Vocative case. Vocative case in Russian: examples. What is the vocative case The vocative case in Polish

IN Polish the peculiarity of addressing someone lies not only in the use of words Pan, Pani, Pań stwo, Panowie, Panie. If we call a person, for example, by name or profession, then this word should be used in a certain form - the vocative case.

Once upon a time, this case also existed in the Russian language, but over time it was lost. By the way, now it also often disappears in the colloquial speech of the Poles: instead of the vocative case, the nominative case is used. But this does not mean that you can not adhere to the rules of the literary language. The vocative case has no questions, since it is a special form of address and is used when greeting and parting, in letters, requests, advice, emotional exclamations. As in Russian, in writing, the appeal is always separated by commas.

Vocative forms

For all neuter words, the vocative case forms are identical with the nominative case. Yes, and they exist only hypothetically (the so-called potential forms), because people, as a rule, do not turn to inanimate objects. In plural the forms of the vocative case in all three genders are also equal to the forms of the nominative case. And in the singular in the words of the feminine and male the picture is different.

Ending — e have masculine nouns whose stem ends in a solid consonant ( b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z), except k, g, ch. For example:

Pan-panie!(man);

Professor-profesorze!(Professor);

People-narodzie! (people);

Jan Janie!(Jan)

In this case, the hard consonant is softened with the letter i or alternates with another sound, as in the formation of forms: ł > l, r > rz, t > ci, d > dzi, st > ści, sł > śl, zd > ździ.

Ending — u we write in masculine nouns with a stem in soft ( ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l) or hardened consonant (sz, cz, rz, ż, dz, dż, s) +k, g, ch:

Mąż-mężu!(husband);

Tomek Tomku!(Tomek);

Tadeusz-Tadeuszu!(Tadeusz);

Kraj-kraju!(a country);

Koń-koniu! (horse);

Nauczyciel-nauczycielu!(teacher).

Attention! If the word ends with — ek, then the vowel e in the vocative case “falls out” (this is the so-called fluent sound).

Also in feminine words — a, the stem of which ends in a soft consonant, including in diminutive forms of the name:

Babcia— babciu! (grandmother);

Kasia— Kasiu!(Kate);

martusia— Martusiu! (Martochka).

Ending — o we write in feminine and masculine words that in the nominative case end in -A (-ia/- ja) and at the same time have a solid final consonant in the base (+ k, g, ch). For example:

Tata-tato!(dad);

Mężczyzna-mężczyzno!(man);

Mama mamo!(Mother);

Poland-Polska!(Poland);

Wiktoria-Wiktorio!(Victoria);

Maria— Mario! (Maria);

Beata— Beato! (Beate).

Ending — i have feminine nouns that in the nominative case end in - i, as well as into a consonant (mainly into a soft one). For example:

Pani— pani! (woman);

Gospodyni-gospodyni!(hostess);

Radość-radości!(joy);

Krew-krwi! (blood);

Przyjaźń-przyjaźni!(friendship).

Ending — y we write in feminine words that end in a hardened consonant in the nominative case:

noc— nocy! (night);

Mysz— myszy! (mouse);

moc— mocy! (power, strength);

Mał ogoszcz— Mał ogoszczy! (city of Malogoshch);

Wesz— wszy! (louse).

Note that adjectives, pronouns, and numerals that agree with a noun in the vocative always remain in the nominative. Besides, no special forms vocative case for female and male surnames: Pani Kozlowska! Panie Walesa! At the same time, the words Pan/ Pani stand in the vocative case.

Exceptions:

Bó g— Boż e! (God);

Dziad-dziadu!(grandfather, ancestor);

Lud-ludu!(people);

Dom-domu!(house);

Syn-synu!(son);

Ksią dz— księż e! (priest);

Gołą b— gołę biu! (pigeon);

Jastrzą b— jastrzę biu! (hawk);

Paw— pawiu! (peacock);

Nó w— nowiu! (new moon);

Chł opiec— chł opcze! (boy, guy);

Gł upiec— gł upcze! (fool);

Starzec— starcze! (old man);

Ojciec— ojcze! (father).

ABOUT steel nouns on — ec lean in the same way.

Remember one feature! If a title (an indication of a position or profession) refers to a woman, then the name of this title remains in the nominative case:

Panie profesorze/Pani profesor(Professor);

Panie redaktorze/Pani redaktor(editor);

Panie doktorze/Pani doktor(doctor, doctor);

Panie prezydencie/Pani prezydent(the president).

