SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF RUSSIA AND THE KHAAROV REGION

The work was carried out by: Veronika Sergeeva and

Herod Ksenia, students of 9th grade B

Head: Vlasova Irina Anatolyevna

Goal of the work: create an idea of ​​the types of protected areas in Russia and get acquainted with the main nature reserves of the Russian Federation and the Khabarovsk Territory; compile a data bank about nature reserves to prepare for the OGE in geography.

Main objectives of the study:

• 1. Study the history of conservation in Russia and establish the main categories of protected areas.
• 2. Consider the features of the reserve system Far East and Khabarovsk Territory, characterize the region’s reserves, especially the Komsomolsky Reserve.
• 3. Conduct sociological research to determine the degree of knowledge of school students about nature reserves in Russia.
• 4. Conduct a cartographic study to determine the distribution of Russian nature reserves by economic region.
• 5. Compile a database of characteristics of nature reserves to complete task No. 6 of the OGE in geography.
• 6. Draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the results of the work and research.

HISTORY OF THE RESERVE CASE Commandment in Rus' and in Tsarist Russia

• The word “reserve” has been known in Rus' since time immemorial (even in “Russkaya Pravda” (11th century).
• Monastic lands . Some modern nature reserves arose on the site of former monastery forests.
• Royal hunting grounds . One of the most ancient and famous hunting grounds is Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
• Ship scaffolding. The first state decree of Peter I was a decree ordering an inventory of forests suitable for shipbuilding. Unauthorized felling was punishable by a fine or hard labor.
• In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of Russia

“On the establishment of rules on hunting reserves” in 1917, the first in Russia was created Barguzinsky Reserve and the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve in the Far East.

BARGUZINSKY RESERVE

• The first official state reserve in Russia is a reserve in the northeastern Transbaikalia.
• Established by decree of the Irkutsk Governor General

HISTORY OF THE RESERVE CASE Nature reserves in Soviet times

• In 1919, the first Soviet reserve was established - Astrakhan .
• Then, until 1924, another 5 nature reserves in various regions of Russia : "Ilmensky" in the Urals, " Krasnoyarsk pillars" , “Forest on Worksla”, “Crimean” and “Caucasian” ».
• In 1921 it was signed Decree “On the protection of natural monuments, gardens and parks.”
• In the 70-80s. Nature conservation in the country began to develop again. One after another, new reserves were created - and in the Arctic, Siberia, and the Far East - Wrangel Island (1976), Taimyrsky (1979), Ust-Lensky (1985), Putoransky (1988).
• The first marine reserve in Russia opened - Far Eastern Marine (1987).

Astrakhan Nature Reserve

• Astrakhan State Nature Reserve - a nature reserve in the Volga River delta
• Established April 11, 1919

Far Eastern Marine Reserve

• Located in the Far East in the Sea of ​​Japan, in the Gulf of Peter the Great

Inhabited by arctic fox, polar bear,

wolverine, walrus, seal, bearded seal,

white goose, guillemot, guillemot,

Bering cormorant,

white wagtail, etc.

Acclimatized

homemade

reindeer

and musk oxen.

• Wrangel Island is a “maternity hospital” for polar bears.
• There are up to 250 dens on the island.

Great Arctic Nature Reserve

• Established on May 11, 1993. The main territory of the reserve belongs to the arctic tundra subzone, and the northernmost areas belong to the arctic desert zone.

HISTORY OF THE RESERVE CASE Commandment in our time

• A new, very powerful wave of the creation of nature reserves was observed in the late 90s of the 20th century. Thus, in just 5 years, from 1993 to 1997, 20 new reserves were created.

Types of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) According to federal law dated March 14, 1995

The PA system today includes

• 105 state reserves (area 33.8 million hectares),
• 40 national parks(7.74 million hectares),
• 69 federal customers(12.54 million hectares),
• 28 natural monuments(34.3 thousand hectares),
• about 12 thousand regional reserves, natural monuments and natural parks(469 natural monuments are World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites);
• 56 botanical gardens
• 24 dendrological parks, administered by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS FAR EAST AND KHABAROVSK REGION

• 25 nature reserves, 3 national parks, 13 natural parks, about 140 nature reserves, about 765 natural monuments, 8 botanical gardens and arboretums, 20 health centers.
• The subjects of the Far East differ significantly in the number of protected areas - from 28 in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to 280 in Khabarovsk Territory(Primorsky Territory - 236; Yakutia - 232; Amur Region - 190; Kamchatka Territory - 153; Sakhalin Region - 76; Magadan Region - 42; Jewish Autonomous Okrug - 38)

