Continuous and hyphenated adjectives. Compound adjectives. Examples of compound adjectives. Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features
Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relations, or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only in meaning.
Methods of education
In Russian, there are compound adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:
- Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
- general historical method (general history);
- general education school (general education);
- seriously ill patient (severe patient);
- one-way traffic (one side).
Adjectives can be formed from nouns interconnected with each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:
- metalworking machine (metal processing);
- forest protection sign (forest protection);
- house-building company (building a house);
- car rental company (car rental);
- petty-bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).
Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical features. For example:
- easily injured person (easy to hurt);
- sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
- Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
- North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
- Bolshie Vyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).
Consolidated spelling of terms
The spelling of compound adjectives can vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words belong. In scientific and technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulation, chromic acid, privately owned, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot be in doubt, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with such elements as common-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. Separately, it is also impossible to write words of terminological subjects that begin with high, wide, low, deep, small, narrow, many, little, strong, sharp, steep, thick, and so on. For example:
- potent hypnotic;
- highly developed country;
- large-scale actions;
- highly specialized production;
- densely populated area.
Separate spelling of terms
The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of separate words can be correct. For example:
- densely populated area (densely populated by foreigners area);
- little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).
In spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And the free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:
- quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
- pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperature);
- easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
- perishable milk (milk that spoils quickly without prior pasteurization).
It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.
Compound adjectives are also words, the first component of which is a quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.
Hyphen in adjectives and nouns
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.
You need to know that adjectives are always hyphenated if they are formed from hyphenated nouns. For example:
- social democratic party (social democracy);
- southeastern district (southeast);
- Karachay-Circassian population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
- New York park (New York);
- prime ministerial corps (prime minister).
But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:
- anti-social democratic views;
- near the Syrdarya city.
Individual affiliation
Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas it is necessary to know that in such cases a hyphen must necessarily stand between the main elements of the adjective. For example:
- Ilfo-Peter characters;
- mine-read novel;
- Robin Hood exploits;
- Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
- Ivan Groznov time.
Adjectives that include two equal concepts
The spelling of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load that each of the components carries. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cultural and entertainment center;
- reporting and examination concert;
- cardiovascular disease;
- promotional event;
- English-German dictionary;
- worker-peasant movement;
- Russian-Turkish war;
- artistic and journalistic genre;
- Distillery;
- electronic-automatic method.
Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features
Hyphen spelling of complex adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous members speech. As the first part in such adjectives, such bases as mass-, folk-, military-, scientific-, educational- often act. For example:
- Research Institute;
- folk arts and crafts;
- Navy;
- Training and Consulting Center.
Adjectives denoting quality
If the adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it a certain shade, the hyphenation. The same rule applies in writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:
- sweet and sour sauce;
- courageous and severe look;
- anxious obsessive thoughts;
- good-natured and friendly smile;
- pale pink lips;
- bright red dress.
Writing terms with a hyphen
Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cereal and legume herbs;
- gastro-hepatic collection;
- soft magnetic materials;
- stone-concrete foundation;
- filling and drain valve.
Compound adjectives are not written together if the first part of them is borrowed from foreign language with the suffix "-iko". When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:
- historical and ethnographic;
- critical and journalistic;
- health-improving;
- political and legal;
- chemical-technological.
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives occurs in the same definitions. The spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:
- courageously severe appearance (severe and courageous);
- courageously severe appearance (courageous severity).
Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is the right basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:
- naive-childish reasoning;
- solemnly sublime vocabulary;
- condescending attitude.
Each of us at least once happened to check how such adjectives as "popular science", "zootechnical", "two-story", "blue-green" are written. To err means to make a gross mistake in knowledge mother tongue. However, it is not always clear how the presence or absence of a hyphen is determined.
Adjectives consisting of two, and sometimes even three stems at once, are called complex. If you remember simple rules, then you no longer have to use search engines to check the next phrase.
When is a hyphen between parts of a compound adjective?
The Russian language provides four cases in which the constituent parts of the adjective are separated by a line.
- If the two words underlying are heterogeneous in their meaning. For example, "popular science" - parts of the adjective do not complement each other, but describe two different concepts.
- If the adjective comes from a compound noun, which, in turn, is written with a hyphen. For example, “northeast” - since the original noun “northeast” has a hyphen in its composition, then the adjective derived from it must also be supplied with a hyphen.
- If both parts of a compound adjective describe some quality of the object - "blue-green", "sweet and sour".
- If the word consists of two equal parts, and the hyphen between them can be replaced without loss by the union "and". For example, "literary and artistic design" - one can say that the intention is "literary and artistic", the essence will remain the same.
In what cases is a compound adjective written together?
Remembering when not to put a hyphen is also quite easy.
