The content of the dictionary entry. Examples of dictionary entries. B) Writing and parsing a proposal

Dictionary entry structure

Left side of the dictionary. A dictionary entry of any dictionary starts with headword(in a different way: headword, lemma, black word - from the bold type that usually marks the headword).

The set of head words form dictionary, or the left side of the dictionary. The choice of a dictionary (which words will be included in this dictionary and which will not) depends on the purpose of the dictionary (highly specialized, universal, etc.).

The dictionary may consist of language units:

phonemes (sounds) - Lately are widely developed in connection with the development of automatic speech recognition;
morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes ..) - for morpheme dictionaries, grammar dictionaries, word-building dictionaries;
lexemes (words in the "basic form") - most dictionaries are built according to this criterion: explanatory, spelling, etc.;
word forms (words in a certain number, case ..) - for grammar dictionaries, rhyming dictionaries, etc.;
phrases (not one word, but several somehow related words) - for example, for phraseological dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, cliché dictionaries, etc.

Sometimes the vocabulary consists of lexemes and phrases (for example, for encyclopedic dictionaries).

Right side of the dictionary- one that explains the heading unit. The structure of a dictionary entry is determined by the tasks of the dictionary. The right side zones are developed for each dictionary. These can be: a list of synonyms for a given word (for a dictionary of synonyms), a translation of a word (for dictionaries foreign words), disclosure of the concept that is described by this word, with the possible application of graphs, diagrams, drawings (for encyclopedic dictionaries), etc. For example, the right part of the explanatory dictionary, as a rule, includes zones:

grammatical;
stylistic;
interpretations;
illustrations (quotes, sayings);
value type (direct, figurative);
derivational nest;
the so-called "zarhombo" part (phraseologisms);
and etc.

Often inside a dictionary entry there may be area (zone) litter(or simply litters). Marks can be stylistic, grammatical and others. Most often, marks are located immediately after the head word, but they can be in other places (for example: obsolete- obsolete value, rare- value is rarely used, scientific- scientific value, etc.)

The totality of all dictionary entries forms dictionary corpus. In addition to the corpus, any dictionary usually has a preface, a section "How to use the dictionary"; a list of conditional abbreviations, etc. In addition, dictionaries can contain indexes (in Wikipedia, the role of indexes is partially played by redirect pages, pages "ambiguity" and "Categorization")

Example

Dictionary entry "Goods" in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov.

PRODUCT, a (y), m. 1. (pl. in the meaning of different species, varieties). A product of labor that has a value and is distributed in society through the sale and purchase (economy); in general, everything that is the subject of trade. (Stalin). (Zhukovsky). Red t.(see red). The stores have a lot of goods. Khodkiy t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (only units). Dressed finished leather (boot.). Opoykovy t. 3. (only units). Ore mixture ready for smelting (hearth). ◊ Living goods. See live in 6 digits Product face show- to show something from the best, most advantageous side. (Dostoevsky).

Example Analysis

PRODUCT- headword;

a (y) - grammatical zone: indication of the ending in the genus. p. units h., in parentheses is the ending option;

m. - grammatical zone: an indication of the generic reference of the word, it is masculine;

1. - the number of the value of a multi-valued word (for single-valued words, the number is not indicated);

(pl. in the meanings of different types, varieties) - the grammatical zone of the first meaning: it is indicated that in the plural this meaning of the word does not have the meaning of plurality (which is characteristic of the grammatical meaning plural), and the value " different types, varieties";

A product of labor that has value and is distributed in society by way of sale and purchase - an interpretation of the first meaning;

(economy) - stylistic zone: an indication of the limitation of this meaning to special vocabulary, namely economic;

in general, everything that is the subject of trade is the second part of the interpretation of the first meaning, a sign; before this part of the interpretation indicates that it can potentially be separated into a separate meaning;

Finally, we must understand that commodities are produced in the last analysis not for production, but for consumption.

My ship anchored in the bay is full of rare goods- illustration zone: a quote is given as an example;

Red t.- zone of illustration: as an example, a saying is given - a set expression;

(see red) - reference zone: with the help of this zone, a connection is established between the elements of the dictionary: the reader is referred to the dictionary entry "red", which gives an interpretation of the phraseological unit red goods;

There are a lot of products in the shops- zone of illustration: a saying is given as an example;

Khodkiy t. Lying t. Colonial t.- illustration zone: sayings are given as examples, pay attention to the last example - today it should be given in a rhombus part or with a hint, since this is historicism;

Dressed finished leather - interpretation zone;

(boot) - stylistic zone: an indication of the scope of restriction of use;

