement.

The population living in the habitats of poisonous snakes should in every possible way avoid any places that are overgrown with tall grass, since it is in the grass that snakes can hide, and it is there that it is easy to step on snakes, which can provoke a bite, which can even be fatal.

In addition, when going to any area overgrown with tall grass, you should wear shoes that the snake cannot bite through, such as high boots.

It is very important to ensure that places where any food is stored, including grain, do not breed any rodents, which are considered excellent food for snakes, so snakes are more likely to congregate in such places.

Another precaution in protecting against venomous snakes is that all areas adjacent to residential buildings and outbuildings must be cleared of any clutter with firewood, debris and low vegetation, such as bushes in which snakes can live.

If it is known that poisonous snakes live in a certain area, then everything is necessary food products store in closed containers (containers) where rodents that attract snakes cannot get through, and never sleep on the floor or on very low beds.

As far as health authorities are concerned, they should always have sufficient supplies of effective antitoxins, and medical staff should be given the necessary training in dealing with snakebites.

Attention! Recommendationsworld Ouch Organization And health care for treatment of venomous snake bites are outlined in WHO Fact Sheet No. 337 (February 2015).

Snakes in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Belarus, European part Russia)

In the countries of Eastern Europe, three species of snakes mainly live, of which two species - the copper snake - are non-venomous, and the only snake that is poisonous and dangerous is the common viper.

Attention! Any snake encountered in a field or forest, or anywhere else, should be considered potentially poisonous and should never be touched or touched.

In Eastern European countries, it is quite common to meet snake , which reaches a length of 1.2 and even 1.5 meters. This non-venomous snake is dark gray and brown in color and has two rather bright yellow spots on the neck, closer to the head. The snakes are completely non-aggressive and excellent swimmers. It doesn't pose any danger to people.

Another Eastern European snake is verdigris , which also belongs to the snake family. The copperfish got its name because of its color - the back of the copperhead has a color from gray to copper-red. There are several rows (from two to four) of dark and sometimes black small spots along the entire back of the copperfish. The copperfish is almost half as long as it is - its length reaches 70 cm. The copperfish also differs from the poisonous viper in its pupils - they are round in the copperfish, but in the viper the pupils are narrow and arranged vertically.

Copperhead, like all representatives of snakes, is not poisonous, although it is often mistaken for an ordinary viper because of its similar coloration. The copperhead lives in forest areas, but most of all loves the sunny edges, glades, clearings and low undergrowth. Copperhead swims well, although it does not like water.

The third snake that can be found in Eastern Europe, - This common viper , which is known for being poisonous. The common viper is most often short and reaches only 60-75 cm, but sometimes you can also find long vipers - up to a meter long.

As for the color, it can be gray, and olive, and red-brown (therefore, it can be confused with copperhead), although completely black vipers can also be found. As a rule, a dark zigzag line is located along the entire spine of the viper, and on the head you can often see a “crown” - an X-shaped pattern, although these patterns are almost invisible on black vipers. Vipers winter most often in moss swamps, and in summer they prefer to settle in damp meadows, in glades and on the banks of rivers and lakes. And although vipers are very fond of basking in the sun, they go hunting (that is, crawl out) at night.

The common viper is a non-aggressive snake and is never the first to attack a person. On the contrary, the viper, seeing a person, always tries to disappear and crawl to a safe place.

Attention! Snakes never try to attack first and never attack without warning. The viper can only bite when it is forced to defend itself, that is, when it is disturbed, hurt, or actively teased.

If during a walk in the forest a person unexpectedly stumbled upon a snake, it is best to freeze in place and let the snake crawl away.

But if for some reason the snake does not crawl away, but demonstrates a desire to attack, it is necessary to slowly step back, without making any sudden movements, so as not to frighten the snake and complicate the situation.

You should never turn your back on a snake, you should not make sudden movements, you should not put your hands forward, you should not run. All movements should be smooth and slow, as calm as possible.

It is very important to remember that where one snake is found, there may be another, so each step must be extremely careful.

Attention! Baby snakes that have just hatched from an egg are already poisonous. Even in dead snakes, venom retains its dangerous properties for a long time.