Singular

Them. pilot "pilot" cat "cat" dąb "oak" gość "guest" dzień "day"
Genus. pilota kota debu gościa day
Date pilotowi kotu debowi gościowi dniowi
Vin. pilota kota dab gościa dzien
TV pilotem kotem debem gościem dniem
Etc. pilocie kocie debie gościu dniu
Call. pilocie! kocie debie! gościu! dniu!

Plural

Them. piloci cat deby goscie days
Genus. pilotow kotow debow gości days
Date pilottom kotom debom gosciom dniom
Vin. pilotow cat deby gości dnie
TV pilotami kotami debami gośćmi dniami
Etc. pilotach kotach debach gościach dniach

Singular endings

Nominative

Genitive

Ending -A have:

1) animate nouns ( pan"sir, sir" - pan a , ptak"bird" - ptak a ), excl.: wól"ox" - woł u ; bawoł"buffalo" - bawoł u ;

2) titles:

  • months ( czerwiec"June" - czerwc a , listopad"november" - listopad a ),
  • utensils ( dzban jug, jug dzban a , talerz"plate" - talerz a , kielich"glass, goblet" - kielich a ),
  • tools ( mlot"hammer" - mlot a , noz"knife" - noz a ),
  • measures and weights ( gram"gram" - gram a , meter"meter" - meter a ),
  • monetary units ( dollar"dollar" - dollar a , rubel"ruble" - ruble a ),
  • dancing ( walc"waltz" - walc a , polonez"polonaise" - polonez a ),
  • body parts ( palec"finger" - palc a , nos"nose" - nos a );

3) diminutive forms of nouns, mostly with a suffix -ik/-yk (stolik"table" - stolik a , wozek"cart" - wozk a ),

4) nouns with suffixes -ik/-yk (slownik"dictionary" - slownik a );

5) Slavic, as well as some borrowed names of cities and names in -burg (Krakow"Krakow" - Krakow a , Berlin"Berlin" - Berlin a , Wieden"Vienna" - Wiedni a , Hamburg"Hamburg" - Hamburg a ).

Ending -u have:

1) inanimate loan nouns ( committee"Committee" - committee u , atrament"ink" - atrament u ); V Lately there is a tendency for borrowed nouns to appear, which in this case have the ending -A , more often these are words whose stem ends in r : telewizor"TV" - telewizor a , computer"computer" - computer a .

2) abstract nouns ( bol"pain" - bol u , czas"time" - czas u , spokoj"peace, tranquility" - spokoj u );

3) collective nouns ( las"forest" - las u , tlum"crowd" - tlum u , oddzial"Department" - oddzial u );

4) real nouns ( miod"honey" - miod u , cukier"sugar" - cukr u , piasec"sand" - piask u );

5) names of the days of the week wtorek"Tuesday" - wtork u , czwartek"Thursday" - czwartk u );

6) city ​​names ending in -grad, -grod, -gard , as well as some borrowed ones ( Starogard - Starogard u , Belgrade - Belgrade u , Londyn - Londyn u , Amsterdam - Amsterdam u );

7) names of countries or their parts ( Iran"Iran" - Iran u , Crimea"Crimea" - Crimea u ).

Dative

In this case, the predominant distribution is the ending -owi , and a small group of nouns acquires the ending -u (ojciec"father" - ojc u , brother"Brother" - brother u , chlop"peasant, peasant" - chlop u , pan"sir, sir" - pan u , cat"cat" - cat u , pies"dog" - ps u , Swiat"world" - Swiat u , ksiadz"ksendz" - ksiedz u , God"God" - God u , left"a lion" - lw u , diabel"devil" - diabl u , kat"executioner" - kat u ).

Accusative

Animate nouns have the same endings in the accusative case as in the genitive case, while inanimate nouns have the same endings as in the nominative case.

