How many

so many

a lot of

by ...-o

by ...-y

• controlled (dictionary specified) dative case (corresponds to the valency of the predicate word and is determined by its semantics);
• constructively determined dative case (it is an element of a construction or joins a sentence as a determinant);
• freely attached dative case (is an optional spreader of the word).

The controlled (dictionary) dative case is included in the control model of a particular word and is determined by its semantics: for example, transfer verbs like give, to give (something to whom) contain in their semantics an indication of the person-recipient (i.e. they have the valence of the Recipient (see Semantic roles)), verbs of speech like confess (to someone), to promise (someone)- an indication of the person-addressee (i.e., they have the valence of the Addressee (see Semantic roles)) etc. There are cases where the dative case expresses semantically degenerate relationships and is not associated with any semantic role ( akin to a hobby), but, nevertheless, is assigned to the given word as a dictionary unit (in the concept of academic grammar, this case corresponds to complex relations (see paragraph )).

The constructively determined dative case is used as part of a construction, none of the elements of which has a dictionary valence expressed by the dative case: He is twenty years old; He can't sleep; He can't sleep tonight(verb sleep as a dictionary unit does not require the dative case, cf.: He is not sleeping; however, in impersonal and infinitive constructions, regardless of the semantics of the verb, the Subject is expressed in the dative case); Unsuccessfully jumping from a springboard, broke his leg(with the verb break the dative case does not express valency); You can't do everything yourself. The constructively conditioned cases also include determinants attached to the whole sentence: Fool seven miles is not a detour(last).

There are practically no examples of a non-prepositional freely attached dative that does not fill the valence of a predicate word and is not an element of a construction, but is an optional spreader of a word. The substantive dative ( son shirt) and the verbal dative of gain ( buy me milk), but in this grammar they are considered as constructive.

Prepositional-case forms have the same types of use as non-prepositional ones:

• managed ( strive for success, appeal to the people, prone to colds);
• structurally determined - as part of the structure ( five to one ratio) and as a determinant attached to the sentence ( Everything calmed down in the evening.);
• forms freely attached to a word are attributive ( math test, road to home) and circumstantial ( walk around the room; call in the evenings, go down to the river, miss class due to illness; fly into the wind; meet according to the schedule).

The dative forms without a preposition and with a preposition can be used independently as headings (" Kuchelbecker»; « To a poet friend"- poems by A. S. Pushkin); stage direction ( NATASHA (to maid) What?- A.P. Chekhov. Three sisters); pointer ( To the stadium) or inscriptions ( Ivanov- inscription on the package).

In addition, the dative case, like any other, can be agreed, i.e. duplicating the case of the matching substantive (see Glossary) ( little house; peasant lady). In this section, the agreed dative is not considered.

2.1.2. Semantic roles expressed by the dative case

The main semantic roles expressed by the dative case in a sentence:

The canonical subject, in addition to the morphological property, is to express nominative case- and syntactic property - to control the concordant features of the predicate - it also has a number of other syntactic and communicative-pragmatic properties, such as control of the reflexive, control of target clauses, control of adverbial phrases, linear arrangement in the extreme left linear position and attraction to the communicative status of the topic.

Dative noun phrases with a subjective meaning, without having a canonical morphological design and not being an agreement controller, may, nevertheless, have a number of non-basic properties of the subject:

• reflective control ( He feels sorry for himself; He doesn't have time for himself; He needs tickets for himself and for the kids; Do you blame yourself!; I can't convince myself);
• control of the infinitive target clause ( How should we dress so as not to catch a cold?);
• control participle turnover (How can he walk along the shore without approaching the water?);
• linear properties (usually located at the beginning of the sentence to the left of other nominal groups, including the formal subject in the nominative case): Gentlemen like blondes; thus such noun phrases are a theme.

Subject dative noun phrases can be either dictionary-specified (see) ( He's offended) and constructively determined (see ) ( How can we be?).

2.2. Classes of predicates with dictionary-specified dative case

2.2.1. Recipient (Recipient)

The recipient, or Receiver (see Semantic Roles) is a participant in the transfer situation. The main participants in the prototypical transfer situation are the Transferring Subject (expressed in the nominative case), the Transferred Object (expressed in the accusative case) and the Receiver (expressed in the dative case), cf .: Sister gave brother an apple. This "case frame" applies only to verbs in the active voice, with words of other parts of speech (adjective, noun), as well as with passive forms of the verb, the Subject or Object is expressed in other superficial cases (see voice). However, the dative way of expressing the Recipient is preserved. The semantic role of the Receiver is sometimes referred to as "dative", although originally dative is a syntactic term (however, this term itself is associated with the idea of ​​transmission and comes, as mentioned above, from donative verbs).

The semantic role of the Recipient is played by verbs and verbal nouns with the meaning of transfer, donation, provision, etc. to smb. some items, valuables:

• Verbs: return, return, repay, reimburse, hand over, issue, allocate (to whom a ticket), pay, give, bestow, give, deliver, favor, donate(to whom what), book, bequeath, drive, set, compensate, send down, lend, give away, give away, send, transfer, forward, donate, submit, throw, enclose, bring, donate, send, provide, present, bring, appropriate, send, sell , give away, distribute, send out, shake off, sell, hand over, send, push(meaning ‘sell’), pay, yield(meaning ‘sell’);

• nouns: gift, bribe, payment, gift, offering (to).