Opoykovy t.- zone of illustration: a speech is given as an illustration;

3. - number of the value of a polysemantic word;

only ed. - grammatical zone: a restriction is indicated for this value, only in the singular;

Ore mixture ready for smelting - interpretation;

(gorn.) - stylistic zone: an indication of the scope of restriction of use;

◊ - a sign of a rhombus, after which the “zarhomb part” begins, where phraseological units are presented. Each phraseological unit also has its own input, its own black words, they (despite the fact that there are at least two of them) represent one lexical unit;

Live goods- heading word of the rhomboid part;

See live in 6 digits - interpretation-reference, the reader should turn to the word living in the 6th meaning, where the interpretation of the phraseological unit living goods will be given. It would be nice to repeat the interpretation, and not send it, but if we consider that in the time of Ushakov dictionaries were always only printed, it is immediately obvious that the references are saving paper;

Show the goods by the face - the heading word of the rhomboid part;

Show something from the best, most advantageous side - the interpretation of a phraseological unit;

An inspector is coming from St. Petersburg ... It was heard that everyone was cowardly, fussing, they wanted to show the goods with their faces- illustration zone: a quote is given as an example;

Links

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See what the "Dictionary entry" is in other dictionaries:

A structural unit of a dictionary / encyclopedia, which is a relatively independent text, including a headword in the form of a phrase, expression, concept, term and its explanation, definitions, interpretations, equivalents in others ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

The structural part of the dictionary, which is devoted to one topic and which consists of a headword that defines the topic, followed by the text of the article. See also Vocabulary (2) ... Publishing Dictionary

An article explaining a headword in a dictionary, dictionary nest. A group of words with the same root, presented as one dictionary entry ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

An entry explaining a headword in a dictionary... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

An entry in a dictionary that characterizes a particular word and includes various zones. 1. First comes the headword, designed in such a way that we can get information about its spelling, pronunciation, stress. The zone structure of the vocabulary ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

A structural unit of a dictionary / encyclopedia, which is a relatively independent text, including a headword (phrase, expression, concept, term) and its explanation (definition, interpretation, equivalents in other languages and ... ... Brief explanatory dictionary of polygraphy

- ... Wikipedia

AND; pl. genus. those / th, date. tya/m; and. see also article, article, article, article, article 1) Scientific, journalistic, scientifically popular essay of small size ... Dictionary of many expressions

Wiktionary has an article «article» Article: Article (section) one of the sections of a document (for example, a legal act). Article (genre of journalism) is one of the main genres of journalism. Article (scientific) written published report ... Wikipedia

And, genus. pl. state / d, f. 1) A scientific or publicistic essay of a small size in a collection, magazine or newspaper. Article. Digest of articles. Publish an article. And then some most unpleasant thoughts about the article began to stir in Styopa's brain ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Books

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, One-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language contains 80,000 words and phraseological expressions (counting heading words, derivative words placed in a derivational nest, and ... Category: Russian language. A culture of speech. Handbooks and manuals Publisher:

Lesson type: speech development lesson, grade 6, 2 hours

Subject: Compilation of a dictionary entry for linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries.

Equipment: handouts (examples of dictionary entries, cards for the game "Collect a dictionary entry"), computer presentations of the teacher and children. There are no dictionaries in the lesson so that the children have the opportunity to independently complete the task. Proverbs written on sheets of colored paper.

Goals: 1. Formation of basic knowledge about lexicography, the ability to create a dictionary entry.

2. Development of the concept of scientific style, the ability to build a coherent statement.

3. Education of an attentive attitude to the word, the material given in dictionaries.

During the classes

1. Greeting, division into groups.

Hello guys. Before you enter the class, I suggest that everyone choose a proverb that is clear and close to you more than others. (On the table in front of the entrance to the classroom there are four groups of proverbs printed on sheets different color)

Kind words are better than soft pie. ( yellow)

You know a donkey by his ears, but a fool by his words. (Red color)

From word to deed - grandmother's verst. (A verst is a little more than a kilometer) (blue color)

Word is silver, silence is gold. ( green color)

Did you choose proverbs? Please sit down at the table on which there is a card of the same color as your proverb.

2. Setting the objectives of the lesson.

A) group work

Make a group text of 3-4 sentences explaining the meaning of your proverb. (Reading miniatures, discussion)

Tell me, please, what are all your proverbs about? (about words)

B) Recording and analysis of the proposal.

A lot of very ancient words and roots keep the language in its treasury ... (Lev Vasilyevich Uspensky, “Word about words”)

What treasury is Lev Uspensky talking about? (vocabulary, lexicon)

Where do you think these treasures are stored? (in dictionary)

So, today we will talk about dictionaries and dictionary entries. You have to become the authors of dictionary entries. The treasury with which we will work has its own secrets. Let's try to open them.