As for the bites of the common viper, a lot depends on the place of the bite, on the age of the victim, and even on the time of year.

The most dangerous are viper bites in the head and neck, as well as in places where large blood vessels are located, that is, there is a high risk that snake venom could immediately enter the bloodstream and cause very fast and very severe poisoning.

As for the age of the victim, children suffer the most, because their metabolism is more active, and their body weight is much less than that of adults.

As for the time of year, the most dangerous bites snakes, including vipers, are bites that are inflicted in the heat, because the higher the ambient temperature, the faster the poison acts and the general intoxication of the body develops.

According to medical statistics, deaths after a bite from a common viper are very rare, but the condition after a bite is very severe: shortness of breath appears, the pulse quickens, nausea and vomiting may appear, dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, and general weakness are almost always noted. Edema develops at the site of the bite, the skin becomes cyanotic or gray. Among other things, one should not forget about the possibility of anaphylactic shock.

First aid for a snake bite

Unfortunately, antitoxins that can quickly minimize the effects of a snakebite are not in every first-aid kit. And assistance with a bite should be provided as quickly as possible, since toxic damage develops very quickly, especially when it comes to children or weakened people.

First of all, as a first aid, it is advised to suck out the poison from the wound at the site of the bite. I must say that this is not an easy task and not a safe one.

The difficulty of suctioning the poison lies in the fact that everything must be done very quickly and very carefully. The tissue around a fresh bite must be squeezed with teeth, while simultaneously squeezing and sucking out the liquid from the wound, which also contains snake venom. After sucking a little fluid from the wound, it must be quickly spit out and continue the procedure further - up to 20 minutes.

Attention! Suction of poison from a wound after a snake bite can only be effective for no more than the first half hour. With the help of suction from the wound, it is possible to remove from a third to almost half of the poison that has entered the wound (from 28% to 46%).

Half an hour after manipulations with the suction of poison from the wound, an antiseptic should be put on the wound and a bandage should be applied.

Attention! It is possible to suck out the poison only if there is not the slightest damage to the mucous membrane or wounds in the mouth, as well as cracks on the lips.

Then the victim should be given complete rest and be sure to completely immobilize the arm or leg bitten by the snake, since any movement contributes to the spread of poison throughout the bloodstream and throughout the body.

A person who has been bitten by a viper needs to drink more, including strong tea.

And in order for the poison to be absorbed as slowly as possible, something cold should be put on the bite site, even a wet cloth is suitable, which should be constantly changed.

Attention! When bitten by a snake, any incisions at the site of the bite, as well as the application of a tourniquet, are categorically contraindicated: after the tourniquet is removed, intoxication may increase, and incisions or cauterization can provoke infectious processes of the wound surface, and even tissue necrosis.

After providing first aid to a victim of a snake bite, he should be taken to a medical facility as soon as possible, where the patient will be provided with the necessary medical care in full. It is best to transport the victim in a supine position, ensuring a minimum of movement so as not to increase blood flow and spread the poison through the bloodstream.

Attention! Any alcoholic beverages, even in the smallest doses, are categorically contraindicated for the victim, since alcohol enhances the effect of the poison and accelerates the absorption of the poison into the bloodstream.

conclusions

Who does the snake represent to us? How do we see her? A symbol of wisdom and a symbol of calmness, a symbol of grace and a symbol of speed. A symbol of health and a symbol of death... Yes, snake venom has long been known as a medicine, but just as long ago the same substance has been known as a deadly poison.

There are few poisonous snakes in our Eastern Europe, but there are countries and continents where a poisonous snake is a completely everyday occurrence. Of course, it is best to learn about snakes from fairy tales and encyclopedias, from legends and from the Bible. But life is such that more applied knowledge may be needed, and even someone's life may depend on the ability to put it into practice. And so that the knowledge of rendering assistance does not have to be put into practice, one should always be careful, even if the edge seems so friendly, and the river bank is covered with such a delicate grassy carpet.