(1) There are such cult objects that cannot be transferred to the Church

(2) Let's say provided Grenada credit - 160 thousand Soviet rubles. [“Arguments and Facts” (2003)]

(3) Dzerzhinsky donates the first 50 rubles earned to the party. [R. B. Gul. Dzerzhinsky (The Beginning of Terror) (1974)]

(4) Anniversary - for the 115th birthday of the artist, the show of the "big Chaplin" on the Culture TV channel is a real Easter present viewer. ["Screen and Stage" (2004)]

(5) Return state personal carbine - one of the most beloved holidays in Switzerland. [Izvestia (2003)]

2.2.2. Destination

The recipient of information can be considered a variety of the Recipient, but more often it is designated by a special term - the Addressee (see Semantic roles).

The scope of information transfer includes:

• speech verbs: address, broadcast, announce, object, lie, blurt out, give out, blurt out, blurt out, express, speak, be rude, insolent, dictate, report, report, inform, complain, read out, read out, declare, call, expound , confess, shout, shout, lie, flatter, pray, promise, write, weave, prophesy, snitch, be rude, boast, brag, brag, whisper, slander, promise, promise, describe, explain, answer, answer, answer, unsubscribe , call back, retell, assent, assent, suggest, complain, wish, swear, pray, reproach, dedicate, send greetings, promise, brag, brag, suggest, prescribe, predict, predict, imagine, introduce yourself, present (accusation), contradict, lie, threaten, confess, swear, blather, let out, dictate, shout, to preach, to prophesy, to prophesy, to signal, to whisper, to radio, to blather, to blather, to explain, to report, to squander (of praise), to blather, to babble, to say, to lie, to confess, to report, to scribble, to promise, to telegraph, to telephone, to interpret, to ring, to be rude , scribble, whisper;
• verbs of verbal motivation: command, forbid, forbid, forbid, advise, advise against, recommend, instruct, advise, suggest;
• verbs of signaling, etiquette actions and other addressed actions: applaud, nod, bow, make faces, wave, wave, blink, blink, bow, salute, salute, signal, wink, wink, bow, wave, whistle, honk, applaud, salute, whistle, make a sign, signal, honk, make a face, make a face, make eyes, clap, smile, smile.

The valency of the Addressee is also found in nouns with the meaning of speech: Gratitude, denunciation, call, sign, Promise, answer, advice, wish, bow, prescription, confession … (to whom), including for nouns with the meaning of the text: a note, letter, agenda, message, telegram ... (to whom).

(6) Kryuchkov read out deputies Andropov's letter, sent to the Politburo on January 24, 1977, which was called "On the CIA's plans to acquire agents among Soviet citizens." [A. Yakovlev. Memory slug. (2001)]

(7) Client representatives outlined designers the main features of their business and their own expectations from creative work. [“Business Magazine” (2004)]

(8) Officers laugh in the bunker. ― Command division construction, - orders general Andreev. - I will thank everyone in front of the ranks. [AND. F. Stadniuk. Keys to Heaven (1956)]

(9) Initially, it was decided to withdraw it from the proceedings of the investigative unit of the Main Investigative Department under the Main Department of Internal Affairs of Moscow and transfer it for further investigation to the Prosecutor's Office of the Tver Region, about which instructions given Moscow prosecutor. ["Top Secret" (2003)]

(10) And Chonkin answered to him willingly and thoroughly, until he realized that blurts out to the first person you meet top secret military secret. [IN. Voinovich. The life and extraordinary adventures of a soldier Ivan Chonkin (1969-1975)]

(11) The next candidate for rectors, Leonid Melnikov, whom Dmitry Trubetskov named as his successor, also promised delegates flourishing university. ["Get Rich" (2003)]

(12) - You are too much complained Caesar against me, and now my hour has come, Kaifa! [M. A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(13) Our teachers never not flattered young. [IN. Smekhov. Theater of My Memory (2001)]

(14) However, contrary to the habit and fears of Vasily Ivanovich, be rude owner Fedor did not. [B. Vasiliev. There were and weren't. (1988)]

(15) Berezkin looked back at the German houses, winked Glushkov and ran. [IN. Grossman. Life and Destiny (1960)]

(16) Public applauded soloists Bolshoi theater to Ekaterina Golovleva and Konstantin Tolstobrov in Tosca, conductors Pavel Klinichev and Vladimir Andropov. ["Russian Musical Newspaper" (2003)]

(17) Questions for the Writer poured in from all sides. Most of them were naive, student, with a great touch of "literary". [N. Penkov. There Was a Time (2002)]

(18) We are aware that Kasyanov's attack on Kudrin and Gref is in no way directed against the President. On the contrary, it is rather message President. ["Weekly Magazine" (2003)]

(19) In Jobson and Cook, alcoholism is conscious answer existence which, for various reasons, is not satisfied. ["Screen and Stage" (2004)]

(20) Kazan team reservists ( separate "Thank you" Mrsic And Simpkins) in skill differed little from those who started, and even surpassed them in terms of passion and zeal. [Izvestia (2003)]

(21) The advent of the incompetent Commodus and the bloody strife of the governor after his death - that's sign Christians that it will soon be their turn to put in order the dilapidated legacy of Caesar and Augustus! [Knowledge is Power (2003)]

NOTE. Not all verbs of speech express the Addressee in the dative case (cf. ask someone; ask someone; warn someone; call someone), cf. Also to be rude to someone, But to be rude to someone. In all these cases, the person expressed in the accusative case combines the role of the Recipient with some other role (Performer of the future action, cf. ask, Object of influence, cf. scold, and so on.).

