Singular

Them.	pilot "pilot"	cat "cat"	dąb "oak"	gość "guest"	dzień "day"
Genus.	pilota	kota	debu	gościa	day
Date	pilotowi	kotu	debowi	gościowi	dniowi
Vin.	pilota	kota	dab	gościa	dzien
TV	pilotem	kotem	debem	gościem	dniem
Etc.	pilocie	kocie	debie	gościu	dniu
Call.	pilocie!	kocie	debie!	gościu!	dniu!

Plural

Them.	piloci	cat	deby	goscie	days
Genus.	pilotow	kotow	debow	gości	days
Date	pilottom	kotom	debom	gosciom	dniom
Vin.	pilotow	cat	deby	gości	dnie
TV	pilotami	kotami	debami	gośćmi	dniami
Etc.	pilotach	kotach	debach	gościach	dniach

Singular endings

Nominative

Genitive

Ending -A have:

1) animate nouns ( pan"sir, sir" - pan a , ptak"bird" - ptak a ), excl.: wól"ox" - woł u ; bawoł"buffalo" - bawoł u ;

2) titles:

• months ( czerwiec"June" - czerwc a , listopad"november" - listopad a ),
• utensils ( dzban jug, jug dzban a , talerz"plate" - talerz a , kielich"glass, goblet" - kielich a ),
• tools ( mlot"hammer" - mlot a , noz"knife" - noz a ),
• measures and weights ( gram"gram" - gram a , meter"meter" - meter a ),
• monetary units ( dollar"dollar" - dollar a , rubel"ruble" - ruble a ),
• dancing ( walc"waltz" - walc a , polonez"polonaise" - polonez a ),
• body parts ( palec"finger" - palc a , nos"nose" - nos a );

3) diminutive forms of nouns, mostly with a suffix -ik/-yk (stolik"table" - stolik a , wozek"cart" - wozk a ),

4) nouns with suffixes -ik/-yk (slownik"dictionary" - slownik a );

5) Slavic, as well as some borrowed names of cities and names in -burg (Krakow"Krakow" - Krakow a , Berlin"Berlin" - Berlin a , Wieden"Vienna" - Wiedni a , Hamburg"Hamburg" - Hamburg a ).

Ending -u have:

1) inanimate loan nouns ( committee"Committee" - committee u , atrament"ink" - atrament u ); V Lately there is a tendency for borrowed nouns to appear, which in this case have the ending -A , more often these are words whose stem ends in r : telewizor"TV" - telewizor a , computer"computer" - computer a .

2) abstract nouns ( bol"pain" - bol u , czas"time" - czas u , spokoj"peace, tranquility" - spokoj u );

3) collective nouns ( las"forest" - las u , tlum"crowd" - tlum u , oddzial"Department" - oddzial u );

4) real nouns ( miod"honey" - miod u , cukier"sugar" - cukr u , piasec"sand" - piask u );

5) names of the days of the week wtorek"Tuesday" - wtork u , czwartek"Thursday" - czwartk u );

6) city ​​names ending in -grad, -grod, -gard , as well as some borrowed ones ( Starogard - Starogard u , Belgrade - Belgrade u , Londyn - Londyn u , Amsterdam - Amsterdam u );

7) names of countries or their parts ( Iran"Iran" - Iran u , Crimea"Crimea" - Crimea u ).

Dative

In this case, the predominant distribution is the ending -owi , and a small group of nouns acquires the ending -u (ojciec"father" - ojc u , brother"Brother" - brother u , chlop"peasant, peasant" - chlop u , pan"sir, sir" - pan u , cat"cat" - cat u , pies"dog" - ps u , Swiat"world" - Swiat u , ksiadz"ksendz" - ksiedz u , God"God" - God u , left"a lion" - lw u , diabel"devil" - diabl u , kat"executioner" - kat u ).

Accusative

Animate nouns have the same accusative endings as in the genitive case, inanimate nouns have the same endings as in nominative case.