3. Acquaintance with the subject of study.

A) Teacher presentation "Dictionaries"

B) Individual children's tasks.

Individual task: prepare a message (you can use computer presentation) on the topics “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl, “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov, as well as a message about any encyclopedic dictionary.

C) Teacher's presentation "Vocabulary"

D) Comparison of dictionary entries from linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries.

CLOUDS, accumulations of water droplets and ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. O. are formed by hl. arr. in the troposphere; they are distinguished by height: O. top. tiers (above 6 km) - cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus - consist of ice crystals; O. cf. tiers (2-6 km) - altostratified and altocumulus - consist of the smallest drops and ice crystals; O. lower. tiers (below 2 km) - stratified, stratocumulus and stratocumulus - consist predominantly. from drops. O. arise as a result of condensation of water vapor contained in the air. The diameters of cloud drops are of the order of several. microns, the content of liquid water in O. - fractions of a gram or several. grams per m³. As part of the drops and crystals become larger, they precipitate out of the O. in the form of atm. precipitation. In the stratosphere, mother-of-pearl are also observed, and in the mesosphere - silvery O.

Oblako, -a, pl. -á, -ov, cf. 1. Light gray clubs, wavy layers in the sky, accumulation of water drops and ice crystals thickened in the atmosphere. Clouds float across the sky. The wind drives the clouds. Cumulus clouds. Thunderstorm, rainy Up to the clouds (trans.: very high). Descend from the clouds (trans.: from dreams to turn to reality; iron.). Fall or fall from the clouds (trans.: about the unexpected appearance of someone; colloquial). 2. trans., what. solid a lot of. small flying particles. O. smoke, steam. // decrease. cloud,-a, pl. - á, -ov, cf.// adj. cloudy,-th, -th (to 1 value). O. layer.

Determine which dictionary these articles are from, prove it. (1 - encyclopedic dictionary, because a natural phenomenon is described, 2 - linguistic, because a word, a language unit is described)

What is described in the dictionary entry of the encyclopedic dictionary? What is the nature of the information given in this article? (On the nature of clouds, on the place of formation, types of clouds, the information given in the article is of a scientific nature: terminology, numerical data)

What information can be gleaned from another dictionary entry? (The lexical meaning of the word, grammatical features, examples of use ...)

The teacher draws students' attention to the style of vocabulary entries.

E) The game "Collect a dictionary entry"

Each group gets their own set of cards. different zones dictionary entry. They are mixed, it is necessary to arrange in order.

VALENKI, -nok, unit -nok, -nka, m. Soft winter boots made of wool. Hemmed in. (with sewn-on leather or felt sole). // adj. felted, oh, oh.

ZODIAC, -a, m. (special). The belt of the sky along which the Sun makes its apparent annual movement. Signs of the zodiac (the designation of the 12 constellations through which the zodiac passes). // adj. zodiacal, th, th.

FOX, -s, w. predatory mammal family canine with long fluffy tail and also the fur of it. Red l. // decrease. fox, -i, f.

SUBURB, -a, m. Settlement, locality adjoining the big city. Live in the suburbs. // adj. suburban, th, th.

4. Compilation of a dictionary entry for encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries (group work).

Instruction.

I. Compose an article for a linguistic dictionary.

Indicate stress in singular. and pl.

Determine the ending in the genitive singular. and nominative and genitive cases in plural

Give the given word an interpretation.

Give an example of the use of this word in speech.

Write down the diminutive form, if any, an example of the use of this form.

Write down an adjective formed from this word, an example of its use.

II. Write an entry for an encyclopedic dictionary.

Describe the nature of the object (what is it?)

Describe the main features (what is it?)

List possible types.

Words for group work.

1. Flower - yellow color

2. Vegetable - red color

3. Wood - blue color

4. Berry - green color

5. Registration of dictionary entries.

Articles are drawn up on A4 sheets, illustrations in the dictionary entry for the encyclopedia can be used.

6. The result of the lesson.

Remember how in the tale "Alibaba and the Forty Thieves" only he could open the cave with treasures who knew the secret word? So we have lifted the veil of secrecy, which will help us to join the treasures of the Russian word. And at home, I suggest you make a dictionary of 8-10 words on the topic " New Year". What will the dictionary be like? You decide. Perhaps you will combine the features of two dictionaries in one! Dare!

Dictionary entry- the basic structural unit of any dictionary.

The dictionary entry consists of:

capital unit;
text explaining the heading unit and describing its main characteristics.