Nevertheless, we are guests here, but the snakes that live on such edges for many millions of years still consider themselves the only owners. And after all, they ask a little - do not touch, do not tease, do not offend, allow them to hide and disappear until the next chance meeting ...

In our time, cases of poisoning with snake venom are increasingly observed. Basically, snakes bite people when outdoors or when doing field work. Therefore, it is very important to know how to provide first aid for a snakebite.

snake features

Despite the existence in nature of a large number of snakes, more bites are observed from reptiles of the genus viper, already-like and aspirides.

Of all the already similar ones, the common and copperhead are most often found. It should be noted right away that these reptiles and their bites are considered safe for humans and do not lead to severe impairment of the functioning of the body. The only unpleasant symptom that appears with a bite is a feeling of pain, in some cases, there may be a process of suppuration of the area where the bite is located.

As for the viper family, the common viper is considered its main representative. She is peaceful, because she can attack a person only when he tries to pick her up or accidentally steps on her. In all other cases, the reptile will try to escape.

It should be noted that fatal cases as a result of a viper bite are extremely rare. This is explained by the fact that when a bite is carried out, a small amount of poison enters the human body. After damage to the skin, the poison can penetrate into muscle tissue and into the bloodstream. It is considered especially dangerous if the poison enters the bloodstream, because this leads to the formation of severe pathological conditions and processes in the human body.

The Central Asian cobra is considered the most prominent representative of the aspid family. A feature of the attack of this reptile is that it can warn of an attack by its behavior. The bite of this poisonous snake is considered quite dangerous, because the ingress of its poison (neurotoxin) into the human body leads to the formation of paralysis and paresis.

Symptoms indicative of a snake bite

There are situations when people, for certain reasons, do not immediately notice that they have received a snake bite. And only with the appearance of pathological symptoms do suspicions begin to appear about such a rather unpleasant development of events. That is why it is extremely important to have information about how the poisoning of the body with snake venom manifests itself, because this will allow you to provide the right medical care to the person in time.

Snake bite

Snake bite symptoms are:

the presence of one or two skin punctures;
a feeling of soreness in the area of localization of the bite;
hyperemia and swelling of the bite site;
discoloration of the skin in the area of skin damage, it becomes cyanotic;
nausea;
feeling of drowsiness;
decrease in body temperature.

With the development of intoxication, the listed pathological symptoms will be joined by:

general weakness;
pale skin;
disturbance of consciousness;
cold hands and feet.

In severe cases, there may be a short-term loss of consciousness, shortness of breath and a violation of the functional ability of the kidneys.

The fact that a person was bitten by a Central Asian cobra will be evidenced by:

pain at the site of the bite, which is acute and burning in nature, their weakening is observed after a few hours;
the appearance of edema in the bite area;
release from the wound surface of exudate with an admixture of blood;
violation of the functional ability of the affected limb;
loss of facial muscle tone, which will be accompanied by drooping of the eyelids and lower jaw, the inability to move the eyeballs.

Two bleeding wounds - a clear sign of a bite

The bite of the Central Asian cobra is accompanied by a rapid increase in symptoms of intoxication, such as:

general weakness;
anxiety;
respiratory failure;
inability to perform the act of swallowing;
an increase in the amount of saliva;
nausea and vomiting;
speech disorders;
the implementation of urination and the act of defecation, which occurs involuntarily.

It is important enough for a person who has been bitten by a Central Asian cobra to provide assistance in the first 2-5 hours, because otherwise death due to respiratory arrest.

Relationship between the site of bite localization and the intensity of its manifestations

Consequences of a snake bite

The severity of the bite symptoms will depend on:

Individual characteristics of the human body and its age. Snake bites are most difficult for individuals in childhood and old age. A special role is also played by the state of the body's resistance, the presence of a history of chronic diseases and the general condition of a person.
Type of reptile, its size and age.
The state of the snake's teeth. If there is an infection on snake teeth, pathogenic microorganisms will enter the human body through the wound.
Bite localization. In most cases, bites are observed that are located on the lower extremities, in which case the development of symptoms will be slow. If a snake bites a person by the neck, face and parts of the body in which large veins are localized, an extremely fast course of events and an almost instantaneous development of pathological symptoms will be observed.
Motor activity of a person after a bite. Excessive motor activity will lead to the rapid spread of the poison and a more severe course of pathological symptoms of poisoning.