- If the first part is a numeral. For example, "two-story" or "three-digit". Also, do not put a hyphen if the first part is an adverb ending in "o" and "e". The words "inactive", "flammable" would be examples.
- If the adjective comes from a compound noun, also written without a hyphen - for example, the word "half-year", formed from "half-year".
- When the first or second part of an adjective cannot be used on its own. For example, in the word "broad-chested" the first part has a descriptive meaning only in combination with the second part.
In addition, most of the scientific and lexical terms are written together. A hyphen is not put in phrases with a subordinating connection within a sentence - for example, “blood vessel”, that is, “a vessel that carries blood”.
Abstract open lesson on this topic:"Continued and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives"
Goals:
Tutorial: to formulate the concept of complex adjectives, to ensure that students master the spelling of continuous and hyphenated writing of complex adjectives, to work out the primary skills of continuous and hyphenated writing of adjectives;
Educational : create conditions for the development of skills to classify adjectives by continuous and hyphenated writing, the ability to establish similarities and differences, the ability to draw generalized conclusions;
Nurturing: to form the ability to set goals in educational activities and the desire to achieve them, to educate the need to give self assessment its activities.
Equipment: computer, projector.
During the classes:
1 organizational moment.
Hello guys.
Sit down.
Well, check it out, friends. Is everything in place, is everything in order pens, books and notebooks? Is everyone seated correctly? Is everyone watching closely? Everyone wants to get, only a mark of five.
2. Actualization of knowledge.
What big topic are you studying now?
What do you know about this part of speech?
Compilation of a cluster. (slide No. 1)
Adjective
Denotes - (a sign of the subject)
Changes by - (genders, numbers, cases)
What member of the sentence can be (predicate, definition,)
What categories of adjectives do you know? (qualitative, relative, possessive)
What spelling did you learn - (not with adjectives, H and HH in adjectives, O, E after hissing and C, suffixes K and SK in adjectives)
Find the extra and explain why. (slide number 2)
Nautical
Sailor
Naval
Fishing
(fishing, because 1) the suffix K, 2) consists of two roots, i.e. is complex)
Let's open notebooks and write down today's date and classwork, and leave 2 lines for the topic and write it down a little later.
3. Formation of knowledge.
A) Working with text. (Slide No. 3)
Read the text.
South - west wind drove blue - green waves bitter - salty seas. On board the fishing boat the ship stood tall gray-bearded man with dark green waterproofcloak and looked into the distance. Loomed on the horizon three-masted brig. hung over him white - pink clouds. One looked like a huge rhinoceros carcass.
Which part of speech words are underlined?
What makes them different from other adjectives?
Why are they difficult?
Exercise: Write out in 2 columns all complex adjectives that are written together and hyphenated. (Slide No. 4.5)
Why are they spelled differently?
What topic do you think we will study today?
Let's write it down. (slide number 6)
What should we learn by the end of the lesson?
I would really like that by the end of the lesson, each of you could answer the question whether he achieved his goal?
Which of these complex adjectives are formed on behalf of a noun? (slide number 7)
Rhinoceros - rhinoceros,
southwest - southwest
Why is one adjective spelled together and another with a hyphen?
What conclusion can we draw?
- Which of these complex adjectives are formed from the phrase? (slide number 8)
Fishing - a catcher (of what?) of fish,
Grey-bearded - beard (what?) gray-haired,
Waterproof - impenetrable (by what?) with water,
Three-mast - three (what?) masts
How are all these compound adjectives spelled?
Conclusion. Compound adjectives formed from phrases should be written together.
What compound adjectives are formed from a combination of two adjectives that are independent of each other? (slide No. 9)
Blue - green
Bitter salty
Dark grey
White - pink
- What do the underlined adjectives have in common?
(Color)
How are they spelled?
Conclusion: Compound adjectives, in one part of which there is a color, are written with a hyphen.
Is it possible to insert the union I between the parts of the remaining adjective. The sea is bitter and salty. (slide No. 10)
- Such adjectives are called equal or equivalent. How are these adjectives written?
Conclusion: A compound adjective, between the parts of which you can insert the union And is written with a hyphen.
B) Work in groups. (slide number 11)
Task: Formulate the rule and fill in the table.
Slitno | Through a hyphen | ||
Check. (slide number 12)
4. Formation of skills and abilities.
Task by groups. Work together, then one of you presents your work.
1 group: He paints the boat not with pencils and felt-tip pens, but with words, using only complex adjectives. (slide No. 13)
2 group : make a complex adjective from phrases. (slide No. 14)
The language of ancient Russia
Ship building equipment-
Rites of old Russia
3rd group: form compound names adjectives. (Slide number 15)
Paper and cardboard plant-
Runway and runway
Russian and Tatar dictionary-
4th group: Form compound adjectives from compound nouns. (slide number 16)
north-east-
north-west-
south-east-
south-west-
5th group: Form compound adjectives from compound nouns. (Slide number 17)
Water pipes-
Forest park-
Pipeline -
Examination.