Dictionary entry structure

Left side of the dictionary. A dictionary entry of any dictionary starts with headword(in a different way: headword, lemma, black word - from the bold type that usually marks the headword).

The dictionary may consist of language units:

phonemes (sounds) - have recently been widely developed in connection with the development of automatic speech recognition;
morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes ..) - for morpheme dictionaries, grammar dictionaries, word-building dictionaries;
lexemes (words in the "basic form") - most dictionaries are built according to this criterion: explanatory, spelling, etc.;
word forms (words in a certain number, case ..) - for grammar dictionaries, rhyming dictionaries, etc.;
phrases (not one word, but several somehow related words) - for example, for phraseological dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, cliché dictionaries, etc.

Sometimes the vocabulary consists of lexemes and phrases (for example, for encyclopedic dictionaries).

Right side of the dictionary- one that explains the heading unit. The structure of a dictionary entry is determined by the tasks of the dictionary. The right side zones are developed for each dictionary. These can be: a list of synonyms for a given word (for a dictionary of synonyms), translation of a word (for dictionaries of foreign words), disclosure of a concept that is described by a given word, with the possible application of graphs, diagrams, drawings (for encyclopedic dictionaries), etc. For example , the right part of the explanatory dictionary, as a rule, includes zones:

grammatical;
stylistic;
interpretations;
illustrations (quotes, sayings);
value type (direct, figurative);
derivational nest;
the so-called "zarhombo" part (phraseologisms);
and etc.

Example

Dictionary entry "Goods" in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov.

PRODUCT, a (y), m. 1. (pl. in the meaning of different species, varieties). A product of labor that has a value and is distributed in society through the sale and purchase (economy); in general, everything that is the subject of trade. (Stalin). (Zhukovsky). Red t.(see red). The stores have a lot of goods. Khodkiy t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (only units). Dressed finished leather (boot.). Opoykovy t. 3. (only units). Ore mixture ready for smelting (hearth). ◊ Living goods. See live in 6 digits Product face show- to show something from the best, most advantageous side. (Dostoevsky).

Example Analysis

PRODUCT- headword;

a (y) - grammatical zone: indication of the ending in the genus. p. units h., in parentheses is the ending option;

m. - grammatical zone: an indication of the generic reference of the word, it is masculine;

1. - the number of the value of a multi-valued word (for single-valued words, the number is not indicated);

(pl. in the meaning of different types, varieties) - the grammatical zone of the first meaning: it is indicated that in the plural this meaning of the word does not have the meaning of plurality (which is characteristic of the grammatical meaning of the plural), but the meaning "different types, varieties";

A product of labor that has value and is distributed in society by way of sale and purchase - an interpretation of the first meaning;

(economy) - stylistic zone: an indication of the limitation of this meaning to special vocabulary, namely economic;

Finally, we must understand that commodities are produced in the last analysis not for production, but for consumption.

My ship anchored in the bay is full of rare goods- illustration zone: a quote is given as an example;

Red t.- zone of illustration: as an example, a saying is given - a set expression;

There are a lot of products in the shops- zone of illustration: a saying is given as an example;

Dressed finished leather - interpretation zone;

(boot) - stylistic zone: an indication of the scope of restriction of use;

Opoykovy t.- zone of illustration: a speech is given as an illustration;

3. - number of the value of a polysemantic word;

only ed. - grammatical zone: a restriction is indicated for this value, only in the singular;

Ore mixture ready for smelting - interpretation;

(gorn.) - stylistic zone: an indication of the scope of restriction of use;

Live goods- heading word of the rhomboid part;

Show the goods by the face - the heading word of the rhomboid part;

Show something from the best, most advantageous side - the interpretation of a phraseological unit;

An inspector is coming from St. Petersburg ... It was heard that everyone was cowardly, fussing, they wanted to show the goods with their faces- illustration zone: a quote is given as an example;

Write a review on the article "Dictionary entry"