Protected areas of federal significance:

State natural reserves - 6 objects

National Park - 1 object

• state natural reserves - 5 objects

SPNA of regional significance:

• reserves - 21 an object
• natural monuments -
• 69 objects
• natural parks -
• 2 object

Bolshekhehtsirsky Reserve

The territory of the reserve occupies most of the Greater Khekhtsir ridge and is located between the river valley. Ussuri and the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway. All rivers of the reserve belong to the Ussuri and Amur basins. The most large river– The Chirka is 82 km long and flows, extremely winding, along the foot of Khekhtsir from east to west.

Botchinsky Reserve

The reserve is located in the northeastern part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, in the river basin. Botcha. The reserve was created to protect the northernmost group of Amur tigers, spawning grounds for valuable salmon fish and forest ecosystems northern Primorye in all its diversity. (lady's slippers grandiflora and spotted, Schisandra chinensis, pointed yew; birds - black stork, black crane, fish owl, etc.)

Bureinsky Reserve

The reserve is located at the source of the river. Bureya (Right and Left Bureya), in the system of the Aesop and Dusse-Alin mountain ranges, the Khingan-Bureya Highlands, in the Verkhnebureinsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory. The reserve was created to protect the practically undisturbed typical mountain taiga ecosystems of the south of the Far East and their flora and fauna.

Dzhugdzhursky reserve

The Dzhugdzhursky Nature Reserve is located in the Khabarovsk Territory, in the mountains on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In the Dzhugdzhursky reserve, 480 plant species are registered, 18 rare species, two species are protected. Animal world rich. The most common mammals are elk, Brown bear, sable, fox, wolf, wild reindeer; There are bighorn sheep, musk deer, and black-capped marmot. IN coastal waters The area is inhabited by seals - seals (hares), seals, and striped seals (lionfish). Of the 166 birds living in the reserve, 126 nest on the territory of the Dzhugzhursky reserve, eleven are protected

BOLOGNA RESERVE

• was created on November 18, 1997. It is located in the lowest part of the Middle Amur Lowland - Lake Bolon. The reserve is located in the Amur and Nanai districts of the Khabarovsk Territory.
• The reserve was created primarily for the purpose of protecting the wetlands of the Amur region - nesting sites and migratory concentrations of many bird species.

Komsomolsky Reserve

The Komsomolsky Nature Reserve is located in the basin of the Gorin River, a large left tributary of the Amur River, in the Khabarovsk Territory. The fauna in the Komsomolsky Reserve is rich; sable, brown bear, elk, reindeer, musk deer, and wild boar are typical. From rare species Far Eastern forest cat, Himalayan bear, harza, badger, fish owl, black grouse, and blue magpie are found here. Siberian grouse, mandarin duck, black stork, and Steller's sea eagle are listed in the Red Book of Russia. On the Gorin River there are spawning grounds for autumn chum salmon and pink salmon.

Study 1. Sociological survey“What do I know about protected areas in Russia and the region”

• What year was 2017 declared to be? (year of ecology)
• What types of specially protected areas do you know? (State natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; Natural parks; Wildlife sanctuaries; Natural monuments; Dendrological parks and botanical gardens; Medical and recreational areas and resorts)
• How many nature reserves do you think there are in Russia? (101 reserves)
• What nature reserves in the Khabarovsk Territory do you know? (Bolshekhehtsirsky, Bureinsky, Dzhugdzhursky, Botchinsky, Bolonsky, Komsomolsky reserve)
• Why are protected areas created? (environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance, as examples of natural natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of flora and fauna is preserved)

Study 1. Sociological survey “What do I know about protected areas in Russia and the region” CONCLUSION

• 61 people (9th grade students) took part in the study, of which only 9 people (less than 15%) know that 2017 is the Year of Ecology and Conservation in Russia
• Of the entire variety of protected areas, students, in addition to reserves, know only such species as national park, 7 people (11%) wrote about this
• There are 101 nature reserves in the Russian Federation today, and many people also had no idea about it.
• As for the reserves of the region, few remembered such reserves as Komsomolsky (mostly), Botchinsky, Bolshekhehtsirsky (only 2 people). 90% of students did not name a single nature reserve in the Khabarovsk Territory.
• Among the main values ​​of protected areas, they mainly indicated: conservation of species (30%), protection of rare species of plants and animals (19%), and for tourism (2%).