(22) Request David to say a few words about / whether the capacity of the stadium has increased. [Meeting of the Lokomotiv football club with fans, Moscow (2004)]

This colloquial example shows how the irregular but semantically motivated dative case turns out to be "stronger" than the legal prepositional control ( request to David).

On the other hand, the dative case with speech predicates does not always correspond to the Addressee:

(23) Levada Yu.A., Levinson A.G. " Praise for "deficit"[Horizon (1988)]

With a noun praise(cf. praise stupidity) and a phrase word of praise the dative case expresses the object of evaluation (cf. reproach to whom, curses to whom, sign to whom, where the dative expresses the Addressee). At the same time, with the original verb praise (what/whom to whom) the dative case expresses the Addressee:

(24) A couple of days ago, in my absence, they called from the editorial office of the newspaper and very praised wife my stories. [B. Levin. Foreign body (1965-1994)]

(25) The women listened, were frightened, praised mom my speech. [A. Kabakov. Last Hero (1994-1995)]

Wed Also praise whom – glory to whom:

(26) Eternal glory courageous sons And daughters Belarusian people! [A. Rybakov. Heavy sand (1975-1977)]

2.2.3. Benefictive / Malefactive

A benefactive / malefactive is a participant who is affected by a certain situation, on whom it is somehow reflected (see Semantic roles). This may be the "recipient" of benefit, benefit, assistance (Benefactive) or harm, interference, opposition (Malefactive):

• verbs and predicative phrases: to accompany, favor, favor, carry (He is lucky), fly in (He flew in from the authorities for being late), prevent, reward, harm, rub points, threaten, give an opportunity (to whom), annoy, annoy, annoy, get (He got from his father for a broken bicycle), donate(to whom than), fool your head, prohibit, hinder, interfere, take revenge, annoy, annoy, mischief, sap, sap, spoil, annoy, provide, pay tribute, poison (whose life is), foul, succumb (younger brother in the game), put a pig, help, play along, allow, go for the future / not for the future(Science did not go well for him), to benefit, to patronize, to interfere, to help, to help, to get (He got from his father), to assist, hasten, indulge, hinder, remember(‘revenge’) , serve, inflict, (not) pass (It won’t go away for you so easily), forgive (whom what), resist, resist, powder brains, sympathize, condole, promote, get away with (He gets away with everything), empathize, sympathize, support, arrange (I will arrange for him voucher), arrange (I will make him happy), yield, rub glasses, fool your head, put a pig in, go for the future / not for the future(Science did not go well for him); to benefit; powder brains.

NOTE. Many verbs of speech have a benefactive (malefactive) component, so their dative valency should be interpreted as benefactive or dual (address-benefactive): echo, mind, dare, forbid, contradict, agree.

• nouns: harm, benefit, sacrifice, reward, benefit, hindrance, help, indulgence, opposition, assistance, threat, service, concession, damage (to whom).
• adjectives and predicatives: harmful / harmful, profitable, useful / useful, convenient / convenient (to whom).

(27) Duke Leshko prevented Daniel connect with his father-in-law before the battle: this gloriously young man only managed to see the fresh trophies of the Russians in her place. [N. M. Karamzin. History of the Russian state (1808-1818)]

(28) Believe you now harm to my son as possible. [ABOUT. Pavlov. Karaganda deviatiny, or the Tale last days (2001)]

(29) The Peasant Bank got the opportunity not only promote peasants in the acquisition of land, but also to issue loans for the organization of the economy on the security of allotment land. [A. Yakovlev. Pensieve (2001)]

(30) This transfer of the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople coincided with the conversion of the Emperor Constantine himself to Christianity before his death, and until then he began patronize this religion. [AND. Meyendorff. Spiritual and cultural Renaissance of the XIV century and fate of Eastern Europe (1992)]

(31) Those tax relief, which does government oligarchs, then the reduction of the unified social tax for large companies, which was recently approved by the Cabinet of Ministers, is in many ways comparable to the means that are needed to ensure minimum social protection for disabled people. "[Sovetskaya Rossiya" (2003)]

(32) Certain attention motivation hackers paid V sociological research P. Taylor and in a study conducted two decades ago by S. Tekl. ["Issues of psychology" (2003)]

(33) But this control has one more, special task - opposition offenses on aircraft of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. ["Aerospace Defense" (2003)]

(34) The lawyer, and not the principal, is interested in fixing in the contract conditions on limiting the amount and nature of his liability, if a negligent violation of obligations under the contract will damage done principal. ["Lawyer" (2004)]

(35) This is probably the only public service- administration - which is absent in social insects. ["Knowledge is power" (2003)]

(36) The term " innovative education" is used by us as training using modern information technologies or as providing students with "information and educational services"(in terms of QMS). [“Information Technology” (2004)]

(37) Favored team and the authorities of the region, although in the long term, much will depend on the gubernatorial elections. ["Top Secret" (2003)]

(38) So they stopped Agriculture. A. KLIMOV – Country threatens hunger. V. LUKIN - So, almost half of the population will die there. [Conversation between A. Klimov and V. Lukin on the radio station "Echo of Moscow" (2003)]

(39) 10-20 years ago, the main task of NATO was to confront Russia. [Conversation in Novosibirsk (2004)]

In examples (37)–(39) an inanimate noun metonymically denotes a plurality of persons (see similar cases in the article Animation). However, in the position of Benefactive / Malefactive there are also impersonal nouns denoting abstract objects and situations:

(40) Democracy can only be limited if there is direct threat to the rights and freedoms of citizens. [“Lawyer” (2004)] – ‘something bad can happen to the rights’