An excerpt characterizing the Dictionary entry

During the first time of his stay in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrei felt his entire frame of mind, developed in his solitary life, completely obscured by those petty worries that seized him in St. Petersburg.
In the evening, returning home, he wrote down in his memory book 4 or 5 necessary visits or rendez vous [dates] at the appointed hours. The mechanism of life, the order of the day is such as to be in time everywhere, took away a large share of the very energy of life. He did nothing, did not even think about anything and did not have time to think, but only spoke and successfully said what he had managed to think over in the village before.
He sometimes noticed with displeasure that it happened to him on the same day, in different societies, to repeat the same thing. But he was so busy all day long that he did not have time to think that he did not think anything.
Speransky, both on the first meeting with him at Kochubey’s, and then in the middle of the house, where Speransky, privately, having received Bolkonsky, spoke with him for a long time and trustingly, made a strong impression on Prince Andrei.
Prince Andrei considered such a huge number of people to be contemptible and insignificant creatures, he so wanted to find in another a living ideal of that perfection to which he aspired, that he easily believed that in Speransky he found this ideal of a completely reasonable and virtuous person. If Speransky had been from the same society from which Prince Andrei was, of the same upbringing and moral habits, then Bolkonsky would soon have found his weak, human, non-heroic sides, but now this logical mindset, strange to him, inspired him all the more respect that he did not quite understand it. In addition, Speransky, whether because he appreciated the abilities of Prince Andrei, or because he found it necessary to acquire him for himself, Speransky flirted with Prince Andrei with his impartial, calm mind and flattered Prince Andrei with that subtle flattery, combined with arrogance, which consists in tacit recognition your interlocutor with you together the only person able to understand all the stupidity of everyone else, and the reasonableness and depth of their thoughts.
During their long conversation on Wednesday evening, Speransky said more than once: “We look at everything that comes out of general level deep-rooted habit…” or with a smile: “But we want the wolves to be fed and the sheep safe…” or: “They can’t understand this…” and all with such an expression that said: “We: you and I, we understand who they are and who we are.”
This first, long conversation with Speransky only strengthened in Prince Andrei the feeling with which he saw Speransky for the first time. He saw in him a reasonable, strict-thinking, huge mind of a man who had achieved power with energy and perseverance and was using it only for the good of Russia. Speransky, in the eyes of Prince Andrei, was precisely that person who rationally explains all the phenomena of life, recognizes as valid only what is reasonable, and knows how to apply the measure of rationality to everything, which he himself so wanted to be. Everything seemed so simple, clear in Speransky's presentation that Prince Andrei involuntarily agreed with him in everything. If he objected and argued, it was only because he wanted on purpose to be independent and not completely obey the opinions of Speransky. Everything was like that, everything was fine, but one thing confused Prince Andrei: it was Speransky’s cold, mirror-like look, not letting in his soul, and his white, tender hand, which Prince Andrei involuntarily looked at, as they usually look at people’s hands, having power. For some reason, this mirror look and this gentle hand irritated Prince Andrei. Prince Andrei was also unpleasantly struck by the too great contempt for people that he noticed in Speransky, and the variety of methods in the evidence that he cited in support of his opinions. He used all possible tools of thought, excluding comparisons, and too boldly, as it seemed to Prince Andrei, he moved from one to another. Now he took the ground of a practical figure and condemned the dreamers, then he took the ground of a satirist and ironically laughed at his opponents, then he became strictly logical, then he suddenly rose into the realm of metaphysics. (He used this last instrument of proof with particular frequency.) He carried the question to metaphysical heights, passed into the definitions of space, time, thought, and, bringing refutations from there, again descended to the ground of the dispute.
In general, the main feature of Speransky's mind, which struck Prince Andrei, was an undoubted, unshakable faith in the strength and legitimacy of the mind. It was evident that Speransky had never been able to get into the head of that ordinary thought for Prince Andrei that it is impossible to express everything that you think, and there never came a doubt that everything that I think and everything that I think is not nonsense. What do I believe? And this particular mindset of Speransky most of all attracted Prince Andrei.
At the first time of his acquaintance with Speransky, Prince Andrei had a passionate feeling of admiration for him, similar to the one he once felt for Bonaparte. The fact that Speransky was the son of a priest, whom stupid people could, as many people did, began to despise as a goofball and priest, forced Prince Andrei to be especially careful with his feeling for Speransky, and unconsciously strengthen it in himself.
On that first evening that Bolkonsky spent with him, talking about the commission for drafting laws, Speransky ironically told Prince Andrei that the commission of laws had existed for 150 years, cost millions and had done nothing, that Rosenkampf had pasted labels on all articles of comparative legislation. - And that's all for which the state paid millions! - he said.
“We want to give a new judicial power to the Senate, and we don't have laws. Therefore, it is a sin not to serve people like you, prince, now.
Prince Andrei said that this required a legal education, which he did not have.
- Yes, no one has it, so what do you want? This is the circulus viciosus, [the vicious circle] from which one must get out of the effort.

A week later, Prince Andrei was a member of the commission for drafting the military regulations, and, which he did not expect, the head of the department of the commission for compiling wagons. At the request of Speransky, he took the first part of the civil code being compiled and, with the help of the Code Napoleon and Justiniani, [the Code of Napoleon and Justinian,] worked on compiling the department: Rights of persons.