5. The results of the lesson.
Guys, what topic are we talking about today?
What was our goal?
What we have considered, let's remember again. (Slide No. 18)
How to write compound adjectives, one part of which denotes a color?
How are adjectives formed from phrases written?
How are adjectives formed from compound nouns, which are also written with a hyphen, written?
How are adjectives written that are formed from compound nouns that are written together?
How are adjectives formed from equal adjectives written, between which the union And can be inserted?
In order to consolidate the material covered, you must do the followinghomeworkpar.56 (learn the rule), ex. 331(open brackets)
And now we have to check whether we have achieved our goal, to give a self-assessment of our work. Let's do a test for this.
Swap notebooks and check with each other.
Answers (slide number 19)
Criteria.
Someone worked very well today and everything worked out for him, someone was not in the mood today and did not work to the fullest.
I will launch boats with an assessment in rows.
Depending on how much you have worked today, put yourself in a boat with an appropriate rating and write your last name and first name on the back of the piece of paper.
Guys, I'm glad that we successfully studied the topic. I wish you success. Thank you for the lesson!
A significant part of Russian orthography is occupied by the rules of hyphenated, separate and continuous spelling of word forms. Compound adjectives, spelling examples of which will be given in the article, illustrate the spelling rules of the Russian language.
- What is this?
In the lexical arsenal of the Russian language there are simple words, consisting of one root, one base ( blue, young, red, autumn j). If a word consists of several bases or parts of bases, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.
Compound word: ways of education
They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.
| Way | Description | Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples |
| Addition | Morphological, in which a compound word is formed by merging stems with a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones). | woolly, carnivorous, bloody, long-range |
| Union | Lexico-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels merges into a complex one. | two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy) |
| Abbreviation | Conditionally phonetic method: a complex is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters. | department store, salary, KAMAZ, NATO, USE |
Compound adjectives: continuous spelling
The spelling of complex adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by their compound adjective names, examples of which are given in the tables below.
At the same time, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together or be part of a phrase, where the adjective is not part compound word.
| № | rule | Compound adjectives: examples |
| Slitno | ||
| 1 | In the formation of a complex from a complex which is written together. | oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamboat |
| 2 | When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from the phrases "noun + adjective", naming geographical objects. | mountain skiing - mountain skiing, natural science - natural sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopoliansky - Yagodnaya Polyana |
| 3 | If denotes a scientific term or is a special word. | squamoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk cannery, bakery, exploration |
| 4 | If the first part of the compound word is: high, above, deep, thick, cool, large, light, little, small, many, low, below, sharp, flat, strong, weak, thick , thin, difficult, heavy, narrow, wide. If there are explanatory words for such elements, then the spelling is separate. | little studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), widely known (widely known abroad) |
| 5 | general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late. | common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, Early Ripe, Late Scythian |
Compound adjectives: hyphenated
Many are written semi-continuously. The rules for hyphenation and compound adjectives (examples) are given in the table below.
| № | rule | Complex adjectives with a hyphen: examples |
| Through a hyphen | ||
| 1 | When forming a compound adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen. | northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, as there is a prefix) |
| 2 | If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a given name and a surname. The exception is eastern surnames. | Pushkin-Gogol, Leo-Tolstoy, Jules-Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh) |
| 3 | If the adjective is formed by merging several equal words (you can put a union between them And or But). | convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional |
| 4 | If the adjective is formed by merging several equal, but heterogeneous words. | official business, electronic computing, comparative historical |
| 5 | If the first part of the compound word is military, national, mass, educational, scientific. | military legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical |
| 6 | If the adjective reflects a shade of color. | grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black |
| 7 | Compound adjectives-toponyms. | West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural |
The phrase "adverb + adjective"
Compound words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.
So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally insleepy- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"
Spelling compound adjectives: examples from the literature
In works fiction Compound adjectives are widely used.
They allow you to accurately describe the object, highlight it from the environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin, there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky-purple distance, cloudy-milky fog, matte-pale foliage, gray-winged eagles, impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, thin broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-voiced screams and others.
Target:
- introduce the main cases of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives;
- learn to find and explain all types of writing studied; apply the rules different types spelling; to consolidate the ability to determine the ways of word formation;
- develop the ability to update the acquired knowledge;
- to cultivate a sense of responsibility and a conscious attitude to educational work.