There are some exceptions to this rule, more significant than in the Russian and Belarusian languages. The accusative case of the following nouns coincides with the genitive case form:

1) trup"dead body" ( widzialem trupa"I saw a corpse") - obviously, by analogy with other designations of the dead ( nieboszczyka"deceased" Wisielca"hangman" topielca"drowned");

2) in fixed expressions ( miec stracha"afraid", miec pecha"fail", miec bzika"to be abnormal" (with the same meaning - miec fiola), dac drapaka"to run away" (with the same meaning - puścić się w uciekacza);

3) in the names of devices and tools ( wziąć noża"take a knife" cupic winczestera"buy a hard drive"), cigarettes ( palic papierosa"smoke a cigarette"), dancing ( tańczyć walca, mazura"dance the waltz, mazurka"), mushrooms ( znaleźć muchomora, rydza"find a fly agaric, ginger"), cars ( ukraść mercedesa"steal a Mercedes").

Instrumental case

Ending -em (las"forest" - las em , koń"horse" - koni em ). At the same time, the basis for the posterior lingual ( g, k ) softens ( God"God" - Bogi em , człowiek"Human" - człowieki em ).

Prepositional

Solid nouns have an ending -e , which causes consonant and sometimes vowel alternation in the stem ( sasiad"neighbour" - o sasiedzi e ) (for details, see ""). For nouns of a soft variety, as well as with a stem on g, k, ch - ending -u (sloń"elephant" - about sloni u , Minsk - w Minsk u ).

vocative

Almost all nouns coincide with the form of the prepositional case, except: most nouns in -ec form the vocative form with the ending -e (ojciec"father" - about ojc u, ojcz e! ; chlopiec"guy, boy" - o chlopc u, chłopcz e! ).

Although study guides give vocative forms for all masculine nouns, in modern Polish they are used to a limited extent. They actually have:

1) naming of persons - names, surnames, names of degrees of kinship, designations of a person by profession, titles, titles. But even here one can notice the gradual disappearance of the vocative case. Only words do not obey this pan"pan, sir" ( panie), obywatel"citizen" ( obywatelu), titles ( director"director" - dyrektorze, prezes"chairman, president (of the society)" - Prezesie), swear names ( lotr"scoundrel, scoundrel" - lotrze, Lajdak"scoundrel, scoundrel" - Lajdaku, cham"ham" - chamie), proper names ( Henryk - Henryku, Andrzej - Andrzeju).

2) and the names of animals, especially domestic ones ( chodź, piesku!"come here, doggie").

There are irregular forms of prepositional and vocative: syn"son" - o synu, synu!; dom"house" - o domu, domu!; pan"sir, sir" - o panu, panie!; God"God" - o Bogu, Boze!

Plural endings

Nominative

endings -i, -y, -e, -owie .

Ending -i have the following tokens:

2) impersonal masculine nouns with stem on g, k (pociag"train" - pociag i , ptak"bird" - ptak i );

Ending -y have the following words:

1) non-personal masculine nouns of the solid variety (except for forms on g, k ) (cat"cat" - cat y , dom"house" - dom y );

3) nouns with suffix -ec (chlopiec"boy, guy" - chlopc y , glupiec"stupid" glupc y );

Ending -e have the following words:

1) personal-masculine and non-personal-masculine nouns of the soft variety ( lekarz"doctor" - lekarz e , kraj"a country" - kraj e ).

2) borrowed words for -ans (kwadrans"quarter of an hour" - kwadrans e , alians"alliance" - alians e ).

Ending -owie is used much less often - in a few personal-masculine nouns ( pan"sir, sir" - pan owie , Arab"arab" - Arab owie ), although in recent years the number of such words has been increasing. Among them:

1) names of degrees of relationship ( syn"son" - syn owie , wuj"uncle on the mother's side" - wuj owie , ojciec"father" - ojc owie , mąż"husband" - męż owie , stryj"uncle on the father's side" - stryj owie );

2) names of persons occupying a high place in the social hierarchy ( marszalek"marshal" - marszalk owie , wodz"leader" - wodz owie , krol"king" - krol owie , senator"senator" - senator owie );

3) rank designations ( general"general" - general owie , mistrz"master" - mistrz owie , professor"Professor" - professor owie ).