About two years ago, in 1808, returning to St. Petersburg from his trip to the estates, Pierre involuntarily became the head of St. Petersburg Freemasonry. He set up dining and funeral lodges, recruited new members, took care of uniting various lodges and acquiring genuine acts. He gave his money for the construction of temples and replenished, as far as he could, almsgiving, for which most of the members were stingy and sloppy. He almost alone at his own expense supported the house of the poor, arranged by the order in St. Petersburg. Meanwhile, his life went on as before, with the same hobbies and licentiousness. He liked to dine and drink well, and although he considered it immoral and humiliating, he could not refrain from the amusements of bachelor societies in which he participated.
In the wake of his studies and hobbies, Pierre, however, after a year, began to feel how the soil of Freemasonry on which he stood, the more he left from under his feet, the more firmly he tried to become on it. At the same time, he felt that the deeper the soil on which he stood went under his feet, the more involuntarily he was connected with it. When he began Freemasonry, he experienced the feeling of a man trustingly placing his foot on the flat surface of a swamp. Putting his foot down, he fell. In order to fully assure himself of the firmness of the ground on which he stood, he put his other foot on and sank even more, got stuck and already involuntarily walked knee-deep in the swamp.

Names are given in the form of units. h. names. case. If the name is used only in the plural form. numbers, given names. case pl. numbers, for example: SPACE, see VII, 4, e or GOATS, see VII, 3, f.

Among the professional vocabulary there are names that are stable case nominal forms without prepositions and with prepositions, functionally “torn off” from the paradigms of inflection. We also give them as capital letters, for example: In DUBKU, see I, 7; ON SHIPOK, see I, 7; SUNSET, see I, 9, etc.

Verbs are given in the form of the infinitive of the form in which it, as a professional name, is either exclusively or predominantly used. In the vast majority of cases, this form is an imperfect infinitive. Examples: SITCARIT, see V, 7; YIELD, see VIII, 5.

The names represented by phraseologized phrases are given in the nominative forms of the key words and the corresponding forms of dependent words, for example: PUT IN THE BAR, see III, 8; THE SHEEPSKIN IS OUT, see I, 11; BATCH OAK, see I, 10, etc.

2. Morphological characteristics of names

For nouns and for substantiated categories, in addition to nominative forms, gender endings are given. case units numbers. If a noun is used only in singular forms. numbers or only in plural forms. numbers are given the endings of the genus. case of the corresponding number marked “only in singular. h. ”or“ only in plural. h. ”If the name does not have inflection forms, the mark “non-cl. ”The presence of a mobile stress and gender is noted, for example: VTORYAK, -a; only ed. hours, see IV, 4; SQUEEGEE, -ov; only many. hours, see I, 8; RICHELIE, non-cl., see VIII, 1.

For verbs, in addition to the infinitive, the forms of the first and second person units are indicated. numbers, type, presence of transitional and intransitive meanings, for example: SITKARIT, -ryu, -rish; incons., intransitive, see V, 7; STRETCH, -chu, -chish; inconsistency, transition, see VIII, 5.

Nominal phraseologized combinations are complemented by gender forms. case, unit number and an indication of the gender of the reference word, for example: PAIR WEIGHT, -a; only ed. hours, see III, 9. Verbal phraseologized combinations - with indications of the forms of the first and second person units. the numbers of the supporting verb (if they are used), for example: TO BRING THE CHAN, -paradise, -paradise, see I, 10.

3. Meaning of names

Each professional name exists as a unit of a certain lexical microsystem, used exclusively or mainly by persons of a certain profession and always perceived only as a sign of a specific concept. The logical definition of this concept is carried out by pointing to a sign (or signs) that is specific to it and manifests itself in specific conditions and within the limits of the industry. All features that reflect broad and general ideas do not perform a nominative distinguishing or delimiting function. They point to the possibility of broader generalizations within the ever-evolving lexical system of the language as a whole.

In some names of various crafts and crafts, a common etymological feature appears quite clearly. For this reason, understanding the signs that delimit and highlight each name, and therefore the concept, is especially important. For example:

DRY, -u, -ish; nonsov., transition .; glue factories. To achieve the removal of moisture from the digestion by airing it in an open area.
DRY, -u, -ish; nonsov., transition .; pottery To create conditions within the pottery factory for the complete drying of clay products. Products are dried on the shelves. First, they are placed on the lower shelves, where the temperature is lower, and then on the upper shelves, where the temperature is higher. A gradual increase in temperature does not allow products to crack, lose quality.
DRY, -u, -ish; nonsov., transition .; tannery. Having hung the skins in the shade, usually under a canopy, to achieve the loss of moisture.