(41) If lawyers feel / that behind them is the actual will / and not the will of the client / private individual / I think this great benefits of cooperation. [Meeting of the New Rights Club (2004)]

The far periphery of the extended benefactive-malefactive semantics are different types activities and internal attitudes aimed at the Object, which is (or is assessed by the Subject) as dominant (higher, stronger, more valuable, etc.). The subject of this relationship makes positive / negative actions (serve, resist) or experiencing positive/negative feelings ( thankful) in relation to the Object, which may be very little involved and not experience the results of the actions or attitudes of the Subject. In some cases, the Object is a member of the relation only in the mind of the Subject and may not really be affected by this relation at all ( The knight worships a beautiful lady- the lady may not suspect about it). In the limiting case, the Object is not a person: believe in fairy tales; worship good; resist evil; follow fashion:

a) subordination, hierarchy and control:

Verbs: obey, obey, worship, submit, oppose, surrender, follow b (what) serve, resist, please and etc.

adjectives: true, conquered, devoted (to whom), committed (good ideas); (Not) alien (No stranger to secular entertainment);

nouns: loyalty, submission, worship, obedience, service, resistance.

NOTE. Perhaps this group also includes verbs swear, swear an oath, which have a speech component and a commitment component.

(42) The janitor was also a prisoner, but obeyed commandant of the institute, but not prison

(43) I, meekly submitting grandmother's command ate disgusting rice porridge with dried apricots, and Vinya, despite any threats, chose only dried apricots from the plate. ["Capital" (1997)]

(44) Like served his father, so I will to him serve. [L. A. Charskaya. Dul-Dul, King Without a Heart (1912)]

b) faith, trust, appreciation:

• Verbs: believe, trust, trust (in someone);
• adjectives: grateful (to whom), grateful, must: I owe him a lot;
• predicative: thank you (to whom): Thanks to Petya for taking me on a motorcycle, otherwise we would have missed the plane.

2.2.4. Object (second member) of correlation, comparison, match / inconsistency

The far periphery, served by the dative case, is the role of the second member of the relation with predicates with the meaning of correlation, comparison, correspondence / inconsistency (see Comparative constructions):

• Verbs: fit, go (The suit suits him), answer (inquiries) to approach, to approach, to contradict, to equal, to match and etc.; including the ratio of events on the time axis: accompany, precede;
• adjectives: adequate, similar, correlative, reverse, simultaneous, parallel, perpendicular, similar, proportional, opposite, equal, equivalent, native, symmetrical, synchronous, modern, contiguous, co-natural, proportionate, alien, alien (to whom / what);
• predicative phrases: (who/what to whom/what) discord; (not) fit; just; to face(meaning ‘goes’) ; not by age; not in years; not in height; no match; not a match, cf. (The jacket is not for his height / fit / just right / to his face);
• derived prepositions: like (what), according to (what), according to (what), according to (what).

(45) Liquid Computing will enable IT staff reply momentary requests business". ["Computerworld" (2004)]

(46) So, if you are the owner of dark skin, fit you warm and dark tones ["Dasha" (2004)]

(47) Now the interests of the state, as a set of officials, bandits, magnates, are absolutely contradict the interests of society as a whole, interests of Russia as such. ["Tomorrow" (2003)]

(48) Templates are a backing tool with cutouts, the outlines of which conform to the contours of the products to be knocked out. [“Folk Art” (2004)]

(49) Buyer buyer strife. ["Driving" (2003)]

(50) According to this principle, the user can "build" the system with the functionality he needs, adjust it in accordance with changes in the conditions and features of the activity of the university, use the data of one subsystem into the data of another without any transformations. [“Information Technology” (2004)]

(51) A diagram of the movement of goods from the sphere of trade to the sphere of consumption and adequate to these processes costs. ["Questions of statistics" (2004)]

(52) Such models are completely alien to Galileo, Descartes, Spinoza, Newton. ["Knowledge is power" (2003)]

(53) In the 1920s and 1930s, old things were destroyed as alien to the Soviet line up and ideology as "a sign of philistinism." ["Safeguard" (2004)]

2.2.5. Experiencer

The dative case can also express the semantic role of the Experiencer (the Subject of a perceptual situation, an emotional or mental state, a modal situation, see Semantic Roles).

• Verbs: to believe, to feel sad, to think, to see (to whom), to remember, to meet, to get involved, to be remembered, to want, to impress, to seem, to ease, to imagine, to belong(Maud.), get bored, spit, get bored, unwell, itching, sick, impatient, like, resent, disgusted, disgusted, fed up, seem, feel better, fall in love, imagine, get caught, hear, seem like, take a look, dream of, pall, fall in love with (He will have to leave), stick(He shouldn't be involved in such things.), to have, to remember, to get bored, to dream, to fantasize, to give up(It seems to me that R), follow(Maud.), hear, succeed(You can't scare me), want, sneeze(He sneezes at all this), wonder and etc;
• adjectives: close, important, visible, roads, sign, famous, mil, hateful, unaccustomed, needed, pleasant, disgusting, cute, heard, burdensome, pleasing and etc.

NOTE. With predicates glad (to whom), happy (what) the dative expresses the Stimulus, and the Experimenter expresses the nominative.