There are some exceptions to this rule, more significant than in Russian and Belarusian language. The accusative case of the following nouns coincides with the genitive case form:

1) trup"dead body" ( widzialem trupa"I saw a corpse") - obviously, by analogy with other designations of the dead ( nieboszczyka"deceased" Wisielca"hangman" topielca"drowned");

2) in fixed expressions ( miec stracha"afraid", miec pecha"fail", miec bzika"to be abnormal" (with the same meaning - miec fiola), dac drapaka"to run away" (with the same meaning - puścić się w uciekacza);

3) in the names of devices and tools ( wziąć noża"take a knife" cupic winczestera"buy a hard drive"), cigarettes ( palic papierosa"smoke a cigarette"), dancing ( tańczyć walca, mazura"dance the waltz, mazurka"), mushrooms ( znaleźć muchomora, rydza"find a fly agaric, ginger"), cars ( ukraść mercedesa"steal a Mercedes").

Instrumental case

Ending -em (las"forest" - las em , koń"horse" - koni em ). At the same time, the basis for the posterior lingual ( g, k ) softens ( God"God" - Bogi em , człowiek"Human" - człowieki em ).

Prepositional

Solid nouns have an ending -e , which causes consonant and sometimes vowel alternation in the stem ( sasiad"neighbour" - o sasiedzi e ) (for details, see ""). For nouns of a soft variety, as well as with a stem on g, k, ch - ending -u (sloń"elephant" - about sloni u , Minsk - w Minsk u ).

vocative

Almost all nouns coincide with the form of the prepositional case, except: most nouns in -ec form the vocative form with the ending -e (ojciec"father" - about ojc u, ojcz e! ; chlopiec"guy, boy" - o chlopc u, chłopcz e! ).

Although study guides give vocative forms for all masculine nouns, in modern Polish they are used quite limitedly. They actually have:

1) naming of persons - names, surnames, names of degrees of kinship, designations of a person by profession, titles, titles. But even here one can notice the gradual disappearance of the vocative case. Only words do not obey this pan"pan, sir" ( panie), obywatel"citizen" ( obywatelu), titles ( director"director" - dyrektorze, prezes"chairman, president (of the society)" - Prezesie), swear names ( lotr"scoundrel, scoundrel" - lotrze, Lajdak"scoundrel, scoundrel" - Lajdaku, cham"ham" - chamie), proper names ( Henryk - Henryku, Andrzej - Andrzeju).

2) and the names of animals, especially domestic ones ( chodź, piesku!"come here, doggie").

There are irregular forms of prepositional and vocative: syn"son" - o synu, synu!; dom"house" - o domu, domu!; pan"sir, sir" - o panu, panie!; God"God" - o Bogu, Boze!

Plural endings

Nominative

endings -i, -y, -e, -owie .

Ending -i have the following tokens:

2) impersonal masculine nouns with stem on g, k (pociag"train" - pociag i , ptak"bird" - ptak i );

Ending -y have the following words:

1) non-personal masculine nouns of the solid variety (except for forms on g, k ) (cat"cat" - cat y , dom"house" - dom y );

3) nouns with suffix -ec (chlopiec"boy, guy" - chlopc y , glupiec"stupid" glupc y );

Ending -e have the following words:

1) personal-masculine and non-personal-masculine nouns of the soft variety ( lekarz"doctor" - lekarz e , kraj"a country" - kraj e ).

2) borrowed words for -ans (kwadrans"quarter of an hour" - kwadrans e , alians"alliance" - alians e ).

Ending -owie is used much less often - in a few personal-masculine nouns ( pan"sir, sir" - pan owie , Arab"arab" - Arab owie ), although in recent years the number of such words has been increasing. Among them:

1) names of degrees of relationship ( syn"son" - syn owie , wuj"uncle on the mother's side" - wuj owie , ojciec"father" - ojc owie , mąż"husband" - męż owie , stryj"uncle on the father's side" - stryj owie );

2) names of persons occupying a high place in the social hierarchy ( marszalek"marshal" - marszalk owie , wodz"leader" - wodz owie , krol"king" - krol owie , senator"senator" - senator owie );

3) rank designations ( general"general" - general owie , mistrz"master" - mistrz owie , professor"Professor" - professor owie ).

Also have this ending:

1) forms on -log , here are possible options ( filolog"philologist" - filolodz y / filolog owie , geologist"geologist" - geolodz y / geologist owie );

2) forms on -mistrz , the endings here can also be variant ( burmistrz"burgomaster" - burmistrz e / burmistrz owie , zegarmistrz"watch master" zegarmistrz e / zegarmistrz owie );

3) forms based on -r (can also be variant: inzynier"engineer" - inzynierz y / inzynier owie , rector"Rector" - rektorz y / rector owie , senator"senator" - senators y / senator owie );

4) forms based on -n (opiekun"guardian" opiekun owie , patron"patron" - patron owie );

5) forms with the suffix - ek (dziadek"grandfather" - dziadk owie , wujek"uncle on the mother's side" - wujk owie , staruszek"old man" staruszk owie ).