When defining concepts, dictionary entries establish, if any, adjacency relations, in particular, relations between generic and specific concepts, the whole and its parts. For example:

TOOTH, -a; m. One of a series of sharp protrusions arranged using a press machine on the lower edge of the saw blade. Wood is sawn by moving teeth along it, saw teeth. Depending on the purpose of the saws, they are made different forms and sizes. Usually, the concepts of an oblique tooth, a straight tooth and a curly tooth are distinguished. All these types of teeth, in turn, can be large and small. OBLIQUE TOOTH - teeth in which the lateral cutting sides are not equal, one is larger than the other. On the edge of the canvas, they are located obliquely. Saws with such teeth cut wood better along the grain. STRAIGHT TOOTH - isosceles teeth, their lateral cutting sides are equal. Saws with such teeth cut wood better across the grain, etc. See VII, 3, 6.

CAPITAL, -a; m. Carved wooden decoration on the edges of the window opening, around the window frame. Platbands usually decorate the windows of the facade of the house, much less often - the windows of the side. They consist of harnesses, quadrangular frames and carved patterns, figures. In the carving of the casing, a base, top, hem, columns, bumps and spacers are distinguished. See VII, 4, f.

Within the microgroups, names that have the same meaning are found. They represent the same concept. These names-doubles arose in various territorial production collectives and in the process of communication between their members became more widespread, because the artisans were not indifferent to how they called the concept and how others called it. Over time, the establishment of limits on the use of such names became very difficult or simply impossible. In those cases where we were able to accurately determine the limits of their use, we made appropriate notes and references, for example:

SANOCHKA, -and; and. Palekh. Pen, brush handle made of a thin goose or chicken feather. The pen is cut off. With the help of a thread, a bunch of awns of a squirrel or spiny tail is pulled into the hole of its narrow side. It forms what the image is written with, paint is applied. In order for the brush to have the desired shape and correspond to a certain purpose, the awn is properly trimmed.

TSEVUSHKO, -a; cf. Kholuy. The same as SANOCHKA. See Sanochka IX, 4.

Within some microgroups, a small number of names are found that have more than one meaning. Each meaning of such names is given separately and given in the order of numbering, for example: MEX, -a; m. 1. Only units. h Dressed skins of animals and some domestic animals, preserving the natural hairline. They are usually intended for the manufacture of garments. There are types and varieties of fur: FUR SQUIRREL; WHITE FUR - dressed skins of white hares of the first and second grade; BEAD FUR - dressed skins of white hares of the fourth grade, etc. 2. Three plates made for sewing a fur coat. See Plate II, 4. There are lobach furs, spinal furs, and worm furs. LOBASHKOVY FUR - three plates sewn from the head parts of fur skins; FUR Spine - three plates sewn from the dorsal parts of fur skins; FUR OF WELLS - three plates sewn from the abdominal parts of fur skins.

For a deep and comprehensive understanding of the named concepts in dictionary entries, as appropriate, we make references to other entries, the content of which can clarify and supplement the content of the articles under consideration. Example: PODOL, -a; m. The lower part of various decorations of the casing. It is formed by low and two lower sides. See Casing carving VII, 4, f. Low VII, 4, f. Lateral VII, 4, f. Roman numerals indicate a microsystem (in this case, VII. Crafts and crafts of carpenters, joiners, coopers). Arabic numerals - per group in the microsystem (in this case - 4. Wooden house, its types and varieties; parts of the house). Lower case into a subgroup in which usually in alphabetical order the name is given (in this case, e. The cutout of the house, their parts).

WikiHow is a wiki, which means that many of our articles are written by multiple authors. When creating this article, 20 people worked on editing and improving it, including anonymously.

Whether you're going to make your own glossary, write a dictionary, look convincing at a game of 'goofy vocabulary', or write definitions for your own words, here are a few ideas to help make your definitions as accurate and concise as possible. These steps are suitable for descriptively defining how a term is used in a language. Bear in mind that this is a rather laborious process, requiring much more effort than a prescriptive definition that prescribes how the author should use the term in writing.

Steps

Find examples of how the word is used. Google (and especially Google Books) is a great way to find quotes. And the quotes, in turn, prove that this word is actively used, and perfectly show in what or what senses.

Study how the word is used and functions in the examples you find.