• impersonal predicative pronouns: no need, no reason, nowhere, nowhere (He has nowhere to go) and etc;
• predicates: indifferent, painful, apparently, just right (It’s just right for us to contact the police); far from (He is far from the champion), enviable, noticeable, possible, necessary, unbeknownst, unknown, unbearable, unbearable, harmless, unbearable, unbearable, worthless, lack of time, once, uncomfortable, awkward, impossible, unloving, hateful, optional, reluctant , not bad (would), indecent, unusual, unsuitable, indecent, obscene, unforgivable, not easy, inhandy, restless, unbearable, objectionable, inconvenient, necessary, insulting, memorable, lousy, understandable, pleasant, audible, funny, ashamed, ashamed, dreary, nauseating, anxious, purple (colloquial), cold and etc;
• predicative phrases: uncomfortable; not before; no time for jokes; not a sin, not given, not a matter (It is not a matter of such little child go alone), don’t live, it doesn’t matter / to the light bulb / to the lantern / nevermind / no difference / on the drum / nevermind / at least that (at least henna) / at least the grass does not grow(cf.: “He got an apartment, and now he doesn’t even have grass to grow,” said the watchman at the hospital.[IN. Chivilikhin. My dream is to be a writer (2002)) / and it doesn’t matter / what’s on the forehead, what’s on the forehead / one hell / (everything to him) does not care; not to your taste / not to your gut / not to your liking / not to your heart / not to your liking / (not) to a high / not to joy / not to your nose; out of hand; not to the face; no trace; not in a hurry; not on the way; off the road; on hand; beyond the teeth, beyond the strength [cf .: not able], beyond the power; (not) on the shoulder, not affordable; beyond their means; spit times.

(54) If Europeans like it to follow in the footsteps of our "heroes", then the Spaniards will find something to remember the British, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the French ... ["The Swan" (2003)]

(55) Secretaries and bureau members traveling to the celebration bored stand in the wind, and they got back into the cars. [IN. Grossman. Life and Destiny (1960)]

(56) A tall, poorly preserved, flat woman with eyebrows fused at the bridge of her nose, calling herself Chigrashov's sister, sternly said that Viktor Matveyevich is unwell, and asked her brother not to disturb her for the next week. [WITH. Gandlevsky. NRZB (2002)]

(57) And Arkady Lukyanovich thought that the university, academic and other institutions of the current intelligentsia seemed to him now, according to his recollections, more fragile, unstable, ready at any moment to collapse and crush the inhabitants there. [F. Gorenstein. Heap (1982)]

(58) Nikanor Ivanovich felt better after injection, and he fell asleep without any dreams. [M. A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(59) Performance the audience will like it. Eggs will not be thrown, and even more so they will not climb onto the stage. [“MN Time” (2003)]

2.2.6. Posessor (Owner)

With verbs and predicatives with the meaning of possession, acquisition, sufficiency / insufficiency of resources, the role of the Posessor, or Possessor, can be expressed in the dative case (see Semantic roles):

• Verbs: get, belong, grab, grab; get by, cost (X cost someone what);
• predicates: enough, little, much;

(61) To the counted lucky ones real dal got to from great-grandparents. [Izvestia (2001)]

(62) Volunteers cheaper cost taxis, theaters and swimming pools, as well as goods in stores that will join this program. ["Driving" (2004)]

(63) Modern masters lack knowledge of national folk culture. [“Folk Art” (2004)]

(64) - Really you are not enough the huge amount of water that is poured on you every day? [IN. M. Garshin. Attalea Princeps (1879)]

(65) ― He has a lot of halves, ” intervened the wife, who returned just in time with the plates. - Now such a man has gone, from one glass he falls from his hooves. [A. Shcherbakov. Antelope Groin (2002)]

2.2.7. Property carrier

With adjectives with a property value, the dative case can introduce the semantic role of the Property Carrier: characteristic, inherent to whom / what.

(66) The element of the tale, that is, the orientation to oral speech, is necessarily inherent every story. [M. M. Bakhtin. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (1963)]

2.2.8. Semantically degenerate strongly ruled dative

For some predicates, the strongly controlled dative case does not lend itself to semantic interpretation (in the terminology of academic grammar, this is the so-called complex dative): meditate; the manuscript does not lend itself decoding; metal subject to corrosion. For the dative case, this is generally not typical, because dative is one of the most "semantic" cases. Case desemantization is associated with a change in the semantics of the control word. The role-playing semantics of predicates with subject actants is the most "transparent"; in situations in which objects and people are participants. When the valences of the verb are filled with nouns with abstract and situational semantics, the original role-playing semantics “weathers out” and the case becomes an indicator of the connection, the formal subordination of the noun to the verb:

(67) He did not succumb to temptation embellish the economic situation of the country, although, of course, he did not ignore the significant changes that have occurred in recent years. ["St. Petersburg Vedomosti" (2003)]

(68) Unfortunately, it turned out that the most pathogenic and almost untreatable genotype 1b. ["Issues of Virology" (2002)]

(69) But great apes prefer to express their feelings not with glances, which are difficult for them interpretable, but with head movements, such as shaking or nodding. ["Knowledge is power" (2003)]

2.3. The constructively determined dative case: constructions and determinants

Constructions with the dative case have a certain formal structure, and the dative form in their composition can express various "dative" meanings.

From the point of view of the formal structure, constructions with the dative case can be of several types:

The dative case in constructions can usually (although not always) be given a semantic interpretation. This is possible due to the fact that in many cases the construction corresponds to some type of situation - and class of predicates - with a dative participant, and the dative noun phrase included in this construction correlates with the corresponding semantic role - Recipient, Addressee, Benefactive / Malefactive, Experiencer, Posessor (see Semantic roles).