Among the forms of the nominative case of the masculine gender, the smallest number are forms with the ending -a . These are some non-personally masculine borrowed nouns ( act"Act" - act a , grunt"soil, earth" - grunt a ).

Genitive

endings -ow, -i, -y . Ending -ow have:

1) nouns with a hard consonant stem ( pan"sir, sir" - pan ow , dom"house" - dom ow ).

2) a small number of nouns with a stem on a soft and hardened consonant ( kraj"a country" - kraj ow , uczen"student" - uczni ow ).

However, most nouns with a hardened consonant stem end in -y (talerz"plate" - talerz y , waż"snake" - wez y );

Ending -i characteristic of nouns with a soft stem ( gość - gość i , nauczyciel"teacher" - nauczyciel i ).

Dative

Ending -om (cat"cat" - cat om ).

Accusative

For personal masculine nouns it coincides with the genitive case, for non-personal masculine nouns it coincides with the nominative case.

Instrumental case

Ending -ami (Zegar"watch" - Zegar ami ). Only in some cases does the ending occur -mi : goscie"guests" - gość mi , licie"leaves" - lic mi , Ludzie"People" - ludź mi , bracia"brothers" brac mi , konie"horses" - koń mi , ksiadz"ksendz" - księz mi , pieniadze"money" - pieniedz mi , przyjaciele"Friends" - przyjaciól mi .

Prepositional

Ending -ach (domy - about dom ach ).

Features of the change of some masculine nouns

Nouns in -anin (Rosjanin"Russian", Amerykanin"American") form forms singular from the full base ( Rosjaninowi, Amerykaninowi), and the plural form - from the abbreviated ( Rosjanom, Amerykanom). They are declined according to the pattern of the solid variety, except for the nominative plural ( Rosjanie, Amerykanie). Most of them have a zero ending in the genitive plural, with the exception of the following - Amerukanow, Afrykanow, Meksykanow, republicanow.

Some nouns form plural forms from a different stem or stem with irregular alternations: rock"year" - lata, człowiek"Human" - Ludzie, tydzien"a week" - tygodnie, brother"Brother" - bracia, ksiadz"ksendz" - księża.

A special group consists of the names of countries:

Archaic endings have been preserved in these forms. If these nouns denote the totality of representatives of the people, they have a different form.

In Polish, the vocative case has been preserved for all masculine and feminine singular nouns. With regard to neuter and plural nouns of all genders, it completely coincides with the nominative. Adjectives also do not have the vocative form.

When forming the vocative case, the type of stem is taken into account:

    For the majority of M.r. Vocative case. coincides with Prepositional: magister - magistrze!.

The exception is noun. in –EU: chłopiec – chłopcze; noun pan - o panu, ale: panie! And some others

    For noun. Zh.r. basic type of base:

The following varieties are distinguished:

    Hard (+g, k, ch)

  • Hardened (hard sizzling + s)

Endings of the vocative case Zh.r .:

    O: noun on –a with a solid or hardened base: woda-wodo! Dusza - duszo!

    U: noun on –a with a soft base: Hania – Haniu! Babcia - babciu!

    I: 1) n. on –i: pani - pani! 2) noun into a soft consonant with a zero ending: kość - kości!

    Y: noun to a hardened consonant with a zero ending: noc - nocy!

When politely addressed, it is customary to use the vocative case not only for the words Pan / Pani, but also for positions, titles, scientific degrees, etc.:

Panie professor! Ale: Pani Professor!

Panie Dyrektorze! Ale: Pani Dyrektor!

In a less formal situation, a name is sufficient:

Pani Agato! Panie Staszku!

If you are not sure how to address the interlocutor in a given situation, you can ask him about it:

Jak mam do Pana/Pani się zwracać?

When referring to clergy, the words Pan/Pani are not used: Ojcze święty!

This lesson is a sketch of modern Polish speech etiquette. You will get acquainted with the basic rules and formulas of speech etiquette and learn how to behave in different communicative situations. After this lesson you will be able to speak like real Poles.

How to be polite in Polish?