Also have this ending:

1) forms on -log , here are possible options ( filolog"philologist" - filolodz y / filolog owie , geologist"geologist" - geolodz y / geologist owie );

2) forms on -mistrz , the endings here can also be variant ( burmistrz"burgomaster" - burmistrz e / burmistrz owie , zegarmistrz"watch master" zegarmistrz e / zegarmistrz owie );

3) forms based on -r (can also be variant: inzynier"engineer" - inzynierz y / inzynier owie , rector"Rector" - rektorz y / rector owie , senator"senator" - senators y / senator owie );

4) forms based on -n (opiekun"guardian" opiekun owie , patron"patron" - patron owie );

5) forms with the suffix - ek (dziadek"grandfather" - dziadk owie , wujek"uncle on the mother's side" - wujk owie , staruszek"old man" staruszk owie ).

Among the forms of the nominative case of the masculine gender, the smallest number are forms with the ending -a . These are some non-personally masculine borrowed nouns ( act"Act" - act a , grunt"soil, earth" - grunt a ).

Genitive

endings -ow, -i, -y . Ending -ow have:

1) nouns with a hard consonant stem ( pan"sir, sir" - pan ow , dom"house" - dom ow ).

2) a small number of nouns with a stem on a soft and hardened consonant ( kraj"a country" - kraj ow , uczen"student" - uczni ow ).

However, most nouns with a hardened consonant stem end in -y (talerz"plate" - talerz y , waż"snake" - wez y );

Ending -i characteristic of nouns with a soft stem ( gość - gość i , nauczyciel"teacher" - nauczyciel i ).

Dative

Ending -om (cat"cat" - cat om ).

Accusative

For personal masculine nouns it coincides with the genitive case, for non-personal masculine nouns it coincides with the nominative case.

Instrumental case

Ending -ami (Zegar"watch" - Zegar ami ). Only in some cases does the ending occur -mi : goscie"guests" - gość mi , licie"leaves" - lic mi , Ludzie"People" - ludź mi , bracia"brothers" brac mi , konie"horses" - koń mi , ksiadz"ksendz" - księz mi , pieniadze"money" - pieniedz mi , przyjaciele"Friends" - przyjaciól mi .

Prepositional

Ending -ach (domy - about dom ach ).

Features of the change of some masculine nouns

Nouns in -anin (Rosjanin"Russian", Amerykanin"American") form forms singular from the full base ( Rosjaninowi, Amerykaninowi), and the forms plural- from abbreviated ( Rosjanom, Amerykanom). They are declined according to the pattern of the solid variety, except for the nominative plural ( Rosjanie, Amerykanie). Most of them have a zero ending in the genitive plural, with the exception of the following - Amerukanow, Afrykanow, Meksykanow, republicanow.

Some nouns form plural forms from a different stem or stem with irregular alternations: rock"year" - lata, człowiek"Human" - Ludzie, tydzien"a week" - tygodnie, brother"Brother" - bracia, ksiadz"ksendz" - księża.

A special group consists of the names of countries:

Archaic endings have been preserved in these forms. If these nouns denote the totality of representatives of the people, they have a different form.

There are seven cases in Ukrainian. Nazivny, Rodovy, Davalny, Znahdny, Orudny,

Mstseviy and Klichny. The first six completely coincide with the Russian cases and they have the same functions. Even the names are a bit similar. As for the seventh, it serves to address someone. For example, the Russian name Alexey, in Ukrainian it sounds like Oleksiy. And if anyone wants to say something to him. He will address him Oleksiy. All this is done for a more melodic sound of the language. However, modern Ukrainians do not always adhere to this case and call in the Russian manner without changing the name.

Their languages ​​are studied in schools either in an average version or in an in-depth mode. Someone knows their language from A to Z, and someone only superficially. The Ukrainian language includes six cases and a seventh vocative case when addressing someone. that word is used in the vocative case.



• 7th case - vocative, used when addressing-calling to someone, used to identify the object to which the appeal is being made.

• There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian language NAZIVNYY, GENUS, DAVALNYY, ZNAHDNYY, GUNS, MTSEVYY, KLICHNYY. The first six coincide with the Russian ones, and the last CLASSIC or vocative in Russian is absent in the Russian language, and in essence it is not a case in Ukrainian either. Used when referring to someone.