Determine the part of speech of this word in the sense or senses that you want to define. Keep these basics in mind:

Noun: person, place, or thing: Utah, minibus, moon, greengrocer, January. Nouns can also refer to abstract concepts such as certainty or doubt.
Pronoun: A word that is used instead of a noun. He, she, it, they.
Verb: A word denoting an action. Walk, jump, rant, fry, stare, think, hurry.
Adjective: A word that describes a noun. Red (hat), fast (train), unreliable (bar).
Adverb: A word that describes or transforms the meaning of a verb or adjective. (He fell and) painfully (hit, then) slowly (got up). (The train was) creepy (slow).
Union: a word that connects parts complex sentence. In Russian, this list includes the words and, or, as, as if, and ... and, neither ... nor, too, but, so that, also, because, etc.
Preposition: A word that describes the position of something. On, over, under, to, in, at, inside, etc.
Interjection: an emotional exclamation, usually unrelated to the grammatical structure of the sentence. For example: Wow! Hey! Ugh! Abracadabra! Oh! Hmm… Wow!

Carry out further classification within one part of speech. If you want to carefully understand the grammatical function of this word, determine whether the noun is countable or uncountable, whether the verb is transitive or intransitive, and so on.

Choose one of the meanings of the word and think about its meaning in this context. The simpler you define the word, the better, so try to imagine that you are trying to explain this word to a child or person who is just learning to speak your language. Avoid using descriptive words that are even more difficult than the word itself, unless you are trying to explain their meaning along the way.

Explore the word. What other words sound like it to you? What words are close to it in meaning? What is the difference between this word and its synonyms? For example, what distinguishes the word "fragile" from "weak" or "brittle"?

Think about what are the synonyms (words with a similar meaning) and antonyms (words with the opposite meaning) for the word being defined. Some of them may end up in your dictionary entry, if they fit there.

Describe the word being defined. Although the inclusion of synonyms in a definition is perfectly acceptable, such a definition, composed entirely of synonyms, cannot provide exhaustive information about the meaning of the word. Therefore, do your best to describe the word being defined.
- If a word has several meanings, then you will have to define each of them separately.
To write a definition of a word, use words that will be familiar to a person who will read this definition for the first time, without knowing the meaning of the concept being defined. Compare:
- Courage - courage, courage, audacity.
- Courage - emphasized determination, fortitude.
Write the definition of the word in typical dictionary style. You can start with sentences like “This word is used…” or “It describes a situation in which…”, but these are best removed from the final version of your definition.

Write the definition in such a way that it matches the part of speech being defined. Verb definitions themselves must contain many verbs, noun definitions must contain many nouns.
- Most verb definitions must begin with the indefinite form of the verb. For example, the definition of the verb “stop” might look like this: “make a short pause or stop for a while; interrupt a process or some action and start it again later.”
- Definitions of nouns are also better to start with nouns.
Read your definition and make sure it fits the word you define and the meaning of that word you want to describe.

Read definitions from dictionaries and glossaries and take notes on the style in which they are written.
See how your word is defined in other sources. Synthesizing definitions already written by someone before will help you write your own or help you learn how to write definitions of words yourself.
Note that we learn the meaning of most new words from the context. That's why it's especially important to find examples of how a word is used in context before trying to define it.
Pay attention also to the etymology of the word. Sometimes it is the origin of a word that can shed light on its meaning.
If you are interested in the fascinating history of the Oxford Dictionary in English, then look at this Simon Winchester's lecture.
If you are just learning to write dictionary definitions, then you should start with words with a narrow specific meaning, especially with nouns. Just compare the number of meanings and definitions for specific words like "souvenir" or "twitter" with the number of meanings and definitions for commonly used words like "bottom" or "current" and you'll see why. Start practicing first with non-ambiguous, highly specialized words.
Sometimes determining the part of speech of a word can be quite tricky. If you are not completely sure what part of speech you are dealing with, then it is better to consult a dictionary. If it's really bad, then look in the grammar reference. This type of book contains about 3,000 difficult words.

Warnings

Avoid definitions that tell what the word is not, concentrate better on what it is.
Try to avoid ring definitions, especially if you are defining multiple words. When writing definitions for words, there is a tendency at the end of the definition to return to the word being defined or to the same root word. It may be quite acceptable to define an adverb using a single-root adjective (for example: strange - in a strange way), but this type of definition assumes that the adjective "strange" is already defined or known in advance. In general, it is better to avoid using words with the same root as the defined in the definition.
If you decide to include information about the origin of the word in your dictionary entry, then first make sure that you have studied the issue well. Some words have several "folk" versions of the origin. Usually these theories have no basis and are passed from mouth to mouth without any adequate confirmation. Do your own research and adequately assess whether your sources can be trusted.
The parts of speech listed above are basic and common to most European languages. Other languages may have other parts of speech, and some scholars have identified additional parts of speech in European languages as well.