Starting to learn a foreign language, you may encounter some obstacles - phonetic or grammatical barriers. But language is not limited to grammar or pronunciation. Language is something more. Language is part of culture, the key to understanding it. At the same time, culture is part of the language, and without knowledge of cultural characteristics it is impossible to master a foreign language in a quality manner. In this case, speech (linguistic) etiquette can be attributed to cultural features.

This linguoculturological information is extremely important for foreign language learners, it is from it that the learning process begins. But mastering this information is not always easy, because some norms may differ from the norms of your language. Yes, and it is often difficult to behave correctly in a given situation, even for a native speaker. The difficulty in mastering the science of politeness was noticed by Adam Mitskevich - “Grzeczność nie jest nauką łatwą ani małą” (“Politeness is not an easy science, nor a small one”).

In one of ours, we have already talked about the phrases of greeting, farewell, request or gratitude. Now let's talk about specific communicative situations.

Appeal

The formulas of speech etiquette are primarily determined by the listener (recipient of information), his social or professional status, but may also depend on the position of the speaker and on the communicative situation itself.

The standard situation that everyone faces on a daily basis is to turn to strangers. Here we use the familiar pan/pani, państwo (proszę Pana, proszę Pani, proszę Państwa) . Do not forget that the appeal to you (in the Russian version) is built according to the scheme pan/pani + verb in 3 lit. unit(państwo + 3 l. plural).

Reach out to familiar people with whom you are close in social distance, but not on You, costs with the universal pan/pani and the full name of the person in the vocative case. For example, Panie Piotrze, Panie Maksymie, Pani Magdo. Contact with help pan/pani and a name in a diminutive form is possible only for people with whom you are in the minimum social distance and who are younger than you or equal in age. For example, Pani Zosiu, Pani Marysiu, Panie Piotrusiu.

Address politely to wy to one person y, as in the Russian-speaking environment, absent; appeal to ty to all in a row , extremely unacceptable ty you can contact people very close to you; pan/pani + surname, which is popular in the German-speaking world, has a negative connotation and is not recommended for use.

It is quite popular to appeal on a professional basis. It is built according to the scheme pan / pani + profession / title (in the vocative case). For example:

  • Panie Professor / Pani Professor
  • Panie Rektorze / Pani Rektor
  • Panie Redaktorze / Pani Redaktor
  • Panie Doktorze / Pani Doktor
  • Panie Premierze/Pani Premier
  • Panie Prezydencie / Pani Prezydent
  • Panie Ambasadorze / Pani Ambasador

Please note that if the title is held by a woman, then the name of the title remains in the nominative case - the gender indicator is the word pani.

Separately, it is worth mentioning religious speech etiquette. When addressing a clergyman, you can use a neutral greeting Dzień dobry or use an exclusively religious greeting Niech badzie pochwalony Jezus Chrystus (or shorter: Niech będzie pochwalony ). You should contact the priest Księze , but in a formal setting Wasza Ekscelencjo(Your Excellency).

vocative

We have met the vocative case many times ( ), let's talk about it in more detail.

The vocative case (Wołacz) is the seventh case of the Polish declension system. It has no questions, as it is a special form of a noun that serves to address.

WYJATEK:

  • God - Boze!
  • chłopiec - chłopcze!
  • ojciec - ojcze!
  • Ksiądz - Księże!

In the plural, the vocative case fully corresponds to the nominative case. ( panowie!, bracia!, dzieci!, kobiety!)

Note also that in the case of the construction pan+ (name or position) both words are used in the vocative case - Panie Piotrze!, Panie profesorze!, and in the case of the construction pan+ (surname) in the vocative case only the word is used pan—panie Kowalski. Adjectives in both numbers always correspond to the nominative case.

Vocative function

Performs the callback function:

  • in greeting and farewell

Czech, Adamie!

Do widzenia, panie profesorze!

  • in requests and advice

Pani Marto, proszę zamknąć okno.

Panie prezydencie, proszę o komentarz.

  • in letters

Szanowny Panie Dyrektorze!

Drozy rodzice!

  • in questions

Panie Marku, jak się pan ma?

  • in gratitude

Dziękuję za pomoc, panie doktorze!

  • when transmitting information

Tato, phone do ciebie!

Badź ciszej, Grażynko!

  • in emotional terms

Boze! Co to jest?