• cases in Ukrainian

  There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian case. For comparison, there are 6 cases in Russian. There is no vocative case in Russian, but there was such a case under Tsarist Russia, then after another reform, the vocative case was abolished, perhaps the same awaits Ukraine

There are only 15 cases in Russian. 6 of them are basic and 7 are auxiliary, rarely used. Those. There are more cases in Russian than in Ukrainian language.

1) Nominative Who? What?

2) Genitive no one? what?

3) Dative give to whom? what? defines the end point of the action.

4) Accusative blame who? What? denotes the immediate object of the action;

5) Instrumental case create by whom? how? defines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);

6) Prepositional think about whom, about what?

7) vocative. — Latin name: vocative. For example: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, Sash, Kat, Tan, etc. There will be an ending in the form of a soft sign. Vanyush (Tanyush), come out! Here the vocative case is formed by adding special endings.

8) local case. - Latin name: locative. Usually used with the prepositions At, In and On. Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) cf. in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

9) Separative case. - Latin name: partitive. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there?

10) Counting case occurs in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).

11) Ablative determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

12) deprivative case used exclusively with negative verbs: don't want to know the truth (not the truth), can't have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separative case look like Genitive, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add speed (instead of add speed).

14) Waiting case He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) Letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) transformative(aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons.

In Ukrainian SEVEN cases, one more than in Russian. Additional case in Ukrainian. language - CALL

The photo below shows the names of all cases in Ukrainian, as well as an example of the declension of the word in the singular and plural.



Here are Ukrainian cases with Russian equivalents:

1. Nazivny (nominative);
2. Generic (genitive);
3. Davalny (dative);
4. Znahdniy (accusative);
5. Instrumental (creative);
6. Mstseviy (prepositional);
7. Calling (vocative).

That is, one case more than in Russian. In Russian, there is currently no vocative case, it used to be.

In Polish, the peculiarity of addressing someone lies not only in the use of words Pan, Pani, Pań stwo, Panowie, Panie. If we call a person, for example, by name or profession, then this word should be used in a certain form - the vocative case.

Once upon a time, this case also existed in the Russian language, but over time it was lost. By the way, now it also often disappears in the colloquial speech of the Poles: instead of the vocative case, the nominative case is used. But this does not mean that you can not adhere to the rules of the literary language. The vocative case has no questions, since it is a special form of address and is used when greeting and parting, in letters, requests, advice, emotional exclamations. As in Russian, in writing, the appeal is always separated by commas.

Vocative forms

For all neuter words, the vocative case forms are identical with the nominative case. Yes, and they exist only hypothetically (the so-called potential forms), because people, as a rule, do not turn to inanimate objects. In the plural, the forms of the vocative case in all three genders are also equal to the forms of the nominative case. And in the singular in the words of the feminine and masculine gender, the picture is different.

Ending — e have masculine nouns whose stem ends in a solid consonant ( b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z), except k, g, ch. For example:

Pan-panie!(man);

Professor-profesorze!(Professor);

People-narodzie! (people);

Jan Janie!(Jan)

In this case, the hard consonant is softened with the letter i or alternates with another sound, as in the formation of forms: ł > l, r > rz, t > ci, d > dzi, st > ści, sł > śl, zd > ździ.

Ending — u we write in masculine nouns with a stem in soft ( ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l) or hardened consonant (sz, cz, rz, ż, dz, dż, s) +k, g, ch:

Mąż-mężu!(husband);

Tomek Tomku!(Tomek);

Tadeusz-Tadeuszu!(Tadeusz);

Kraj-kraju!(a country);

Koń-koniu! (horse);

Nauczyciel-nauczycielu!(teacher).

Attention! If the word ends with — ek, then the vowel e in the vocative case “falls out” (this is the so-called fluent sound).

Also in feminine words — a, the stem of which ends in a soft consonant, including in diminutive forms of the name:

Babcia— babciu! (grandmother);

Kasia— Kasiu!(Kate);

martusia— Martusiu! (Martochka).