2.3.1. Constructions with a supporting grammatical form - infinitive or impersonal

In this type of construction, a certain grammatical form is responsible for the use of the dative case:

a) infinitive ( He doesn't understand; How can we find the library?), cm. ;

2.3.1.1. Dative case with infinitive

In Russian, the Subject of infinitive sentences is expressed in the dative case (in the corresponding two-part sentences with a finite form of the verb, the Subject is expressed in the nominative case): You are on duty tomorrow (cf. You are on duty tomorrow); We can’t get through here (cf. We won’t get through here / we won’t be able to get through); You should go to the doctor (cf. You should go to the doctor); Not for you complain. See also the article Infinitive.

Such use of the dative case is determined not just by the grammatical form of the word (infinitive), but precisely by a construction that is constituted not only by a syntactic configuration, but also by a set of grammatical and lexical restrictions.

NOTE. Grammatical restrictions: not every infinitive is capable of subordinating the dative case, cf. * decided to go alone vs. you alone decide. First of all, this is the property of the so-called independent infinitive - the main member of infinitive sentences, in which various modal semantics are expressed. In the presence of modal semantics (expressed, for example, modal verb) the dative case can also be controlled by the dependent infinitive, cf. had to go alone; wanted to do it myself.

lexical restrictions. The natural and most common in the infinitive construction is the personal subject. As for the impersonal subject (cf. It’s paid off, as they say… After all, the grain doesn’t rot, huh?[A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]), its use is subject to complex rules and is not always possible: ? The temperature rise; ? Water evaporate. See the article Infinitive for details.

(70) And on what to me more ride when I bought the first "Volga" almost forty years ago? ["Autopilot" (2002)]

(71) She said / that he is a talented boy / but to him more work/ work and work. [Conversation in Voronezh (2001)]

(72) Dorn's soothing words can't fix anything: Arkadina already not recover from a blow. ["Screen and Stage" (2004)]

(73) Is Korobov not to know, through what incredible collisions it went through and, as a result, what role such Grachev’s quatrain played for the formation of the intra-Crimean poetic “we”. ["October" (2001)]

(74) The merchant should leave and he's looking at the dog. [G. G. Belykh. Bast shoes (1929)]

(75) The director is habitually and contemptuously rude: "not enough for meat pies, eat with liver." It would not be for Kurochkin to speak about meat. [A. Arkhangelsk. Epistle to Timothy (2006)]

2.3.1.2. Dative case with impersonal passive

2.3.2. Offset designs

In constructions with a shift, there is a word with a valence that is not expressed with this word, but is expressed with another word in the form of the dative case. Therefore, we can talk about displacement: the nominal group is displaced from the word with which it is semantically connected (but in which it would be expressed in a different, non-dative form), to another word, cf .: Put a note in his pocket(in his pocket) or refers (as a determinant) to the whole sentence, cf. He doesn't belong here; at the same time, it receives a dative encoding (and - sometimes - additional connotations associated with it).

Displacement constructions that require the dative case include:

2.3.2.1. Designs with external Posessor

The dative case can express Posessor, for which the main (at least more typical) way of expression is the genitive case and possessive pronouns: Look into his eyes (his eyes); How he gave Petya on the head (Petya's head); Mote got in my eye (my eye); I broke my leg (my leg); I ruined my life (my life).

Such a dative formally syntactically refers not to the word whose valency it corresponds to, but to another - usually to a verb that does not have a dictionary valence expressed by the dative case.

NOTE. This constructively determined and extremely common type of Posessor expression should be distinguished from the so-called. "a dictionary-defined Possessor" (cf. belong to whom), which is characteristic of a very small group of predicates (see ).

2.3.2.2. Constructions with relational names

Such constructions involve relational names (nouns with a relation value) that have the valence of the second member of the relation ( Brother, Friend, comrade, rival etc.), as well as functional names with an element of relational semantics ( boss assumes a subordinate judge suggests the defendant, etc.). In the standard case, the valency to the second person participating in the relation is expressed in the genitive case ( Petya's friend; chief of Ivanov) or a possessive pronoun ( my helper, our friend):

(76) He you father; I you not a judge / not a comrade / not an assistant / not a boss; You to me not a friend after that; I to her relatives, she favors me; Goose pig not a comrade (cf. no match, no equal).

(77) - I don't know any Grachevs, and Grachevs to me not a decree,” Minkin said less confidently. [D. Bykov. Spelling (2002)]

(78) But even here "United Russia" is not a competitor communists and especially- LDPR. ["Results" (2003)]

(79) End - cause crown. (last)

2.3.2.3. Lexicalized Constructs with Offset

Structures with an external Possessor and relational names are adjoined by strongly lexicalized constructions like:

(80) Dare only on my square! I'll hand you over to the police! Worse - in a madhouse! There you the best place! [AND. Grekov. Fracture (1987)]

(81) old people this is not the place!

(82) You it's time to intervene.

and constructs like:

(83) Us end / cover / skiff / krants / hana!

as well as numerous and lexically diverse constructions like: He has no place among us; He has no forgiveness; There is no excuse for this; I have no rest; He has no faith; He has no need / need / sense / reason / calculation / benefit to go there; I have little joy in the fact that he will go there; How glad I am that he will go there; What difference does it make to me who did it; What is the benefit / profit for me // what is the point / reason / calculation for me to go there?

2.3.2.4. Level designs

In level constructions ( He has grass to his waist; An adult here is knee-deep) dative of the same origin as in constructions with an external Possessor: in the construction there is a designation of a body part that has a valence to the whole (Possessor), but the Possessor is not expressed with this word, but takes the position of a determinant in relation to the whole construction.