Co ty robisz, idioto?(negatively)

A bit of history and modernity

The norms of speech etiquette change along with the language throughout the entire period of its development. In particular, this applies to polite address formulas, so in Polish one can trace the following line: from a long and complex Wasz Mość Moj Mości Pani (Wasz Mość Moja Mości Pani) to short and simple Pan (Pani). Over the centuries, the address was gradually reduced and turned into one word to late XIX century.

After the establishment of the Polish People's Republic on the territory of Poland ( PRL) the norms of speech etiquette were also revised. Appeal to pan/pani was considered a bourgeois relic and was forbidden to use, instead it should have been addressed towarzyszu! or obywatelu!(obywatelu + surname) - modeled on the Russian language in the USSR - for example, Citizen Petrov! In addition, it was polite to address not pan-pani+ 3 l.u.h., and on wy, like in Russian. But all these "innovations" were observed only officially, and among themselves people tried to speak according to the language tradition.

Language changes are happening faster today than they were twenty or thirty years ago. The language of modernity is trying more and more to comply with the principle of economy, this is observed, for example, in the reduction of polite forms (panie profesorze > profesorze). Influenced in English increasingly popular is the appeal to ty. If you want to speak and write competently, beautifully, then I advise you to adhere to the language tradition.

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    There are seven cases in Ukrainian. Nazivny, Rodovy, Davalny, Znahdny, Orudny,

    Mstseviy and Klichny. The first six completely coincide with the Russian cases and they have the same functions. Even the names are a bit similar. As for the seventh, it serves to address someone. For example, the Russian name Alexey, in Ukrainian it sounds like Oleksiy. And if anyone wants to say something to him. He will address him Oleksiy. All this is done for a more melodic sound of the language. However, modern Ukrainians do not always adhere to this case and call in the Russian manner without changing the name.

    Their languages ​​are studied in schools either in an average version or in an in-depth mode. Someone knows their language from A to Z, and someone only superficially. The Ukrainian language includes six cases and a seventh vocative case when addressing someone. that word is used in the vocative case.

    • 7th case - vocative, used when addressing-calling to someone, used to identify the object to which the appeal is being made.

  • There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian language NAZIVNYY, GENUS, DAVALNYY, ZNAHDNYY, GUNS, MTSEVYY, KLICHNYY. The first six coincide with the Russian ones, and the last CLASSIC or vocative in Russian is absent in the Russian language, and in essence it is not a case in Ukrainian either. Used when referring to someone.

  • cases in Ukrainian

    There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian case. For comparison, there are 6 cases in Russian. There is no vocative case in Russian, but there was such a case under Tsarist Russia, then after another reform, the vocative case was abolished, perhaps the same awaits Ukraine

    • There are only 15 cases in Russian. 6 of them are basic and 7 are auxiliary, rarely used. Those. There are more cases in Russian than in Ukrainian language.

    1) Nominative Who? What?

    2) Genitive no one? what?

    3) Dative give to whom? what? defines the end point of the action.

    4) Accusative blame who? What? denotes the immediate object of the action;

    5) Instrumental case create by whom? how? defines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);

    6) Prepositional think about whom, about what?

    7) vocative. — Latin name: vocative. For example: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, Sash, Kat, Tan, etc. There will be an ending in the form of a soft sign. Vanyush (Tanyush), come out! Here the vocative case is formed by adding special endings.

    8) local case. - Latin name: locative. Usually used with the prepositions At, In and On. Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) cf. in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

    9) Separative case. - Latin name: partitive. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there?

    10) Counting case occurs in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).

    11) Ablative determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

    12) deprivative case used exclusively with negative verbs: don't want to know the truth (not the truth), can't have the right (not the right).

    13) Quantitative-separative case look like Genitive, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add speed (instead of add speed).

    14) Waiting case He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) Letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).

    15) transformative(aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons.

    In Ukrainian SEVEN cases, one more than in Russian. Additional case in Ukrainian. language - CALL

    The photo below shows the names of all cases in Ukrainian, as well as an example of the declension of the word in the singular and plural.

    Here are Ukrainian cases with Russian equivalents:

    1. Nazivny (nominative);
    2. Generic (genitive);
    3. Davalny (dative);
    4. Znahdniy (accusative);
    5. Instrumental (creative);
    6. Mstseviy (prepositional);
    7. Calling (vocative).

    That is, one case more than in Russian. In Russian, there is currently no vocative case, it used to be.