Ending — o we write in feminine and masculine words that in the nominative case end in -A (-ia/- ja) and at the same time have a solid final consonant in the base (+ k, g, ch). For example:

Tata-tato!(dad);

Mężczyzna-mężczyzno!(man);

Mama mamo!(Mother);

Poland-Polska!(Poland);

Wiktoria-Wiktorio!(Victoria);

Maria— Mario! (Maria);

Beata— Beato! (Beate).

Ending — i have feminine nouns that in the nominative case end in - i, as well as into a consonant (mainly into a soft one). For example:

Pani— pani! (woman);

Gospodyni-gospodyni!(hostess);

Radość-radości!(joy);

Krew-krwi! (blood);

Przyjaźń-przyjaźni!(friendship).

Ending — y we write in feminine words that end in a hardened consonant in the nominative case:

noc— nocy! (night);

Mysz— myszy! (mouse);

moc— mocy! (power, strength);

Mał ogoszcz— Mał ogoszczy! (city of Malogoshch);

Wesz— wszy! (louse).

Note that adjectives, pronouns, and numerals that agree with a noun in the vocative always remain in the nominative. In addition, there are no special forms of the vocative case for female and male surnames: Pani Kozlowska! Panie Walesa! At the same time, the words Pan/ Pani stand in the vocative case.

Exceptions:

Bó g— Boż e! (God);

Dziad-dziadu!(grandfather, ancestor);

Lud-ludu!(people);

Dom-domu!(house);

Syn-synu!(son);

Ksią dz— księż e! (priest);

Gołą b— gołę biu! (pigeon);

Jastrzą b— jastrzę biu! (hawk);

Paw— pawiu! (peacock);

Nó w— nowiu! (new moon);

Chł opiec— chł opcze! (boy, guy);

Gł upiec— gł upcze! (fool);

Starzec— starcze! (old man);

Ojciec— ojcze! (father).

ABOUT steel nouns on — ec lean in the same way.

Remember one feature! If a title (an indication of a position or profession) refers to a woman, then the name of this title remains in the nominative case:

Panie profesorze/Pani profesor(Professor);

Panie redaktorze/Pani redaktor(editor);

Panie doktorze/Pani doktor(doctor, doctor);

Panie prezydencie/Pani prezydent(the president).

From the school bench, we clearly know that there are 6 cases in Russian. But it turns out that this is not entirely true, there are much more cases in grammar. Many of them have been preserved in a residual state, having come into the Russian language from Old Slavonic and Old Russian. One of these phenomena is the vocative case in Russian.

Vocative case: acquaintance

In order to designate an appeal to a person, object or object, the vocative case is used in Russian. The examples are quite varied:

• Masha, go look at the cat!
• Vit, bring firewood!
• Van, call your dad soon!
• Lord, help me in this difficult situation!
• Oh God, give me strength!

The examples showed that the object in the vocative case is expressed by a noun, is its short form.

From the history of the case

In the Indo-European language - the ancestor of our modern one - this case was equal in rights with other cases. However, when Indo-European split into many language families, Sv. n. in most cases began to coincide with the nominative and ceased to be an independent case. However, in the grammars of 1918 this case was still mentioned.

Now for it is used by Him. n., but the vocative case is partially preserved in Russian. Examples are:

• Marin, please bring a book from the library.

Compare: the use of Im. n. instead of Sound. n. will in no way affect the meaning of the sentence: Marina, please bring a book from the library.

• Look around, old man, everything is destroyed and put on fire.

Here the vocative form "starche" is used to give the statement an elevated sound, this is the so-called high syllable. If we replace the form with Im. etc., then the meaning will not change, but the phrase will sound different.

• Lord, help me walk this path.

Such a word form is used in religious texts and prayers, heard by native speakers, and is not perceived as something unusual.

Features of the case form

Let's single out several key features inherent in this case form:

• Coincides in form with Him. P.
• Used for the sole purpose of appeal.
• Its function resembles an interjection.
• It is perceived by a native speaker not as a noun, but as an exclamation.

The vocative case could be formed different ways, the main ones are presented in the table.