First aid

In a panic, people often do not know what to do when a snake bites. So, first of all, you need to calm down, analyze the situation and begin to act actively:

The bitten person must be laid in a horizontal position and reassured.
If the snake has stuck its teeth into the skin, it must be carefully removed and destroyed. Please note that in no case should the snake be thrown away, because it will be examined by the relevant specialists in the future.
Call an ambulance.
Constantly monitor the condition of the bitten person. Please note that the appearance of edematous phenomena, pain in most cases is evidence that a person was bitten by a non-venomous snake.
The bite localization area must be freed from clothing and other things that can create excessive pressure on the bite site, causing increased swelling.

First Aid for a Snake Bite

Important! If there is a suspicion that a person has been bitten by a poisonous snake, you should not waste time and begin to provide first medical first aid on your own.
First aid for a snakebite consists of:
In case of localization of the bite site on the limb - immobilization of the limb with the help of improvised materials (boards or branches).
Suction of poison from the wound. This procedure should be carried out no later than 10 minutes from the moment of the bite. For this purpose, you can use a rubber bulb or your mouth. When the poison is sucked out by the oral cavity, saliva should be spit out. The duration of this procedure should last no more than 20 minutes.
Treating the wound with disinfectants, this can be hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine or brilliant green. Please note that in no case do not use alcohol for the purpose of disinfection.
Applying an aseptic dressing from a bandage or tissue (in its absence). Be especially careful not to make the bandage too tight.
Applying cold to the bite site. However, in this case, it must be remembered that you need to keep it near the wound for 5-7 minutes, after which you need to take a break for 5 minutes.

Medical assistance

Medical assistance
After the arrival of the ambulance, the patient must be hospitalized in the inpatient department, he is provided with such medical care:
Antiallergic medications- Tavegil, Dimedrol, Loratadin. Their introduction should be carried out immediately upon arrival of the ambulance. The best option intramuscular administration of drugs is considered.
Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day. It is this that will somewhat weaken the severity of the symptoms of intoxication of the body.
Taking vitamins K and C and intravenous drip of glucose.
Preparations of the glucocorticosteroid group - Prednisolone, Dexameitasone, which must be administered intramuscularly.
With the development of heart and respiratory failure, the patient is administered Caffeine Ephedrine, Cordiamin.
When cardiac activity stops and there is no breathing, mechanical ventilation and indirect heart massage are performed.

Prohibited manipulations with a snake bite

Giving help
Unfortunately, due to their ignorance, when people are bitten by a snake, they begin to carry out manipulations that not only do not give a positive effect, but also cause the consequences of a snake bite to become more severe. Please note that in the event of such a rather unpleasant situation, it is prohibited:
cauterize the area where the bite is localized;
apply warming substances and objects to the wound;
to carry out the imposition of a jugut on the affected limb, such a ban is explained by the fact that this will only lead to a deeper penetration of the poison into the tissues;
take alcoholic drinks;
apply cold to the bite site for a long period of time;
conduct a tissue incision in order to improve the outflow of poison.

Administration of the antidote

Administration of the antidote
When snake venom enters the cavity human body to alleviate the patient's condition and prevent the formation of complications, it is necessary to introduce an antidote. Please note that such an introduction is considered justified if it occurs within the first 24 hours after the bite. If necessary, the administration of the antidote can be repeated.
In a situation where a person has been bitten by a reptile from the genus Viper, in the first few hours after that, he needs to administer a serum, which is called Antigyurza. It is this drug that helps prevent the development of a severe allergic reaction in the form of anaphylactic shock.
The introduction of drugs occurs subcutaneously in the subscapular area, while it is necessary to adhere to the following scheme:
the first time 0.1 ml is injected. drug;
after 15 min. additionally 0.25 ml.

Here is almost all the basic information about how first aid is provided for snake bites. Following these recommendations will help alleviate the condition of the bitten person, and in some cases even save her life.
First aid for a snake bite: video