Study 2. Distribution of nature reserves by economic region (analysis of atlas maps)

As the second stage of the study, we decided to make a sample of nature reserves on the territory of Russia, namely, their distribution across economic regions.

• The largest number of nature reserves in the territory Russian Federation located in the regions of the Far East (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories) - 25 nature reserves and Siberian regions ( Krasnoyarsk region) – 22 reserves.

Study 3. Creation of a task bank (task No. 6, OGE in geography)

• As a source, we took a selection of questions for task No. 6 of the OGE in geography from the “I will solve the OGE” website “FIPI”, answered these tasks and questions and formed the result in the following table, which we recommend using in classes to prepare for the exam in geography, and also in geography lessons

SAMPLE TABLE

Exercise

Answer and Explanation

A group of tourists from Finland wants to see with their own eyes the unusual nature of the Russian steppes. Which of the following reserves do they need to visit for this?

• Kurilsky 2) “Wrangel Island”
• 3) Orenburg 4) Kostomuksha

A group of schoolchildren from Orenburg wants to see with their own eyes the unusual nature of the tundra. Which of the following reserves do they need to visit for this?

1) Gydansky 2) Oksky

3) South Ural 4) Mordovian

The Orenburg region is located in the south of the Urals. A significant area of ​​the region is represented by steppe landscapes.

Commander Islands in the Pacific Ocean - The fauna of marine mammals is most clearly represented on the islands

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION and remember:

LOVE AND TAKE CARE OF NATURE!!!

The game was recorded in the village of Bichi, which is located in the zone of the state Komsomol reserve of the Komsomolsky district. Only employees of the reserve now live in this village. This game is reminiscent of the Russian game "Running over bumps". “Jumping over Bumps” was played by the Nanai children of the Bichi camp, who in the process of this game learned to quickly and deftly overcome difficult bumpy areas of the terrain.

"Duck Hunt". One of the favorite games of Nanai children was “Duck Hunting”. This game brought children a lot of joy and pleasure. Akim Samar - teacher and poet who died in the Great Patriotic War near Stalingrad, he recalled his childhood in this way: “Each of the players tried to be like a duck, and when we ran to an imaginary lake, we got the impression that these were real ducks flying. To the side, hiding from us, the “hunters” sat impatiently waiting for their “prey”.

Traditional Nanai games are of particular value. Their effect on the body of the children of the Amur people was distinguished by a wide range and was truly universal. With their content and focus, the games aroused children's interest in the crafts of their parents. With the help of games, health developed and strengthened, vital motor qualities and skills were formed, honesty, courage, mutual assistance, will, love of nature were cultivated, and a certain spiritual mood was created.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Natural Reserve "Komsomolsky" Completed by: E.V. Bibartsev, 6th grade student of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 62 Checked by: N.V. Terentyeva, geography teacher

2 slide

Slide description:

The Komsomolsky Reserve was organized by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated October 3, 1963 No. 4297 and owes its name to the proximity of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, a large industrial center of the Far East. The reserve occupies the mouth of the Gorin River basin, a left tributary of the Amur River. In general, the outline of the reserve territory has the shape of a quadrangle measuring approximately 20 km from north to south and 30 km from west to east. In the south, the territory of the reserve includes a 100-meter strip of water area of ​​the Amur River.

3 slide

Slide description:

The protected area, with a total area of ​​64 thousand hectares, includes mountain ranges and riverine lowlands, and the mountainous part of the reserve is significantly larger in area than the plain. Unique look natural complexes The Komsomolsky Nature Reserve is endowed with mighty rivers. Gorin, in front of the Amur property, flows for approximately 20 km parallel to the latter’s bed, separated from it only by a small strip of land, in some places no more than a few hundred meters wide. In 1935, at its narrowest point, a canal approximately 200 meters long, called Prokop, was manually dug. The lowland river part of the reserve is characterized by oxbow lakes and numerous islands covered with lush meadow vegetation.

4 slide

Slide description:

80% of the reserve's area is occupied by forests. In total, 680 species of higher plants were discovered in the reserve, of which 8 plant species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: pointed yew, Japanese bearded yew, smooth iris, true slipper, tall bellied, thin coleanthus. The sheath flower is small, the peony is obovate.