When forming a new vocative case, endings in such words can be reduced:

• Names, including a diminutive version (Van, Vanyush).
• Terms related to the family (mom, aunt, dad, grandfather).
• Some words form a vocative form even in the plural (guys, girls).

The methods of forming vocative forms cannot be called diverse, but they are often used in oral speech.

Vocative forms

In the table, we present the main forms characteristic of words in the vocative case.

In addition to truncating the endings of proper names, it is also possible to use short forms of the names of relatives. The vocative case is also formed in Russian. Examples are given below:

• Mom, where is the tablecloth?
• Dad, help solve the problem!
• Aunt, when are you coming?

The form of the vocative case is also preserved in the words "grandfather", "daughter":

• Daughter, come visit soon!
• Grandpa, come here quickly, help!

Such sentences have a pronounced colloquial connotation.

The vocative case in Russian: an example and interesting facts

• The second name Sound. p - vocative.
• There is an old vocative (used as an equivalent case in the ancient form of the language) and a new vocative (formed in oral speech by native speakers by truncating the endings of nouns).
• Initially, it was in many languages: Sanskrit, Latin and ancient Greek, but in modern languages did not pass.
• It has been preserved in some languages: in Romanian, Greek, Ukrainian, Serbian, Polish and others.
• The vocative form disappeared from the Russian language quite early, in the 14th-15th centuries, remaining only as a respectful appeal to boyars and princes.

Only masculine and feminine singular nouns could form the vocative case in Russian. Examples: Friends! God! Prince!

Often vocative forms are used in stable phraseological turns: Lord God Jesus Christ (all four words in vowels), our lord.

In the literature of the 19th-20th centuries, the vocative case was also used for archaization. The examples are now quite diverse:

• In Pushkin's text "What do you need, old man" the form is used to create the effect of archaism.
• "Turn around, son." This form helps to recreate the peculiarities of the speech of the Ukrainian Cossacks.

The vocative case in Russian: the rule

Words in the vocative case in a sentence play the role of an address, so they are separated by commas in writing.

Here's an example:

• Marus, come to the performance today.
• Mom, help me wash the dishes!
• Vanyush, where is the new book?

From the above examples, it can be seen that this rule applies to any sentence - declarative, imperative or interrogative.

Often, to give the text an ironic coloring, the vocative case in Russian is used. Example: Man! When will you take up your mind and work properly!

The vocative case in Russian, examples of which were given above, is an amazing grammatical phenomenon, indicating that our language changes over time. If many centuries ago this form was commonly used in oral speech, now it is often used only in religious texts or to give a sentence an elevated color.

Cases in Russian

• Nominative (nominative),
• Genitive (genitive),
• Partial (partitive)
• Dative (dative),
• accusative (accusative),
• Creative (instrumentalis),
• Prepositional (prepositive);
• Local (locative, prepositional form in - at);
• vocative form(vocative)

Other cases Cases in other languages

Vocative case, vocative(lat. vocativus) - special form name (most often a noun) used to identify the object being referred to. The name of this form "case" is conditional, because in a strictly grammatical sense, the vocative form is not a case.

Historically, the vocative form was an element of the Indo-European case system and existed in Latin, Sanskrit, and Ancient Greek. Although, subsequently, it was lost by many modern Indo-European languages, some languages ​​\u200b\u200bhave retained it to our time, an example of which can be Greek, Romany, many Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Serbian, etc.) and some Celtic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(Scottish and Irish), Baltic languages ​​(for example: Latvian and Lithuanian). Of the Romance languages, the vocative form has been preserved only in the Romanian language. It is also present in some non-Indo-European languages ​​such as Georgian, Arabic and Korean.

Russian language

In modern Russian, it exists in the form of several archaisms, for the most part included in phraseological turns and other speech formulas ( God, Creator, God, Jesus, Christ, lord, metropolitan, doctor, older, father, brother, son, friendlier, prince, human and others). It has been lost in the modern literary language.

At the same time, sometimes "modern vocative" word forms with a zero ending of nouns of the first declension are understood as Mish, Linen, Tan, Marin, granny, mom, dad etc., that is, coinciding in form with the plural declension of the genitive case.