2.3.2.5. Construction with dative age

A structure with a dative age can be attributed to the far periphery of structures with an offset. At first glance, such a construction contains a semantically unmotivated dative case, similar to the dictionary-complete dative case (see): He is twenty years old. However, the quantitative group in this construction cannot be understood as work experience or prison term - it is interpreted here only as age. Therefore, we can assume the presence in the semantic structure of this construction of the meaning ‘age’ (‘His age is twenty years’). Strictly speaking, this meaning was expressed in the full (now obsolete) version of the design: He is twenty years old, where the last component unambiguously indicated exactly the age. So this construction is not completely unmotivated, but simply has lost its motivating element. The reduction process continues and modern language the construction of age has an even more reduced version - without a form years: He's twenty / over thirty / under forty / about fifty / sixth decade / not even thirty. Accordingly, in the question How old is he?; How old was he? it is the age that is meant (just like in the design He was given a ten / tag and so on. meaning the term of a criminal record, but, for example, not a salary; while in the design How much are you to her will you?; You won't give her thirty-five with a donative verb give again referring to age). On the other hand, verbs can be used in the construction of age: He turned / knocked / came running/ ticked thirty.

In sentences with names of natural objects and artifacts ( This car is ten years old.; This manuscript / this tree three hundred years etc.) the quantitative group also denotes the time of existence, i.e. "age".

2.3.3. Elliptical designs

Elliptic constructions do not contain a verb and are constituted by the very form of the dative case, on the basis of which the verb semantics is reconstructed:

(84) To you letter; Father- not a word; It is you to me?; From each according to ability to each- by work; All the best - children; City - village; You and cards in hand; Cause- time, fun- hour; To me please, two tickets; You to the doctor; Where you, sit already; To me a boat; And for what to him so much money?; - To you whom? - To me would be the boss; - To you Where? - To me to the base.

In elliptic constructions, the dative can express semantics:

• Recipient-Benefactive:

(85) - And this to whom? - Dress - Marina(in a situation of distribution of gifts); To you letter / To you package; From each according to ability to each- by work; All the best - children; City - village; To you- word; You and cards in hand; the world- world; parties- glory;

• with the semantics of inducement (‘give’):

(86) To me chicken, please (in the dining room);

• rhetorical denial:

(87) Figures to you/ horseradish you('X won't get P');

• non-personal Beneficiary:

(88) Cause- time, fun- hour;

• Malefactive:

(89) Death fascist invaders; A shame non-Suns; drunkenness- the battle; No war;

• Addressee:

(90) Letter - you; Father- not a word; Everyone, everyone, everyone!

• Addressee + Beneficiary (in wishes):

(91) No fluff you, no pen; Good luck to you!; Happiness to you!; good to you weekend!

• Experiencer (with the experiential semantics of the Subject of the modal state - desires, needs ['X-y need, need, want'] - sometimes with the semantics of a potential Posessor):

(92) To me a boat; To me would have such a voice as Shervinsky; And for what to him so much money?; Why do you need it?; What is it for me?; - To you whom? - To me chief / To me would be the boss; - To you Where? - To me to the base.

2.3.4. “Expanding” the situation by including additional participants

2.3.4.1. Dative of benefit (of interest)

The situation described in a sentence can be "exhausted" ("covered") by the semantics of the verb (cf. Grandmother gave mittens to her grandson: verb semantics give includes the person-giver and the person-recipient). But it can also be wider than the semantics of the verb "capture" (cf. Grandmother knitted mittens for her grandson: the situation includes an action, the result of which is intended for another person; while the semantics of the verb to knit includes only the action, but does not include the "interested" person who is the potential recipient, i.e. the verb describes only a part, a fragment of the situation indicated by the sentence). Although the verb does not have a dictionary-defined valence for the person concerned, it uses a dative with a benefactive semantics (the so-called dative purpose, or dative of benefit, or dative of interest). It is used with the verbs of creating, influencing an object, acquiring, etc., if they denote an action in the interests of another person: Grandmother knits mittens for her grandson; buy me milk; Pour me some tea; Sew me button; leave me the keys; Dial me a number. Thus, the whole situation is interpreted as benefactive, although there is no benefactive verb in the sentence.

(93) He sewed the kids, sewed dresses wife and costumes yourself. [A. Solzhenitsyn. In the first circle (1968)]

(94) And Vinitar in gloomy silence brewed warriors mead and porridge, and then washed the boilers. [M. Semenov. Wolfhound: Sign of the Path (2003)]

(95) His mother borrowed fifteen rubles for him from a neighbor. Bought Suchkov train ticket. [WITH. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

2.3.4.2. Constructs of mismatch

The dative in constructions with the meaning of inconsistency has a similar origin:

(96) To me the jacket is small; To kid this chair is high.

In constructions Chair high; Jacket small the value of the parameter of any object is simply characterized; this is, so to speak, the "minimal" situation. In the structures To a child this chair is high an extended situation is described: a “consumer” appears who is going to use this item and who is not satisfied with this parameter value. In such constructions, the dative expresses semantics close to malefactive.

2.3.4.3. Expressive ("rhetorical") dative

Constructions with expressive dative are typical for colloquial speech.

In such constructions, the dative can have:

• beneficial semantics:

(97) I you not a digger to dig this hole; I them not a sentry to guard this technique; Yes he you in ten minutes any poem will learn; Like me you Will I get a job without a residence permit?

• experiential semantics:

(98) - He you not Dima, remember, but Dmitry Veniaminovich,” the “constructivist” said quietly to Karabas. [M. Bunny. Debt of Karabas]

(99) - Yes, Vova, this is you not Bukhara,” said Zuev. [IN. Arro. House of Refuge]

(100) “Well, Alka, are you tired? This you not to play Chopin ... ". [A. Belyakov. Alka, Allochka, Alla Borisovna]

(101) Will he you ride a Zhiguli.