Equipment: handout, additional material, computer presentation.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Statement of the learning task
Teacher: What should we learn in today's lesson?
3. Updating knowledge
What adjectives are called compound? (Adjectives with two roots are called compound.)
- With the spelling of what complex parts of speech are we already familiar with? (Compound nouns.)
How are compound nouns written? (Closed and hyphenated.)
4. Work on the topic
South- West wind drove blue-green waves. On board fishing the ship stood tall gray-bearded man in dark green waterproof cloak and looked into the distance. Loomed on the horizon three-masted brig. hung over him white-pink clouds. One looked like a huge rhino carcass.
Task 5: Find and write down everything compound adjectives from text.
Alone compound adjectives are written together, and others - through hyphen .
Problematic question: what determines the choice of continuous or hyphenated spelling of adjectives?
Continuous or hyphenated spelling depends on how it was formed compound adjective :
How are compound adjectives formed?
- from compound adjectives :
Attention! Adjective fishing formed Not from compound noun angler, and from phrases fish catcher.
- from phrases , which has one word The main thing , and the second dependent : fishing (catcher fish).
Also formed: waterproof (impenetrable(how?) water), gray-bearded (beard(which?) gray-haired), three-masted (three(what?) masts – numeral three requires genitive case forms from noun masts).
Adjective , which were formed from phrases , in which one word The main thing , and another dependent , are written together.
- from a combination of two adjectives that are not grammatically dependent on each other, each of which can be used to define the same subject: blue-green waves (blue waves, green waves), dark grey cloak (dark cloak, gray raincoat), white-pink clouds (White clouds, pink clouds).
These adjectives are written through hyphen .
Task 5: How the selected adjectives , how are they written and in which cells should they be sent?
Forest * park area, multi-colored flags, musical*entertainment broadcast, northeast direction.
Answer:
A comment:
formed from compound nouns,
written through hyphen,
are written through hyphen
.
Compiling a table
Write correctly!| are written together adjectives formed from phrases , in which one word The main thing , and another dependent : railway (Railway), car repair(wagon repair), three meters(three meters). | Through hyphen
are written adjectives
formed from two equal adjectives
, between which you can put union
And: bitter-salty(bitter and salty) Russian-English(Russian and English), white-pink(white and pink). Attention! adjectives , denoting shades of colors, are always written through hyphen : yellow-red. |
| adjectives formed from compound nouns , are written in the same way as compound nouns : water pipes(water pipes), kindergarten courtyard(kindergarten), southwest wind(southwest). | |
5. Summing up
Each of you has a card with a complex adjective. Decide how to write the compound adjective and stick your card on the appropriate part of the board: on the left - continuous spelling, on the right - hyphenated spelling
Materials for the lesson:
| Compound adjectives formed from subordinating phrases (two grammatically dependent words) are written together: white stone from White stone; car repair from wagon repair; | Compound adjectives formed from coordinating combinations (two equal adjectives, between which you can put a union And), are written with a hyphen: velvety hairy from velvety and furry. | Compound adjectives denoting combinations of colors or shades of color are written with a hyphen. |
| white stone white-winged white-barreled Middle Eastern car repair eight-storey dizzying loud-voiced Far Eastern bunk nine degree woodworking leggy good-natured railway brown-eyed coffee maker red chested red banner red-cheeked bloodthirsty forest protection low grade pen-operated law enforcement five-pointed fair-faced freedom-loving North American gray-bearded seven year old gray-winged snowplow Central Asian black thermophilic three meters narrow-faced Central African black-haired black-eyed four-month six-layer |
velvety hairy hopelessly sad birch-spruce birch-aspen carelessly cheerful paper and cardboard boiled-smoked helicopter landing spring-summer takeoff and landing cherry-raspberry airborne clay-sand bittersweet bitter-salty palace and park noble-landlord documentary-historical cutesy capricious magazine and newspaper sweet and sour physical therapy autumn-winter song and dance lush green timidly trusting brackish-bitter |
crimson red pale lilac bluish gray smoky blue golden yellow golden brown yellow-green yellow-red emerald green blue-white coral red blood red matt white sky blue pale green olive yellow orange yellow light beige silver white gray-brown-crimson taupe blue-green dark purple purple-black bright yellow Compound adjectives denoting cardinal points are written with a hyphen. northeastern |
Literature:
- 1C: school. Russian language. Morphology and spelling. 5-6 classes. Educational complex edited by O. I. Rudenko-Morgun. ZAO 1C, 2006
- Zemsky A.M., Kryuchkov S.E., Svetlaev M.V. Russian language in 2 parts. Part 2. Syntax. – M.: Enlightenment, 1986.
- Russian language: Schoolchildren's Handbook / ed. V.Slavina. - M., 1995.
- Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M., 1998.