5 slide

Slide description:

Root of life, root man Scientific name– Panax comes from the Greek word panacea, which means a remedy for all diseases. Ginseng Ivan - tea It’s not a fire - It’s the flame of Ivan - tea Burning there with chamomile in half. A. Alien Lily.

6 slide

Slide description:

The wildlife of the reserve is diverse. More than 200 species of birds have been identified. 16 of them are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: white-tailed eagle, Steller's sea eagle, osprey, golden eagle, fish owl, Far Eastern white stork, black crane, grouse grouse, mandarin duck. 47 species of mammals have been recorded. Among the predators are the usual: brown bear, Himalayan bear, weasel, sable, fox, raccoon dog, lynx, otter, mink; rare and endangered species - wolverine, tiger. The order of artiodactyls is represented by: elk, roe deer, musk deer; there are also wapiti and wild boar.

Slide 3

The sky above the Amur is blue. The whisper of groves and the hubbub of flocks of birds... How can I not fall in love with you, my native land, the Far Eastern land!

Slide 4

My beloved land, with foggy distances, with noisy taiga, with swamp duckweeds... No matter how many different lands we see, there is no one better, more beautiful and gentler.

Slide 5

I carry the sun of the Far East in my blood, from birth, from the source I breathe the local air. And, although I am not against wandering, I can be myself only in the midst of this space, only on this shore.

Slide 6

Khabarovsk region located in the eastern part of the Russian Federation, in the Far Eastern Federal District. In the north it borders with the Magadan Region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the west with the Jewish Autonomous Region, Amur region, as well as China, in the south with the Primorsky Territory, in the northeast and east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in the southeast - by the Sea of ​​Japan. Sakhalin is separated from the island by the Tatarsky and Nevelskoy straits. In addition to the main, continental part, the region includes several islands, among which the largest are the Shantar Islands. The total length of the coastline is about 2,500 km, including the islands - 3,390 km. Basic mountain ranges- Sikhote-Alin, Suntar-Khayata, Dzhugdzhur, Bureinsky, Dusse-Alin, Yam-Alin. The highest point is Mount Beryl (2933 m), the lowest is sea level. The territory of the region extends from south to north for 1,800 km, from west to east - for 125-750 km. The total area of ​​the region is 788,600 km², which is 4.5% of the entire territory of the country.

Slide 7

The flag of the Khabarovsk Territory is a rectangular panel divided into three parts (field N 1, N 2, N 3). The interior angle of an isosceles triangle (field N 1) is 90 degrees. Field N 1 - green, field N 2 - white, field N 3 - blue.

Slide 8

The coat of arms of the Khabarovsk Territory is made on a shield of the French heraldic form. In the center of the shield, silver (white), in a place of honor, is depicted a powerful natural figure of a black white-breasted bear sitting on its hind legs, which with its front paws carefully holds (presses to its chest) the historical coat of arms of Khabarovsk - the administrative center of the Khabarovsk Territory. The head of the bear with an open mouth, scarlet eyes and tongue is turned towards the rising of the “most radiant sun”, to the East (in a mirror image). Full coat of arms of the Khabarovsk Territory (approved on July 28, 1994). In the center of the shield is a black, white-breasted bear sitting on its hind legs, holding the coat of arms of Khabarovsk with its front paws. The full (large, ceremonial) coat of arms is crowned with a crown; on the sides of the shield there are oak branches with acorns depicted in gold, intertwined with St. Andrew's (azure-colored) ribbon.

Slide 9

Natural world The Khabarovsk Territory is not comparable to any region of our state in terms of the diversity of animals and plants. This is due to the fact that the northern border of the region is located only 430 km from the Arctic Circle, and the southern part adjoins Primorye - the country of the oldest relict species and representatives southern flora and fauna. Most of the Khabarovsk Territory is a country of mountain ranges, individual peaks of which exceed a height of two kilometers, a country of fast and clean rivers, among which the particularly majestic, calm and wide Amur stands out.

Slide 10

Khabarovsk Territory is a country of taiga. The light-coniferous taiga, where Daurian larch predominates, occupies more than half of the region in area - covering the mountain slopes from the very north to the Badzhal ridge in the south. In the light taiga and open forests, elk, reindeer, brown bear, wolverine, sable and squirrel are common, in some places lynx, musk deer and bighorn sheep are found, in the lowlands roe deer live, closer to the seashore - weasels. In numerous lakes (and there are more than 55,000 of them!) it is quite common to see muskrats, and in the summer, teal ducks. Among the birds that live permanently, you can find the stone capercaillie, hazel grouse and white partridge.