Such a dative is optional and is introduced to achieve a certain rhetorical effect - to enhance the expressiveness of the statement. These constructions are characterized by the 2nd person (since we are talking about strengthening the impact on the Addressee), although the 3rd person is also possible.

Another type of construction is with the dative speaker. They tend to have a threat value: talk to me again; You look to me!

The function of the rhetorical dative is to include in a sentence describing a situation (cf. Will he ride a Zhiguli, how), a certain person - usually a participant in a speech act, i.e. communicative situation ( He will be for you...), and thereby make this person involved in the described situation, to which he actually has nothing to do in the sense that he is not a participant in it.

2.3.5. determinants

Non-prepositional forms are not common:

(102) Drunk reckless.

(103) frenzied dog seven miles is not a detour.

NOTE. Forms of the dative Subject with predicatives ( He is cold), which in academic grammars are considered determinants, and in the concept of G. A. Zolotova - conditioned syntaxemes, in this grammar are considered as a dictionary-specified (valence) dative of the Subject.

As a determinant, mainly prepositional forms are used: By evening the whole family had gathered at the dacha; On Mondays, the head of the department receives visitors.

NOTE. As already noted in, in the function of the freely attached case, the unprepositional dative is almost never used (dative in combinations like monument to Pushkin we refer to as constructive). As an inconsistent definition and circumstance, only prepositional forms are used.

3. Dative case in syntactic theories

3.1. Dative case in academic grammar

In academic grammar [Grammar 1980(1): §1169], the dative case, like other oblique cases, has the following main meanings:

3.1.1. Complementary value

Complementary meaning (the meaning of the necessary information completion) is the most abstract and semantically incomplete. It is found only at the level of conditional links: indulge in something, dress what, follow what, proportional to what, akin to what.

Complementary relations arise in words of abstract semantics (a typical example of complex relations is numerals and other quantitative words that require completion by nouns in the genitive case, cf. two tables, much water, weight hassle). Abstract words can be combined with a wide and semantically indefinite range of words that do not form a single semantic class (and cannot be assigned a single semantic role). Due to the abstractness of the meaning, such a word requires mandatory information completion. At the same time, it is impossible to determine what the meaning of the dependent complementary case form is, and to explain why one and not the other case is chosen. Wed verb usage examples follow with the dative case:

(104) I am not interested in interior magazines so that there is no temptation follow "fashion", I try to cultivate ideas in myself. ["Brownie" (2002)]

(105) Following covenants Ilyich, Volodya took a bunch of textbooks with him to numerous gatherings and studied, studied and studied. ["The Case" (2002)]

(106) He should choice of your heart. [IN. Otroshenko. Essay from The Secret History of Creation (2001)]

(107) Strictly follow prescriptions doctor and accurately perform treatment procedures. ["Health" (1999)]

(108) Following custom She quickly bent down to pick up a wreath or something that flashed in the air like a wreath. [A. S. Green. Willow (1923)]

(109) If follow logic reforms, they will not receive large dividends. ["Krasnoyarsk worker" (2003)]

3.1.2. object value

The object meaning is the relation of the subject expressed by the case to the action expressed by the predicate (usually, but not always, by the verb). The dative case, in contrast to the accusative unprepositional, expresses the so-called indirect object (see Syntactic roles).

NOTE. Traditional syntax distinguishes between a direct object, directly affected by an action, and an indirect object.

Since there is no strict criterion for distinguishing between complex and object relations in academic grammars, the boundary between them remains unclear. So, in [Grammar 1970: 330] relations in phrases succumb to persuasion, cool to music are considered object, and in phrases heed the advice, bring to trial- object-complete.

Academic grammarians include under the heading "object relations expressed by the dative case" examples of a different nature: Smoking is injurious to health(the dative case implements the valency of the verb), He wants people well(dative case, not determined by the semantics of the verb), "No" to indifference, Indifference - fight(special constructions, including the dative case, are elliptical sentences).

3.1.3. subjective meaning

The subject value is the value of the relation of the action producer or state bearer to that action or state:

(110) Once Upon a Time Olga unwell and she accidentally sneezed, the old woman Myasoedova told the neighbors that, apparently, Mark had died in custody, that, apparently, he came to his nine days to say goodbye to his home, wandered around the room and sneezed. [IN. Pietsukh. Wardrobe (1997)]

(111) And to her well, and military funny; they are no longer so angry at the reduction of the army; didn't they get kicked out? [A. Arkhangelsk. 1962. Epistle to Timothy (2006)]

(112) Even non-professional it can be seen that the smell is absolutely not the same, and much less interesting. [Beauty, health, recreation: Cosmetics and perfume (forum) (2004)]

(113) In one company to the correspondent of "Autopilot" said, What new clients Orders must be placed at least a week in advance. ["Autopilot" (2002)]

From the point of view of the semantics of the predicate, this is the Subject of a physiological, emotional, perceptual or modal state, respectively.

3.1.4. Defining (characterizing) value

In addition to the listed abstract meanings, the dative case has a definitive or characterizing meaning, which is determined by the lexico-semantic class of the control word and therefore is more specific. The definitive dative expresses the characteristics of an object, action, state or whole situation: price of money, monument to Pushkin, grain to the birds.

NOTE. There are also different types of adverbial-characterizing meanings - locative ( walk up to the house, walk along the paths); temporal (