In the Old Russian language, nouns had the vocative case only in the singular and only masculine and feminine, but not the middle one (since the latter was a remnant of the Indo-European “inanimate gender” and, by origin, denoted only inanimate objects). The vocative case was formed as follows:

• Ancient stem in -a:

O after a hard consonant, -e after a soft one: woman! sister! soul! de vice!

• Ancient stem in -o:

E after a hard consonant, th after a soft one: old! father! horse! Igor!

• Ancient stem in -u:

W: honey! son!

• Ancient stem in -i:

I: night! lights! God!

In addition, in the process of inflection, there was an alternation of consonants according to the first palatalization: k - h (man - human), Mrs - g (God - God, friend - friend), x - c (Vlakh - Vlas).

In other declensions, the vocative coincided with the nominative.

The vocative case is sometimes found in literature either for the purpose of archaization ( "What do you want, old man?"- Pushkin), or in quotations from Church Slavonic texts and prayers ( "King of heaven, save me..."- Lermontov), ​​or to "Ukrainize" the speech of Ukrainian heroes ( "Turn around, son!"- Gogol; "Where are you from, man?"; “I, father, fled from Balta”- Bagritsky).

Latvian

In Latvian, the vocative case is important to memorize for the I, II, III and IV declensions.

For example:

For V, VI cl. the vocative case is formed only when the word has a diminutive suffix; when it is formed, the ending is discarded. For example: Ilze - Ilz it e-Ilz it!, zivs - zivt inš-zivt in!

For the plural, the vocative is the same as the nominative.

Ukrainian language

In the Ukrainian language, as well as in its basis - Old Russian, a separate vocative case has been preserved ( nickname vodminok or common form) - for the singular of the first, second and third declensions. In the plural, as well as in the fourth declension, it coincides with the nominative case, except for the exception - "panove", the vocative case from the plural of the word "pan" ("lord"), which corresponds to the Russian address "lord".

In the first declension, the endings -о, -е, -є, -ю are used: Mother - mamo, Earth - earth, Maria - Mary, granny - granny.

In the second declension, the endings -y, -u, -e are used: father - dad, Andriy - Andriy, Dmitro - Dmitre.

In the third declension, the ending -e is used: nothing - at night. However, third declension nouns are usually inanimate and are not used in the vocative case.

Belarusian language

Usually in the modern Belarusian language (the so-called "People's Commissar" or the official version) there is no separate vocative case.

Proponents of the "classic" version Belarusian language(tarashkevytsy), on the contrary, usually emphasize the vocative case as distinguishing feature Belarusian language from Russian.

Polish language

In Polish, the vocative case (usually referred to as the "vocative form", wołacz) has been preserved for all masculine and feminine singular nouns. With regard to nouns of the middle gender (second declension) and the plural of all genders, it completely coincides with the nominative.

The endings of singular nouns of the first declension (masculine, in the nominative case end in a consonant) depend on the final sound of the stem. If this sound is hard, then it softens and / or alternates, and the ending will be - "e, for example: chłop - chłopie, naród - narodzie, autor - autorze (Exceptions: dom - domu, syn - synu, dziad - dziadu). A similar ending is observed in words with a stem in -ec, for example chłopiec - chłopcze If the final sound of the stem is soft, back-lingual (-k, -g) or hardened (-rz, -cz, etc.) - ending -u: koń - koniu, robotnik - robotniku.

Third declension nouns (masculine in -a, -o, feminine into -a, -i) in the singular vocative end in -o: żona - żono, poeta - poeto.

Nouns of the fourth declension (feminine, in the nominative case end in a consonant) in the singular vocative end in -i: powieść - powieści.

Bulgarian language

Latin language

In Latin, the vocative case (Casus Vocativus) of nouns coincides with the nominative in all cases, except for one: if the noun of the second declension of the singular in I.p. ends in -us, then in the vocative case it will end in -e: I.p. barbarus (barbarian) - Sv.p. barbare. Moreover, if the stem of a noun ends in -i (that is, the noun ends in -ius), then in the vocative case it has a zero ending: I.p. Demetrius, Sv.p. Demetri.