Slide 11

In the south of the region - along the left and right tributaries of the Amur - another taiga: spruce-fir, stretching from the right bank of the lower reaches great river to the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan, and coniferous-broad-leaved - in the Urmmi River basin - to the northwest of Khabarovsk - and along the slopes of Sikhote-Alin to the east. Here live: Himalayan bear, wild boar, marten, wild forest cat and Amur tiger, nesting: paradise flycatcher, blue magpie, pheasant, grouse and mandarin duck.

Slide 12

The Amur River is not comparable to any river in Russia in terms of species diversity freshwater fish. There are simply no such fish riches anywhere! Carp, bream, silver carp, yellow-cheeked carp, catfish, burbot, rudd, spotted horse and guar, white and black carp - you can’t count all the species! Only in the Amur and its tributaries is there a special “fat” pike. Only here is the beautiful and red-listed fish auch, or Chinese perch, found. The largest freshwater fish in our country lives in the Amur - the kaluga, a giant fish that once weighed much more than a ton!

Slide 13

In the summer, in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, large beluga dolphins and small (only 9 m long) whales - minke whales - come close to the shore. And in the area of ​​the Shantar Islands, from the shore you can see fountains of giants - one hundred and fifty-ton smooth whales.

Slide 14

The Shantar Islands are one of the harshest places in eastern Russia. Only for 2-3 months the coast of the islands is completely cleared of ice. But these harsh shores are amazingly beautiful! Here, gulls, cormorants, guillemots, guillemots and puffins nest in bird colonies. Pacific eagles make nests on the tops of the kekurs. And in the depths of the islands there are many “continental” birds - tits, woodpeckers, nuthatches, hazel grouse, kites and even nutcrackers.

Slide 15

The islands have significant areas of light-coniferous and dark-coniferous taiga, where sable, ermine, flying squirrel and brown bear live. Few people know that Shantar is also a land of waterfalls. There are more than 100 of them! The largest of them falls from a height of exactly one hundred meters and still has no name!

Slide 16

On the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory there are the Bolshekhehtsirsky Nature Reserve, the Botchinsky Nature Reserve, the Bureinsky Nature Reserve, the Dzhugdzhursky Nature Reserve, and the Komsomolsky Nature Reserve.

Slide 17

Bolshekhehtsirsky Reserve

The territory of the reserve occupies most of the Greater Khekhtsir ridge and is located between the river valley. Ussuri and the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway. All rivers of the reserve belong to the Ussuri and Amur basins. The largest river, Chirka, is 82 km long and flows, extremely winding, along the foot of Khekhtsir from east to west.

Slide 18

Slide 19

Botchinsky Reserve

The reserve is located in the northeastern part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, in the river basin. Botcha. The reserve was created to protect the northernmost group of the Amur tiger, the spawning grounds of valuable salmon fish and the forest ecosystems of northern Primorye in all their diversity. (lady's slippers grandiflora and spotted, Schisandra chinensis, pointed yew; birds - black stork, black crane, fish owl, etc.)

Slide 20

Slide 21

Bureinsky Reserve

The reserve is located at the source of the river. Bureya (Right and Left Bureya), in the system of the Aesop and Dusse-Alin mountain ranges, the Khingan-Bureya Highlands, in the Verkhnebureinsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory. The reserve was created to protect the practically undisturbed typical mountain taiga ecosystems of the south of the Far East and their flora and fauna.

Slide 22

Slide 23

Dzhugdzhursky reserve

The Dzhugdzhursky Nature Reserve is located in the Khabarovsk Territory, in the mountains on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In the Dzhugdzhursky reserve, 480 plant species are registered, 18 rare species, two species are protected. The fauna is rich. The most common mammals are elk, brown bear, sable, fox, wolf, and wild reindeer; There are bighorn sheep, musk deer, and black-capped marmot. The coastal waters are inhabited by seals - seals (hares), larga seals, and striped seals (lionfish). Of the 166 birds living in the reserve, 126 nest on the territory of the Dzhugzhursky reserve, eleven are protected: osprey, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, Steller and white-tailed eagles, fish eagle, gyrfalcon, grouse grouse, long-billed murrelet, mountain snipe. Fish include taimen, grayling, lenok, whitefish, chum salmon, pink salmon, char, and coho salmon.